Information about the types of eating disorders, some reasons why the military community are at risk, warning signs and how to get help. The Missouri Eating Disorders Council (MOEDC) created this document so support service members, veterans and their families.

Eating disorders (EDs) are characterized by disturbances in eating behavior and occur worldwide, with a lifetime prevalence of 2 to 5%. Their etiology is complex and multifactorial, involving a complex interplay between genetic, biological, psychological, sociocultural, and environmental factors. They are more common among females than males and may be associated with medical and psychiatric complications, impaired functioning, and decreased quality of life. This narrative review aims at providing an updated contribution to the current understanding of gender differences in eating disorders (EDs) focusing on male population to foster more targeted and effective clinical interventions. A comprehensive review of the scientific literature was conducted by analyzing several major databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. Only in recent years, there has been increased attention on the male population, revealing multiple differences between genders in terms of prevalence, onset, phenomenology, diagnosis, comorbidities, and outcomes of EDs. Moreover, the relationship between different sexual orientations and/or gender identities and EDs is an emerging field of study. Data suggest an increase in eating disorders (EDs) also among the male population underlines the importance that healthcare personnel of all specialties acquire basic competencies for adequately tackling these disorders in a gender perspective. In particular, prevention and early intervention, especially during critical developmental periods like puberty and adolescence, are crucial to avoid permanent damage. Future research and public health initiatives involving schools and families and targeting males should be addressed to promote a healthy relationship with food and body image, reduce stigma, and encourage people to seek help when needed.

Eating disorders (EDs) are a complex group of psychiatric conditions that involve dysfunctional eating patterns, nutritional alterations, and other comorbid psychopathologies. Some women with EDs may develop problematic internet use while they attempt to get information on dieting/weight control or get online support from people with similar problems. They may also drift toward tobacco smoking as a method to regulate their weight or to cope with their weight-related dysphoria. The occurrence of these conditions in EDs may prolong disease course and impede recovery. This study used structural equation modeling to investigate nutritional status (noted by body mass index, BMI), depression psychopathology, internet addiction (depicted by the Internet Addiction Test), Facebook addiction (depicted by the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale), and smoking among 123 Spanish women diagnosed with EDs (mean age = 27.3 ± 10.6 years). History of hospitalization, marital status, age, and the level of education predicted BMI in certain ED groups. BMI did not predict depression, but it predicted internet addiction, Facebook addiction, and smoking in certain ED groups. Depression did not predict BMI, internet/Facebook addition, or smoking in any ED group. Some sociodemographic and clinical variables had indirect effects on depression, internet addiction, and Facebook addiction while age was the only variable expressing a direct effect on all outcome measures. Age, education, and history of prolonged treatment predicted smoking in certain ED patients. The findings signify that a considerable target for interventional strategies addressing nutritional and addictive problems in EDs would be women with high BMI, history of hospitalization, history of prolonged treatment, who are particularly young, single, and less educated. Replication studies in larger samples, which comprise various subtypes of EDs from both genders, are warranted to define the exact interaction among the addressed variables.

Eating disorders (EDs) are a growing concern affecting millions worldwide. Early detection and treatment are crucial, but stigma can prevent people from seeking help. Primary care providers can play a critical role in early detection by coordinating care with other professionals. Understanding the research landscape on EDs, primary care, and stigma is essential for identifying knowledge gaps to direct future research and improve management. In this study, we aimed to analyze the scientific trends and patterns in research about EDs, primary care, and stigma. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Web of Science database to collect articles published between May 1986 and May 2023. Bibliometric indicators were utilized to examine authorship, collaboration patterns, and influential papers. Topic analysis was performed to identify stigma-related terms within the dataset. A total of 541 research articles were analyzed, and it was found that the average number of publications per year has increased linearly from nearly zero in 1986 to 41 in 2022. One of the study’s main findings is that despite this linear increase over the years, the subject of stigma did not take a prominent place in the literature. Only a few stigma concepts could be identified with the topic analysis. The authors in the field are also interested in; screening, neurotic symptoms, training, adolescent, obesity-related conditions, and family. One-third of all publications were from 15 journals. However, only two of them were primary healthcare journals. Leading authors’ collaborations were another critical finding from the network analysis. This may help to expand primary care related EDs research to end the mental health stigma. This study provides insights into the research trends and patterns regarding eating disorders, primary care, and stigma. Our findings highlight the need to address primary care’s impact and stigma on EDs. The identified research gaps can guide future studies to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of eating disorders in primary care settings.

Recent studies have reported altered methylation levels at disorder-relevant DNA sites in people who are ill with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) compared to findings in people with no eating disorder (ED) or in whom AN has remitted. The preceding implies state-related influences upon gene expression in people with AN. This study further examined this notion. We measured genome-wide DNA methylation in 145 women with active AN, 49 showing stable one-year remission of AN, and 64 with no ED. Comparisons revealed 205 differentially methylated sites between active and no ED groups, and 162 differentially methylated sites between active and remitted groups (Q 

The HealthLink BC Mental Health and Substance Use (MHSU) data set includes the following: Programs that offer early intervention, transitional care or other services that supplement and facilitate primary and adjunctive therapies; which offer community mental health education programs; or which link people who are in need of treatment with appropriate providers. Programs that provide preventive, diagnostic and treatment services in a variety of community and hospital-based settings to help people achieve, maintain and enhance a state of emotional well-being, personal empowerment and the skills to cope with everyday demands without excessive stress or reliance on alcohol or other drugs. Treatment may include emotional support, introspection and problem-solving assistance using a variety of modalities and approaches, and medication, as needed, for individuals who have a substance use disorder involving alcohol and/or other drugs or for people who range from experiencing difficult life transitions or problems in coping with daily living to those with severe, chronic mental illnesses that seriously impact their lives. Multidisciplinary programs, often offered on an inpatient basis with post-discharge outpatient therapy, that provide comprehensive diagnostic and treatment services for individuals who have anorexia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, bulimia or a related eating disorder. Treatment depends on the specific type of eating disorder involved but typically involves psychotherapy, nutrition education, family counseling, medication and hospitalization, if required, to stabilize the patient's health. Alliance of Information & Referral Systems (AIRS) / 211 LA County taxonomy is the data classification used for all HealthLink BC directory data, including this MHSU data set (https://www.airs.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1). AIRS taxonomy and data definitions are protected by Copyright by Information and Referral Federal of Los Angeles County, Inc (https://211taxonomy.org/subscriptions/#agreement)

Although there is a large body of literature on the link between compulsive exercise and eating disorders, there is a lack of research that explains this relationship. The aim of this study was to provide new insight on this relationship by testing the relationship between compulsive exercise and the well-known predictors of eating disorders: self-esteem, body-image, and body-satisfaction. It was hypothesized that individuals who scored above average on compulsive exercise measures would be significantly more likely to score below average on the self-esteem, body-satisfaction and body-image scales. To test this hypothesis, self-report measures of compulsive exercise beliefs and behaviors, self-esteem, body-image and body-satisfaction, were completed by 45 male and 120 female participants through an online questionnaire. The results of a multivariate analysis of variance revealed that individuals who scored higher than average on traits that point to behaviors or thoughts that belong to compulsive exercise were significantly more likely to score lower than average on self-esteem, body-satisfaction and body-image. As low self-esteem, body-image and body-satisfaction have been linked to above average levels of eating disorders, it might be that the relationship between compulsive exercise and eating disorders is mediated or moderated by the levels of selfesteem, body-image and body-satisfaction. These analyses were also performed separately for male and female participants. In this case, the male sample did not show any significant differences between groups in the levels of self-esteem, body-image and body-satisfaction. This could be due to the difference in size of the two samples or due to a deeper distinction between men and women. These differences in the results show that the results should be interpreted cautiously, and the need for further research to answer the new questions that have arose through this study.

The HealthLink BC Mental Health and Substance Use (MHSU) data set includes the following: Programs that offer early intervention, transitional care or other services that supplement and facilitate primary and adjunctive therapies; which offer community mental health education programs; or which link people who are in need of treatment with appropriate providers. Programs that provide preventive, diagnostic and treatment services in a variety of community and hospital-based settings to help people achieve, maintain and enhance a state of emotional well-being, personal empowerment and the skills to cope with everyday demands without excessive stress or reliance on alcohol or other drugs. Treatment may include emotional support, introspection and problem-solving assistance using a variety of modalities and approaches, and medication, as needed, for individuals who have a substance use disorder involving alcohol and/or other drugs or for people who range from experiencing difficult life transitions or problems in coping with daily living to those with severe, chronic mental illnesses that seriously impact their lives. Multidisciplinary programs, often offered on an inpatient basis with post-discharge outpatient therapy, that provide comprehensive diagnostic and treatment services for individuals who have anorexia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, bulimia or a related eating disorder. Treatment depends on the specific type of eating disorder involved but typically involves psychotherapy, nutrition education, family counseling, medication and hospitalization, if required, to stabilize the patient's health. Alliance of Information & Referral Systems (AIRS) / 211 LA County taxonomy is the data classification used for all HealthLink BC directory data, including this MHSU data set (https://www.airs.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1). AIRS taxonomy and data definitions are protected by Copyright by Information and Referral Federal of Los Angeles County, Inc (https://211taxonomy.org/subscriptions/#agreement)

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The Health Survey for England (HSE) is a series of surveys designed to monitor trends in the nation's health. It was commissioned by NHS Digital and carried out by the Joint Health Surveys Unit of the National Centre for Social Research and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health at University College London.The aims of the HSE series are:to provide annual data about the nation’s health;to estimate the proportion of people in England with specified health conditions;to estimate the prevalence of certain risk factors associated with these conditions;to examine differences between population subgroups in their likelihood of having specific conditions or risk factors;to assess the frequency with which particular combinations of risk factors are found, and which groups these combinations most commonly occur;to monitor progress towards selected health targetssince 1995, to measure the height of children at different ages, replacing the National Study of Health and Growth;since 1995, monitor the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children.The survey includes a number of core questions every year but also focuses on different health issues at each wave. Topics are revisited at appropriate intervals in order to monitor change. Further information about the series may be found on the NHS Digital Health Survey for England; health, social care and lifestyles webpage, the NatCen Social Research NatCen Health Survey for England webpage and the University College London Health and Social Surveys Research Group UCL Health Survey for England webpage. Changes to the HSE from 2015:Users should note that from 2015 survey onwards, only the individual data file is available under standard End User Licence (EUL). The household data file is now only included in the Special Licence (SL) version, released from 2015 onwards. In addition, the SL individual file contains all the variables included in the HSE EUL dataset, plus others, including variables removed from the EUL version after the NHS Digital disclosure review. The SL HSE is subject to more restrictive access conditions than the EUL version (see Access information). Users are advised to obtain the EUL version to see if it meets their needs before considering an application for the SL version. HSE 2019 The HSE 2019 was the twenty-ninth year of the survey. It included additional topics on providing unpaid social care, dental health, eating disorders, use of GP and counselling services, and awareness of two mental health resources, Good Thinking and Every Mind Matters. The survey also provided updates on repeated core topics, including general health, long standing illness, smoking and drinking. Main Topics: Core topics General health Longstanding illness Smoking Average weekly alcohol consumption Drinking (heaviest day in last week) Consent to data linkage (NHS central register, HES) Socio-economic information: sex, age, income, education, employment etc Prescribed medications (nurse) Additional topics Social care receipt and provision Provision of unpaid care Dental health Use of GP and counselling services Eating disorders Measurements Height and weight Blood pressure (nurse) Waist and hip circumference (nurse) Blood sample for cholesterol, glycated haemoglobin (nurse) Saliva sample (nurse) Multi-stage stratified random sample Clinical measurements Face-to-face interview: Computer-assisted (CAPI/CAMI) Self-administered questionnaire: Computer-assisted (CASI)

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity in Great Britain aim to provide up-to-date information about the prevalence of psychiatric problems among people in Great Britain, as well as their associated social disabilities and use of services. The series began in 1993, and so far consists of the following surveys:OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity: Private Household Survey, 1993, covering 10,000 adults aged 16-64 years living in private households;a supplementary sample of 350 people aged 16-64 with psychosis, living in private households, which was conducted in 1993-1994 and then repeated in 2000;OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity: Institutions Sample, 1994, which covered 1,200 people aged 16-64 years living in institutions specifically catering for people with mental illness;OPCS Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity among Homeless People, 1994, which covered 1,100 homeless people aged 16-64 living in hostels for the homeless or similar institutions. The sample also included 'rough sleepers';ONS Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity among Prisoners in England and Wales, 1997;Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in Great Britain, 1999;Psychiatric Morbidity among Adults Living in Private Households, 2000, which repeated the 1993 survey;Mental Health of Young People Looked After by Local Authorities in Great Britain, 2001-2002;Mental Health of Children and Young People in Great Britain, 2004; this survey repeated the 1999 surveyAdult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, 2007; this survey repeated the 2000 private households survey. The Information Centre for Health and Social Care took over management of the survey in 2007.Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, 2014: Special Licence Access; this survey repeated the 2000 and 2007 surveys. NHS Digital are now responsible for the surveys, which are now sometimes also referred to as the 'National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing'. Users should note that from 2014, the APMS is subject to more restrictive Special Licence Access conditions, due to the sensitive nature of the information gathered from respondents.Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2017: Special Licence; this survey repeated the 1999 and 2004 surveys, but only covering England. Users should note that this study is subject to more restrictive Special Licence Access conditions, due to the sensitive nature of the information gathered from respondents.The UK Data Service holds data from all the surveys mentioned above apart from the 1993-1994/2000 supplementary samples of people with psychosis. The main aims of the Mental Health of Children and Young People in Great Britain, 2004 survey were:to examine whether there were any changes between 1999 and 2004 in the prevalence of the three main categories of mental disorder: conduct disorders, emotional disorders and hyperkinetic disordersto describe the characteristics and behaviour patterns of children in each main disorder category and subgroups within those categoriesto look in more detail at children with autistic spectrum disorderto examine the relationship between mental disorder and aspects of children’s lives not covered in the previous survey, for example, medication, absence from school, empathy and social capitalto collect baseline information to enable identification of the protective and risk factors associated with the main categories of disorder and the precursors of personality disorder through future follow-up surveys Main Topics: The data file contains:a subset of information collected in the previous 1999 survey on 10,438 children aged 5-15; these variables included those which were repeated in comparable form in 2004. The full 1999 dataset has also been deposited at UKDA (see 'Abstract' section above)the full data collected in the 2004 survey on 7,977 children aged 5-16any potentially disclosive variables have been removedInformation was provided for the survey from up to three sources: the primary care giver, the child/young person (aged 11-15/16 years) and the child/young person’s teacher (nominated by child/parent). Topics covered in the 2004 survey included: housing, general health, strengths and difficulties, friendship, development, separation anxiety, social and specific phobias, panic attacks and agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, compulsions and obsessions, generalised anxiety, depression, self-harm, attention and activity, awkward and troublesome behaviours, eating disorders, tics, personality issues, stress and life events, school exclusions. Some data were gathered by self-completion, for example drink and drug use (from child/young person) and parent's/parents' education, employment, income, strengths and difficulties (parent). Clinical raters reviewed the survey data from all sources and then assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD_10) ratings as necessary (see the documentation for a full description of the methodology). The file also contains derived variables (specifications provided). Standard Measures:General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) (Goldberg and Williams, 1988)Development and Well-Being Assessment Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (DAWBA) (Goodman, 1997 and 1998)General Functioning Scale of the MacMaster Family Activity Device (FAD) Multi-stage stratified random sample The sample was selected from Child Benefit records (see documentation for further details) Face-to-face interview Postal survey Self-completion Parents/carers were interviewed face-to-face, children/young persons completed the self-completion questionnaire, and teachers were surveyed by post. 2004 ACCIDENTS ADOLESCENCE AGE AGGRESSIVENESS ALCOHOL USE ALCOHOLIC DRINKS ALCOHOLISM AMPHETAMINES ANABOLIC STEROIDS ANGER ANXIETY ANXIETY DISORDERS ASSAULT ATTITUDES AUTISM SPECTRUM DIS... BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS BEREAVEMENT BUILDING MAINTENANCE BULLYING CANNABIS CARE IN THE COMMUNITY CARE OF DEPENDANTS CHILDREN CHRONIC ILLNESS COCAINE COGNITION DISORDERS COHABITATION CONCENTRATION COUNSELLING COUNSELLORS CRIME AND SECURITY CRIME VICTIMS Children DAY CARE DEBILITATIVE ILLNESS DECISION MAKING DEPRESSION DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DI... DISABILITIES DISABLED FACILITIES DISEASES DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DRUG ABUSE DRUG ADDICTION DRUG PSYCHOTHERAPY ... DRUG SIDE EFFECTS DRUG USE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECSTASY DRUG EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND EDUCATIONAL COURSES EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES EMOTIONAL STATES EMPLOYEES EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT HISTORY EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES ETHNIC GROUPS EVERYDAY LIFE FAMILY ENVIRONMENT FAMILY MEMBERS FATIGUE PHYSIOLOGY FEAR FINANCE FINANCIAL RESOURCES FOOD AND NUTRITION FRIENDS FULL TIME EMPLOYMENT FURNISHED ACCOMMODA... GENDER GENERAL PRACTITIONERS Great Britain HAPPINESS HEADS OF HOUSEHOLD HEALTH HEALTH CONSULTATIONS HEALTH SERVICES HEROIN HOME OWNERSHIP HOME SHARING HOME VISITS HOMELESSNESS HOSPITAL DISCHARGES HOSPITAL OUTPATIENT... HOSPITAL SERVICES HOSPITALIZATION HOURS OF WORK HOUSEHOLD BUDGETS HOUSEHOLDS HOUSEWORK HOUSING HOUSING TENURE Health Health care service... INCOME INDUSTRIES INJURIES INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT INTERPERSONAL RELAT... JOB HUNTING LANDLORDS LEAVE LEISURE TIME ACTIVI... LONELINESS MARITAL STATUS MARRIAGE DISSOLUTION MEDICAL CARE MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS MEDICAL PRESCRIPTIONS MEDICINAL DRUGS MEMORY MEMORY DISORDERS MENTAL DISORDERS MENTAL HEALTH MORAL CONCEPTS MORBIDITY MOTOR PROCESSES MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Morbidity and morta... NERVOUS SYSTEM DISE... NEUROTIC DISORDERS NURSES OBSESSIVE COMPULSIV... OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY OCCUPATIONS PAIN PART TIME EMPLOYMENT PATIENTS PERSONAL HYGIENE PHOBIAS PHYSICIANS PREDOMINANT LANGUAGES PSYCHIATRISTS PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS PSYCHOLOGISTS PSYCHOTHERAPY PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS QUALIFICATIONS READING ACTIVITY REFORMATORY SCHOOLS RENTED ACCOMMODATION RESIDENTIAL CHILD CARE RURAL AREAS SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS SCHOOLS SELF EMPLOYED SELF ESTEEM SENSORY IMPAIRMENTS SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR SHELTERED EMPLOYMENT SICK LEAVE SLEEP SLEEP DISORDERS SMOKING SMOKING CESSATION SOCIAL HOUSING SOCIAL INTEGRATION SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL PARTICIPATION SOCIAL SUPPORT SOLVENT ABUSE SORROW STRESS PSYCHOLOGICAL SUICIDE SUPERVISORY STATUS SYMPTOMS Specific social ser... TAX RELIEF TIED HOUSING TOBACCO TRAINING COURSES TRANQUILLIZERS TRANSPORT UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNFURNISHED ACCOMMO... UNWAGED WORKERS URBAN AREAS VISITS PERSONAL WEIGHT PHYSIOLOGY YOUTH Youth

The aim of this publication is to provide information about the key differences in healthcare between people with a learning disability and those without. It contains aggregated data on key health issues for people who are recorded by their GP as having a learning disability, and comparative data about a control group who are not recorded by their GP as having a learning disability. Six new indicators were introduced in the 2022-23 reporting year for patients with and without a recorded learning disability. These relate to: • Patients with an eating disorder • Patients with both an eating disorder and autism diagnosis • Patients with a diagnosis of autism who are currently treated with antidepressants More information on these changes can be found in the Data Quality section of this publication. Data has been collected from participating practices using EMIS and Cegedim Healthcare Systems GP systems.

BackgroundRecently, elevated levels of autistic features and autism diagnoses have been reported among people with anorexia nervosa (AN). In clinical settings high levels of autistic features have been linked to more complex, highly comorbid illness presentation and poorer treatment outcome. This study aimed to examine whether autistic features predict AN symptom profile in long term.MethodsAltogether 118 women with lived experience of AN completed two autism assessments at time 1, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the short version of the Autism Quotient (AQ10). Measures assessing AN symptom profile, including eating disorders symptoms, anxiety, depression, OCD symptoms, and Body Mass Index (BMI), were also recorded. The symptom profile measures were administered again 6 months and 2 years later. We conducted two analyses to examine the extent to which the ADOS and AQ10 scores predicted broad AN symptom profile at each three time points.ResultsOverall, high levels of autistic features were consistently associated with worse psychological symptoms, but not BMI, across all time points. Both the analysis using baseline ADOS scores and self-reported AQ10 scores showed similar pattern.ConclusionThe present findings consolidate previously reported associations between autistic features and worse psychological outcome among people with AN. The findings also suggest that self-report measures may be sufficient for assessing the impact of autistic features on illness outcome among people with AN. Importantly, the study highlights the need for development and further investigation of neurodiversity accommodations in the treatment of AN.

Overview of the dataset

This dataset includes fMRI data from a clinical trial aimed to investigate the consequences of altered timing of sleep and meal episodes while maintaining sufficient sleep duration. The study was carried out between 8/17/2016 and 5/31/2021 and was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03663530). The project was supported by NIH grant 5R01HL128226.

In brief, the study aimed to determine how misalignment between sleeping and eating schedules may affect energy balance and insulin resistance, and how this might be mediated by changes in brain connectivity and reward valuation of food. To achieve the latter, all participants were scanned under two conditions: - Circadian aligned: sleep from 0-8 am, meals at 1, 5, 11 and 12.5 h after awakening. - Circadian misaligned: sleep from 0-8 am, meals at 4.5, 8.5, 14.5 and 16 h after awakening.

All participants were scanned twice under each condition: once on day 3 and again on day 14 of the same condition (i.e., every participant has 4 scans). The order of conditions was randomized between subjects (A = circadian aligned; B = circadian misaligned):

Image acquisition

MRI data acquisition was performed with a Siemens 3-Tesla MAGNETOM Skyra scanner equipped with a 20-channel Siemens head coil. Functional images were collected using T2*-weighted echo planar pulse sequence imaging depicting BOLD signal (TE = 30 ms, TR = 2500 ms, flip angle = 80°, spatial resolution 3 x 3 x 3 mm isotropic voxels, transversal orientation, slice thickness = 3 mm, 37 slices fully covering the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum). For resting-state functional images we acquired 131 volumes (acquisition time = 5 min 27.5 s). For anatomical reference a high-resolution isotropic MPRAGE sequence was acquired (TE = 2.98 ms, TR = 2300 ms, flip angle = 9°, sagittal orientation, spatial resolution 1 x 1 x 1 mm isotropic voxels, slice thickness = 1 mm).

Scanning conditions

Participants were scanned under three conditions: • Fix (“task-rest”; resting-state): participants were asked to hold still and fixate their gaze on a centrally located cross. Participants underwent two consecutive resting-state runs during each session. • Food stimulus (“task-ab” and “task-cd”; task-based): 2-by-2 design protocol which included 4 runs (~3 mins each). Each run consisted of 4 blocks (2 foods and 2 non-foods) during which participants view 5 items presented for 4 s each (total = 20 s) using E-Prime 2 (Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA). Each block was separated by a 20 s baseline period during which participants view a fixation cross.

Outstanding issues with task events

Due to technical issues, data related to task events (i.e., event onset, duration, etc.) was lost or was incomplete for several participants. To support future research efforts, we provide the available E-Prime events.txt files, as well as the stimuli used during the tasks. These files can be found in the "events" directory. These may be of use for those interested.

Participants

Included were men and pre-menopausal women, age 20-49 years with BMI 25-34.9 kg/m2. To be eligible, participants were required to be physically inactive (<150 min/week of moderate or <75 min/week of vigorous aerobic physical activity); right-handed; and present normal scores on the Pittsburg Quality of Sleep Questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Berlin Questionnaire, Sleep Disorders Inventory Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Composite Scale of Morningness/Eveningness and Three Factor Eating Questionnaire. Participant were also required to eat within 1 hour after wake ≥5 days/week; as well as having normal bedtimes with habitual sleep of 7-9 hours in bed at night, no daytime naps and a midpoint of sleep earlier than 4 am. Participants were excluded if they had current or past neurological, medical or psychiatric disorders (including sleep and eating disorder and diabetes mellitus); current or past (<3 years) nicotine use; contraindications for MRI scanning; travel across time zones in the previous 4 weeks; history of drug and alcohol abuse; were shift or rotating sift workers, heavy equipment operators or commercial long-distance drivers; had a caffeine intake >300 mg/day; excessive daytime sleepiness; hematocrit <30%; or were pregnant or within 1 year post-partum.

Contact: Marie-Pierre St-Onge (ms2554@cumc.columbia.edu); F. Xavier Castellanos (Francisco.Castellanos@nyulangone.org)

Dietitians working with gender-diverse people may require different skills and knowledge than those caring for cisgender men and women, as indicated by a growing body of literature that highlights gender-diverse people's unique experiences with and relationships to nutrition and eating behaviors. To provide insight into how dietitians can best serve this population, this mini review identifies and summarizes qualitative studies that investigate gender-diverse people's lived experiences and perspectives regarding nutrition, eating disorders, and access to eating-related healthcare services. Fourteen studies examining nutrition or eating behaviors among gender-diverse samples were selected through a systematic search and screening process: 11 focused on disordered eating or eating disorders and the remaining three focused on nutritional needs, nutritional knowledge, and food insecurity. Extracted themes included: using dietary restriction to suppress secondary sex characteristics or conform to societal norms; the impact of gender-affirming care on disordered eating; negative experiences with, and beliefs about, nutrition and eating disorders healthcare services; and suggestions for clinicians. Recommendations discuss the need for increased trans literacy among clinicians, the creation of safe spaces for gender-diverse people with eating disorders, and the importance of dual competencies in eating disorders treatment and gender-affirming care.

BackgroundGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are widely used due to their profound efficacy in glycemic control and weight management. Within real-world contexts, the manifestation of certain psychiatric adverse events (AEs) has been observed, which is potentially linked to the administration of GLP-1 RAs. The objective of this study was to undertake a comprehensive investigation and characterization of the psychiatric AEs associated with GLP-1 RAs.MethodsWe retrieved reports of AEs associated with treatment with GLP-1 RAs during the period from the first quarter (Q1) of 2004 to Q1 2023 from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. Descriptive analysis was performed to examine the clinical characteristics and time to onset of the psychiatric AEs caused by GLP-1 RAs. Moreover, disproportionality analyses were performed using the reporting odds ratio (ROR) to identify GLP-1 RA-related psychiatric AEs.ResultsA total of 8,240 reports of psychiatric AEs were analyzed out of 181,238 AE reports with treatment with GLP-1 RAs. Among these cases, a higher percentage was represented by women compared to men (65.89% vs. 30.96%). The median age of these patients was 56 years, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 48–67 years, based on data available in 286 case reports. This study showed that the median time to onset of the overall GLP-1 RA-related AEs was 31 days (IQR = 7–145.4 days), which varied among GLP-1 RA regimens. Specifically, exenatide had a significantly longer onset time at 45 days (IQR = 11–213 days), with statistically significant differences from the onset times of the other five GLP-1 RAs (p< 0.0001). Moreover, eight categories of psychiatric AEs, namely, nervousness (ROR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.85–2.11), stress (ROR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.19–1.38), eating disorder (ROR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.40–1.77), fear of injection (ROR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.60–2.40), sleep disorder due to general medical condition—insomnia type (ROR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.60–2.52), binge eating (ROR = 2.70, 95% CI = 1.75–4.16), fear of eating (ROR 3.35, 95% CI = 1.65–6.78), and self-induced vomiting (ROR = 3.77, 95% CI = 1.77–8.03), were defined as GLP-1 RA-related psychiatric AEs through disproportionality analysis.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate a significant association between GLP-1 RAs and the development of specific psychiatric AEs. Despite the observational nature of this pharmacovigilance study and the inherent limitations of the FAERS database, our preliminary findings in this work could provide a better basis for understanding the potential psychiatric AEs that may occur with GLP-1 RA treatment, assisting clinicians to focus on these AEs and provide early intervention for optimal risk management.