The dataset comprises the yearwise and statewise number of human deaths due to elephant and tiger attacks. The data with respect to tiger attacks is in calendar year while that of elephant attacks is in financial year.

The Sundarban, spread across India and Bangladesh constitutes the world’s largest and only mangrove habitat of the Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). Together, harbouring around 202 tigers, it is also infamous as the worlds most severe human-tiger conflict hotspot. Despite this, very fragmentary and inconsistent information exists on the nature and extent of human-tiger conflicts (HTC) in this landscape. To fill this lacuna, a pan landscape survey was undertaken with the aim to mine information on HTC and explore various facets of HTC occurrence in this landscape. The survey was conducted across 76 villages distributed in the eight administrative blocks on the entire fringe of the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve in India between August 2018 to November 2019. On the whole, human-tiger conflicts (HTC) were reported far more commonly than cases pertaining to conflicts with crocodiles and sharks (species unidentified). The number of cases of human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) recorded were highest in the Gosaba administrative block, followed by Kultali and Patharpratima, which together account for 74% of the recorded cases. This is interesting as in earlier published records almost no consolidated information exists for the south-24-Parganas Forest Division, although it appears that the two administrative blocks here experience the second highest level of HTC in this landscape after Goasba, in north 24 Parganas. Across the forty-year period span of the recorded information, the overall conflicts between humans and tigers appeared to have witnessed a significant increase after 1987. However, this is most likely a result of poor documentation and relatively low probability of people recalling older incidents accurately. The time series change also shows a significant lowering of human-tiger conflicts post year 2000 (Ref. Figure 1.3), which is suggestive of changes brought about by stronger enforcement as well as the beginning of the arrangements for barricading the fringes with nylon nets (Tiger Conservation Plan, STR, 2012; also see, Mukherjee et al., 2012). The level of conflict between humans and crocodiles and humans and sharks, however, did not show significant changes across the same period. The significant lowering of HTC cases held statistically, even when the data was compared across decadal periods. Post completion of the survey, between 1st December 2019 and 31st October 2020, another 22 cases have been recorded, 21 of which resulted in the death of the victims involved. However, these could not be included in the analysis due to the absence of detailed information, which could not be collected due to the paucity of time (and subsequent Covid-19 driven restrictions). Most victims of HTC were males (92%), across all age categories of victims, and the majority of the victims belonged to the working age-class, i.e. 19 to 60 years. On average, HTC victims had at least 5 dependent family members, with majority below the poverty line (BPL, as per classification of Govt. of India), earning on average Rs. 25000 (~ USD 336) per annum. Majority of the victims belonged to classified Schedule Caste groups (~69%) and Other Backward Classes (~13%), while only about ~8% belonged to classified Scheduled Tribal groups (indigenous people). This, however, could simply be reflective of the proportional distribution of the various categories in the region. However, a deeper analysis suggests that across the villages surveyed, those with a higher population of Scheduled Tribes experienced a lowered level of HTC, probably indicating that Scheduled Tribes’ are not engaged extensively in natural resource collection compared to other ethnic populations. 90.14% of the victims were Hindus, and only 9.9% of the victims were Muslim and Christian. Compared to the distribution of different religious groups, where Muslims constitute around 30% of the population of south 24 Parganas, their representation in the sample of victims was relatively low at 9.5% of the total number of victims recorded. Irrespective of the religious background of victims, the majority of HTC victims were illiterate (64 – 77.8%), and around 79% of the victims were dependent on forest-based livelihoods, primarily fishing, crab and prawn collection and honey collection as the primary source of their income. Although around 52.4% of the victims/victim’s family, reported to be owning tillable agriculture land, the average land holding was 0.2 acres, which is extremely small to provide sustainable income from traditional agricultural practices. Further, during interviews, several people reported an increased salinity in their lands due to the inundation of bunds/dykes during natural calamities, leading to saline water inflow into their lands. Such increased salinity of land often renders the land unfit for agricu... Visit https://dataone.org/datasets/sha256%3A315bdca17e8c1cb87ac7e3dedaa2162ae2c67e9f5610e810874f89a7869e5cf2 for complete metadata about this dataset.

Tiger (Panthera tigris) is an indicator species of ecological health and conservation efforts. Due to excessive poaching, the tiger was locally extinct in Panna Tiger Reserve, central India. Subsequent successful reintroduction efforts have brought the species back from the verge of extinction and have demonstrated the success of conservation translocations in response to such critical situations. To understand the demographic characteristics of the tigers reintroduced to Panna Tiger Reserve, we used an ensemble approach of different sampling techniques and direct observations from a long-term data-set spanning more than 10 years. We evaluated different demographic indicators (population status, growth rate, mean litter size, inter-birth interval, and survival probability). Since reintroduction in 2009, 18 females have recruited 120 cubs from 45 litters. This led to 59 individuals in 2021 with a growth rate of ~26%. The mean litter size was 2.66 (SE 0.1), and the inter-birth interval wa..., Data Collection Radio telemetry A total of 25 tigers (7 males and 18 females; Table S1) were radio-collared between March 2009 and June 2020 as a part of the long-term project entitled “Tiger Reintroduction and Recovery Programme in Panna Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh.†Animals were captured and collared under the permission of the Madhya Pradesh Forest Department (MPFD Letter No./Exp./2009/1205 dated 31/8/09) following the capture rule and regulation of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 Section 11 (1A). Animals were tracked and immobilized, using a ‘Hellabrunn mixture’ (125 mg xylazine + 100 mg ketamine/ml) (Hafner et al., 1989) injected through a Tele-inject projector (Model 4V.31). The target individuals were chemically immobilized. The entire process took place under the supervision of a veterinarian. Tigers were fitted with Very High Frequency transmitters (15 individuals; Telonics® Inc) and VHF/ GPS/ UHF collars (10 individuals; African Wildlife Tracking® Inc and Vetronic Aerospac..., , Successful conservation translocation: population dynamics of tiger recovery in Panna Tiger Reserve, Central India

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qbzkh18qz

Description of the data and file structure

Details of individual animals, including birth year, death year, capture matrix, sex, and monitoring strategy. This dataset is a part of the long-term project entitled “Tiger Reintroduction and Recovery Programme in Panna Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh.†We have submitted the raw data (tiger demography.csv).

The column

Animal ID: Represents the individuals

Birth: Year of birth of the animal

Death: Year of death of the animal (here, 0 represents that the animal is still alive)

2009-2021: Representing the year-wise study period. (Here, 0 represents that individual was undetected, while, 1 represents detection of the individual)

Sex: Sex of the individual; M = Male, F = Female

Data collection: Individual's data was collected through both invasi...