Natural Disasters Deaths

People killed in natural disasters by country by year

About this dataset

How much do natural disasters cost us? In lives, in dollars, in infrastructure? This dataset attempts to answer those questions, tracking the death toll and damage cost of major natural disasters since 1985. Disasters included are storms ( hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones ), floods, earthquakes, droughts, wildfires, and extreme temperatures

How to use the dataset

This dataset contains information on natural disasters that have occurred around the world from 1900 to 2017. The data includes the date of the disaster, the location, the type of disaster, the number of people killed, and the estimated cost in US dollars

Research Ideas

• An all-in-one disaster map displaying all recorded natural disasters dating back to 1900.
• Natural disaster hotspots - where do natural disasters most commonly occur and kill the most people?
• A live map tracking current natural disasters around the world

Acknowledgements

License

See the dataset description for more information.

The Significant Earthquake Database is a global listing of over 5,700 earthquakes from 2150 BC to the present. A significant earthquake is classified as one that meets at least one of the following criteria: caused deaths, caused moderate damage (approximately $1 million or more), magnitude 7.5 or greater, Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) X or greater, or the earthquake generated a tsunami. The database provides information on the date and time of occurrence, latitude and longitude, focal depth, magnitude, maximum MMI intensity, and socio-economic data such as the total number of casualties, injuries, houses destroyed, and houses damaged, and $ dollage damage estimates. References, political geography, and additional comments are also provided for each earthquake. If the earthquake was associated with a tsunami or volcanic eruption, it is flagged and linked to the related tsunami event or significant volcanic eruption.

Global Earthquake Dataset

This dataset provides detailed information on 1,000 recorded earthquakes from around the world, offering 20 key attributes that capture crucial details of each seismic event. Whether you're exploring global earthquake patterns, building predictive models, or conducting geospatial analysis, this dataset provides a wealth of data for a wide range of analyses.

Dataset Features:

• ID: Unique identifier for each earthquake event.
• Magnitude: Richter scale value representing the earthquake's magnitude.
• Type: Type of seismic event (e.g., earthquake, explosion, etc.).
• Title: Brief title describing the earthquake.
• Date: The date when the earthquake occurred.
• Time: The exact time of the earthquake.
• Felt: Number of people who reported feeling the earthquake.
• Alert: Alert level issued (if any), such as green, yellow, orange, or red.
• Tsunami: Indicator of whether the earthquake triggered a tsunami (Yes/No).
• Depth (km): Depth of the earthquake, measured in kilometers.
• Latitude & Longitude: Geographical coordinates of the earthquake's epicenter.
• Place: The region or location closest to the earthquake’s epicenter.
• Location: Specific name of the area where the earthquake occurred.
• Continent: The continent where the earthquake was recorded.
• Country: Country of occurrence.
• Subnational: State or regional division within the country.
• City: Nearest major city affected by the earthquake.
• Locality: Smaller local area or community impacted by the earthquake.
• Postcode: Postal code of the locality.

Potential Use Cases:

• Geospatial Analysis: Visualize and analyze earthquake distributions globally.
• Seismic Activity Insights: Examine patterns and trends in earthquake occurrences by magnitude, depth, and geographical location.
• Natural Disaster Risk Assessment: Assess regions at higher risk for seismic activity and tsunamis.
• Predictive Modeling: Develop models to forecast future earthquakes or understand correlations between various features.
• Exploratory Data Analysis: Dive deep into specific locations or periods to gain insights into seismic events.

With comprehensive data from multiple regions and detailed attributes, this dataset is suitable for both academic research and data science projects related to natural disasters, geophysics, and hazard assessment.

Retirement Notice: This item is in mature support as of August 2025 and will be retired in December 2026. Please use this source dataset and follow the steps in the From Vector to Raster blog as a replacement for this service. Esri recommends updating your maps and apps.This layer shows the potential ground shaking intensity from earthquakes.When an earthquake happens, the more the ground shakes, the more damage occurs. The shaking hazard which occurs during an earthquake is measured by horizontal acceleration. Peak ground acceleration is the maximum amount of lateral shaking from an earthquake, as measured by ground instruments.Unlike the Richter scale, ground acceleration is not a measure of the total energy (magnitude, or size) of an earthquake event, but rather the geographically specific effect of that event. Ground acceleration is the intensity of how hard the earth shakes sideways in a given area.Geologists use earthquake risk maps to estimate stability and landslide potential of hillsides. The level of earthquake risk is important to engineers, particularly those involved in landfill and highway bridge construction. Insurance companies set rates by earthquake risk maps, and emergency planners use them to allocate assistance funds for education and preparedness. Businesses analyze earthquake risk maps to site distribution centers and critical infrastructure away from zones of potential damage. In many cases, building codes require that construction in zones of high earthquake risk be more resistant to damaging earthquakes.Dataset Summary The peak acceleration value that is shown by this layer is an estimate of the worst amount of shaking due to earthquakes experienced in the place indicated on a map in about a 500 year time frame. Predicted horizontal acceleration (shaking) values in this dataset are expressed as a percentage of the acceleration of gravity (g). The values in this dataset do not exceed 100, so keep in mind a 100 on the map means the model is predicting a value greater than or equal to 100% g, violent or extreme shaking. (100% g is an acceleration of 9.80665 m/s²) Horizontal ground acceleration correlates well with the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale in measurement of earthquake intensity. Instrument intensity is USGS's term for equivalent Modified Mercalli Scale (MMI) values as measured by instruments: Example ground acceleration values from past earthquakes: 0.1% g (0.01 m/s²) perceptible by people 2% g (0.2 m/s²) people lose their balance 8% g The Mall, Washington DC, 2011 Louisa County Virginia Earthquake 16% g Treasure Island, San Francisco Bay, 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake 16% g Tokyo (373 km from epicenter), 2011 Tohoku Earthquake 31% g Seward Park, Seattle, 2001 Nisqually Earthquake 42% g UC Santa Cruz Seismic Lab, 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake 50% g Well-designed buildings can survive if the duration is short 90% g Sylmar, California (16km from epicenter), 1994 Northridge Earthquake 270% g Miyagi Prefecture, Japan (75km from epicenter), 2011 Tohoku Earthquake The data cover the continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico.

This dataset provides comprehensive information on significant earthquakes that have occurred around the world since 1900 with a magnitude of 5 or above. The data includes essential details such as location, date and time, magnitude, depth, and other relevant information about each earthquake.

The dataset is updated weekly and sourced from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), which maintains a global catalog of earthquake information. The dataset includes earthquakes from all regions of the world, from the most seismically active regions like the Pacific Ring of Fire to less active regions like Europe and Africa.

Earthquakes are natural disasters that can cause severe damage to property, loss of life, and environmental damage. The dataset can be used for various research purposes, including studying earthquake patterns and trends over time, examining the impact of earthquakes on human populations and infrastructure, and developing models to predict future earthquake activity.

Researchers can use the dataset to explore the characteristics of earthquakes such as their frequency, magnitude, and location. By analyzing this data, researchers can identify earthquake patterns and trends and use the information to develop better models to predict future earthquakes. This dataset is a valuable resource for researchers and scientists who study earthquakes and their effects on the environment and human life.

Here's an explanation of each column in the USGS earthquake data:

time: The time of the earthquake, reported as the number of milliseconds since the Unix epoch (January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC). latitude: The latitude of the earthquake's epicenter, reported in decimal degrees. longitude: The longitude of the earthquake's epicenter, reported in decimal degrees. depth: The depth of the earthquake, reported in kilometers. mag: The magnitude of the earthquake, reported on various magnitude scales (see magType column below). magType: The magnitude type used to report the earthquake magnitude (e.g. "mb", "ml", "mw"). nst: The total number of seismic stations used to calculate the earthquake location and magnitude. gap: The largest azimuthal gap between azimuthally adjacent stations (in degrees). dmin: The distance to the nearest station in degrees. rms: The root-mean-square of the residuals of the earthquake's hypocenter location. net: The ID of the seismic network used to locate the earthquake. id: A unique identifier for the earthquake event. updated: The time when the earthquake event was most recently updated in the catalog, reported as the number of milliseconds since the Unix epoch. place: A human-readable description of the earthquake's location. type: The type of seismic event (e.g. "earthquake", "quarry blast", "explosion"). horizontalError: The horizontal error, in kilometers, of the location reported in the latitude and longitude columns. depthError: The depth error, in kilometers, of the depth column. magError: The estimated standard error of the reported earthquake magnitude. magNst: The number of seismic stations used to calculate the earthquake magnitude. status: The status of the earthquake event in the USGS earthquake catalog (e.g. "reviewed", "automatic"). locationSource: The ID of the agency or network that provided the earthquake location. magSource: The ID of the agency or network that provided the earthquake magnitude.

The magnitudes reported are those which the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) considers official for the listed earthquakes. Death toll and damages in dollar amounts are obtained from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Death toll represents the total number of deaths from the earthquake and secondary effects. Damages are presented as a percentage of GDP obtained from World Bank's World Development Indicators (WDI). Affected population represents total number of people in a buffer zone of 200 km around earthquake's epicenter computed by authors using 1990 population survey.List of Earthquakes.

On May 22, 1960, a Mw 9.5 earthquake, the largest earthquake ever instrumentally recorded, occurred in southern Chile. The series of earthquakes that followed ravaged southern Chile and ruptured over a period of days a 1,000 km section of the fault, one of the longest ruptures ever reported. The number of fatalities associated with both the earthquake and tsunami has been estimated to be between 490 and 5,700. Reportedly there were 3,000 injured, and initially there were 717 missing in Chile. The Chilean government estimated 2,000,000 people were left homeless and 58,622 houses were completely destroyed. Damage (including tsunami damage) was more than $500 million U.S. dollars.

The data used to create this dataset was taken from the database of the Centro Sismológico Nacional, which contains data about significant (perceptible) earthquakes in Chile.

Chile is a country famous for its high seismic activity. In fact, its one of the most seismic places in the world, which makes it a place of interest for many researchers investigating this topic.

This dataset contain a single file called seismic_data.csv, which is composed from the following columns: - Date(UTC): Timestamp in which the earthquake was registered (precision up to 1 second). - Latitude/Longitude: The location of the earthquake. - Depth: The depth (measured in km) of the earthquake. - Magnitude: The earthquake's magnitude.

This data covers earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 3 to 9, and that occurred between 2012-01-01 and today. The data is generated from a notebook that's scheduled to run daily, so the dataset should receive frequent updates. All the earthquakes in the dataset have a maximum depth of 300 km.

What can you do with this data?

• Explore the data to find the zones with the highest probability of earthquakes.
• Search the zones with the highest seismical energy.
• Relate earthquake occurrence with physical variables available on other datasets.
• Estimate the probability of occurrence of a big earthquake given previous events.
• And much more!

Context

Disasters include all geophysical, meteorological and climate events including earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, drought, wildfires, storms, and flooding. Decadal figures are measured as the annual average over the subsequent ten-year period.

Content

Thanks to Our World in Data, you can explore death from natural disasters by country and by date.

Acknowledgements

https://www.acacamps.org/sites/default/files/resource_library_images/naturaldisaster4.jpg" alt="Natural Disasters">

Inspiration

List of variables for inspiration: Number of deaths from drought Number of people injured from drought Number of people affected from drought Number of people left homeless from drought Number of total people affected by drought Reconstruction costs from drought Insured damages against drought Total economic damages from drought Death rates from drought Injury rates from drought Number of people affected by drought per 100,000 Homelessness rate from drought Total number of people affected by drought per 100,000 Number of deaths from earthquakes Number of people injured from earthquakes Number of people affected by earthquakes Number of people left homeless from earthquakes Number of total people affected by earthquakes Reconstruction costs from earthquakes Insured damages against earthquakes Total economic damages from earthquakes Death rates from earthquakes Injury rates from earthquakes Number of people affected by earthquakes per 100,000 Homelessness rate from earthquakes Total number of people affected by earthquakes per 100,000 Number of deaths from disasters Number of people injured from disasters Number of people affected by disasters Number of people left homeless from disasters Number of total people affected by disasters Reconstruction costs from disasters Insured damages against disasters Total economic damages from disasters Death rates from disasters Injury rates from disasters Number of people affected by disasters per 100,000 Homelessness rate from disasters Total number of people affected by disasters per 100,000 Number of deaths from volcanic activity Number of people injured from volcanic activity Number of people affected by volcanic activity Number of people left homeless from volcanic activity Number of total people affected by volcanic activity Reconstruction costs from volcanic activity Insured damages against volcanic activity Total economic damages from volcanic activity Death rates from volcanic activity Injury rates from volcanic activity Number of people affected by volcanic activity per 100,000 Homelessness rate from volcanic activity Total number of people affected by volcanic activity per 100,000 Number of deaths from floods Number of people injured from floods Number of people affected by floods Number of people left homeless from floods Number of total people affected by floods Reconstruction costs from floods Insured damages against floods Total economic damages from floods Death rates from floods Injury rates from floods Number of people affected by floods per 100,000 Homelessness rate from floods Total number of people affected by floods per 100,000 Number of deaths from mass movements Number of people injured from mass movements Number of people affected by mass movements Number of people left homeless from mass movements Number of total people affected by mass movements Reconstruction costs from mass movements Insured damages against mass movements Total economic damages from mass movements Death rates from mass movements Injury rates from mass movements Number of people affected by mass movements per 100,000 Homelessness rate from mass movements Total number of people affected by mass movements per 100,000 Number of deaths from storms Number of people injured from storms Number of people affected by storms Number of people left homeless from storms Number of total people affected by storms Reconstruction costs from storms Insured damages against storms Total economic damages from storms Death rates from storms Injury rates from storms Number of people affected by storms per 100,000 Homelessness rate from storms Total number of people affected by storms per 100,000 Number of deaths from landslides Number of people injured from landslides Number of people affected by landslides Number of people left homeless from landslides Number of total people affected by landslides Reconstruction costs from landslides Insured damages against landslides Total economic damages from landslides Death rates from landslides Injury rates from landslides Number of people affected by landslides per 100,000 Homelessness rate from landslides Total number of people affected by landslides per 100,000 Number of deaths from fog Number of people injured from fog Number of people affected by fog Number of people left homel...

The Smithsonian's "Eruptions, Earthquakes, & Emissions" web application (or "E3") is a time-lapse animation of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes since 1960. It also shows volcanic gas emissions (sulfur dioxide, SO2) since 1978 — the first year satellites were available to provide global monitoring of SO2. The eruption data are drawn from the Volcanoes of the World (VOTW) database maintained by the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program (GVP). The earthquake data are pulled from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earthquake Catalog. Sulfur-dioxide emissions data incorporated into the VOTW for use here originate in NASA's Multi-Satellite Volcanic Sulfur Dioxide L4 Long-Term Global Database. Please properly credit and cite any use of GVP eruption and volcano data, which are available via a download button within the app, through webservices, or through options under the Database tab above. A citation for the E3 app is given below.Clicking the image will open this web application in a new tab.Citation (example for today)Global Volcanism Program, 2016. Eruptions, Earthquakes & Emissions, v. 1.0 (internet application). Smithsonian Institution. Accessed 19 Oct 2018 (https://volcano.si.edu/E3/).Frequently Asked QuestionsWhat is the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)?VEI is the "Richter Scale" of volcanic eruptions. Assigning a VEI is not an automated process, but involves assessing factors such as the volume of tephra (volcanic ash or other ejected material) erupted, the height the ash plume reaches above the summit or altitude into the atmosphere, and the type of eruption (Newhall and Self, 1982). VEIs range from 1 (small eruption) to 8 (the largest eruptions in Earth's entire history).What about eruptions before 1960?For information about volcanic eruptions before 1960, explore the GVP website, where we catalog eruption information going back more than 10,000 years. This E3 app only displays eruptions starting in 1960 because the catalog is much more complete after that date. For most eruptions before the 20th century we rely on the geologic record more than historical first-hand accounts — and the geologic record is inherently incomplete (due to erosion) and not fully documented.What are "SO2 emissions" and what do the different circle sizes mean?The E3 app displays emissions of sulfur dioxide gas (SO2) from erupting volcanoes, including the mass in kilotons. Even though water vapor (steam) and carbon dioxide gas (see more about CO2 below) are much more abundant volcanic gases, SO2is the easiest to detect using satellite-based instruments, allowing us to obtain a global view. There is no universally accepted "magnitude" scale for emissions; the groupings presented here were chosen to best graphically present the relative volumes based on available data.What am I seeing when I click on an SO2 emission event?You are seeing a time-lapse movie of satellite measurements of SO2 associated with a particular emission event. These SO2 clouds, or plumes, are blown by winds and can circle the globe in about a week. As plumes travel, they mix with the air, becoming more dilute until eventually the concentration of SO2 falls below the detection limit of satellites. Earth's entire atmosphere derives from outgassing of the planet — in fact, the air you breathe was once volcanic gas, and some of it might have erupted very recently!Why are there no SO2 emissions before 1978?E3 shows volcanic gas emissions captured from satellite-based instruments, which were first deployed in 1978. NASA launched the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) in 1978, which provided the first space-borne observations of volcanic gas emissions. Numerous satellites capable of measuring volcanic gases are now in orbit.Why don't you include H2O and CO2 emissions?The most abundant gases expelled during a volcanic eruption are water vapor (H2O in the form of steam) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is typically the third most abundant gas. Hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide and other carbon species, hydrogen halides, and noble gases typically comprise a very small percentage of volcanic gas emissions. So why can't we show H2O and CO2 in the E3 app? Earth's atmosphere has such high background concentrations of H2O and CO2 that satellites cannot easily detect a volcano's signal over this background "noise." Atmospheric SO2 concentrations, however, are very low. Therefore volcanic emissions of SO2 stand out and are more easily detected by satellites. Scientists are just beginning to have reliable measurements of volcanic carbon dioxide emissions because new satellites dedicated to monitoring CO2 have either recently been launched or have launches planned for the coming decade.How much carbon is emitted by volcanoes?We don't really know. CO2, carbon dioxide, is the dominant form of carbon in most volcanic eruptions, and can be the dominant gas emitted from volcanoes. Humans release more than 100 times more CO2 to the atmosphere than volcanoes (Gerlach, 2011) through activities like burning fossil fuels. Because of this, the background levels of CO2 in the atmosphere have risen to levels that are so high (greater than 400 parts per million, or 0.04%) that satellites cannot easily detect the CO2 from volcanic eruptions. Scientists are able to estimate the amount of carbon flowing from Earth's interior to exterior (the flux) by measuring carbon emissions directly at volcanic vents and by measuring the carbon dissolved in volcanic rocks. Scientific teams in the Deep Carbon Observatory (one of the supporters of E3) are working to quantify the flux of carbon from Earth's interior to exterior.Do volcanic emissions cause global warming?No, not in modern times. The dominant effect of volcanic eruptions is to cool the planet in the short term. This is because sulfur emissions create aerosols that block the sun's incoming rays temporarily. While volcanoes do emit powerful greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, they do so at a rate that is likely 100 times less than humans (Gerlach, 2011). Prior to human activity in the Holocene (approximately the last 10,000 years), volcanic gas emissions did play a large role in modulating Earth's climate.Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes seem to occur in the same location. Why?Eruptions and earthquakes occur at Earth's plate boundaries — places where Earth's tectonic plates converge, diverge, or slip past one another. The forces operating at these plate boundaries cause both earthquakes and eruptions. For example, the Pacific "Ring of Fire" describes the plate boundaries that surround the Pacific basin. Around most of the Pacific Rim, the seafloor (Earth's oceanic crust) is "subducting" beneath the continents. This means that the seafloor is being dragged down into Earth's interior. You might think of this as Earth's way of recycling! In this process, ocean water is released to Earth's solid rocky mantle, melting the mantle rock and generating magma that erupts through volcanoes on the continents where the plates converge. In contrast, mid-ocean ridges, chains of seafloor volcanoes, define divergent plate boundaries. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge that runs from Iceland to the Antarctic in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean is one example of a divergent plate boundary. Earth's crust is torn apart at the ridge, as North and South America move away from Europe and Africa. New lava erupts to fill the gap. This lava cools, creating new ocean crust. All these episodes where solid rock collides or is torn apart generate earthquakes. And boom! You have co-located eruptions and earthquakes. To learn more about plate margins using E3, watch this video.Is this the first time eruptions, emissions, and earthquakes have been animated on a map?E3 is a successor to the program Seismic/Eruption developed by Alan Jones (Binghamton University). That program was one of the first to show the global occurrence of earthquakes (USGS data) and eruptions (GVP data) through space and time with animations and sound. The program ran in the Smithsonian's Geology, Gems, and Minerals Hall from 1997 to 2016, and was also available on the "Earthquakes and Eruptions" CD-ROM. E3 builds upon Seismic/Eruption with the addition of emissions data and automated data updates.How many eruptions and emissions are shown, and from how many volcanoes?The application is currently showing 2,065 eruptions from 334 volcanoes. It is also showing 360 emission activity periods from 118 different volcanoes. In addition, there are 67 animations available showing the movement of SO2 clouds from 44 volcanoes.How often do you update the data represented in the web application?The application checks for updates once a week. Earthquake data, being instrumentally recorded, is typically very current. Eruption data, which relies on observational reports and analysis by GVP staff, is generally updated every few months; however, known ongoing eruptions will continue through the most recent update check. Emissions data is collected by satellite instruments and also must be processed by scientists, so updates will be provided as soon as they are available following an event, on the schedule with eruption updates.Is my computer system/browser supported? Something isn't working right.To run the map, your computer and browser must support WebGL. For more information on WebGL, please visit https://get.webgl.org to test if it should work.Source Obtained from http://volcano.si.edu/E3/

This application shows the live feed of recent earthquakes from the US Geological Survey, and dioceses of the Roman Catholic Church.Popups give details: earthquake magnitude, location and time, dioceses within 1000 km, and the number of Catholics in the dioceses.[Map, App, or Layer Name]Burhans, Molly A., Cheney, David M., Grayson, John.. . “[Name]”. Scale not given. Version CA, CT, USA: GoodLands Inc., Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., 2016.Derived from:Global Diocesan Boundaries:Burhans, M., Bell, J., Burhans, D., Carmichael, R., Cheney, D., Deaton, M., Emge, T. Gerlt, B., Grayson, J., Herries, J., Keegan, H., Skinner, A., Smith, M., Sousa, C., Trubetskoy, S. “Diocesean Boundaries of the Catholic Church” [Feature Layer]. Scale not given. Version 1.2. Redlands, CA, USA: GoodLands Inc., Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., 2016.Using: ArcGIS. 10.4. Version 10.0. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., 2016.Boundary ProvenanceStatistics and Leadership DataCheney, D.M. “Catholic Hierarchy of the World” [Database]. Date Updated: August 2019. Catholic Hierarchy. Using: Paradox. Retrieved from Original Source.Catholic HierarchyAnnuario Pontificio per l’Anno .. Città del Vaticano :Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, Multiple Years.The data for these maps was extracted from the gold standard of Church data, the Annuario Pontificio, published yearly by the Vatican. The collection and data development of the Vatican Statistics Office are unknown. GoodLands is not responsible for errors within this data. We encourage people to document and report errant information to us at data@good-lands.org or directly to the Vatican.Additional information about regular changes in bishops and sees comes from a variety of public diocesan and news announcements.GoodLands’ polygon data layers, version 2.0 for global ecclesiastical boundaries of the Roman Catholic Church:Although care has been taken to ensure the accuracy, completeness and reliability of the information provided, due to this being the first developed dataset of global ecclesiastical boundaries curated from many sources it may have a higher margin of error than established geopolitical administrative boundary maps. Boundaries need to be verified with appropriate Ecclesiastical Leadership. The current information is subject to change without notice. No parties involved with the creation of this data are liable for indirect, special or incidental damage resulting from, arising out of or in connection with the use of the information. We referenced 1960 sources to build our global datasets of ecclesiastical jurisdictions. Often, they were isolated images of dioceses, historical documents and information about parishes that were cross checked. These sources can be viewed here:https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/11ANlH1S_aYJOyz4TtG0HHgz0OLxnOvXLHMt4FVOS85Q/edit#gid=0To learn more or contact us please visit: https://good-lands.org/

Romania, an eastern European country, is severely affected by a variety of natural hazards. These include frequent earthquakes, floods, landslides, soil erosion, and drought all of which have major social and economic impacts. Thus, there is a long tradition of study of these hazards by scientific researchers in Romania. This set of slides includes examples of landslides, rockfalls,sheet erosion, and mudflows. Romania has an area of 237,500 km2 and a great variety of geologic regions. Two-thirds of the country consists of hills, tablelands, and mountains of the Carpathian arch. The climate is dominantly temperate-continental and vegetation and soils vary widely with altitude. Altitude ranges from sea level to 2,544 meters above sea level at the highest point of the Romanian Carpathians. Romania's population in 1992 was 22.76 million inhabitants, or an average density of 95.8 people per square kilometer. The Vrancea Seismic Region of the southeastern part of the Carpathian Mountains is the most active subcrustal earthquake province of Europe. The region is characterized by high seismicity, with about three major earthquakes greater than magnitude (M) 7.0 occurring every century. The best studied earthquake of recent times occurred March 4, 1977, and had a magnitude of 7.2. This earthquake caused the death of 1,570 people, and destroyed 33,000 buildings. In addition to earthquakes, torrential rains are responsible for catastrophic floods, massive landslides, and major soil erosion. Mass movements are a significant hazard in the hilly and mountainous regions, particularly those underlain by flysch deposits. These deposits are complexes of folded and faulted sedimentary rocks containing marls, clays, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates. The distribution of mass movements in these deposits is controlled by various climatic, tectonic, and lithologic factors influenced by different land-management practices. There are significant regional differences among types of mass movements, the quantities of materials delivered from the slopes into adjacent stream channels, and risks to various human activities. In the Subcarpathians, formed predominantly of folded and faulted molasse deposits, slopes may be highly unstable. The instability is most frequently manifested by shallow (sheet) slides, landslides of medium depth, and mudflows typically 300-700 meters in length. The areas most affected by these features lie within the Curvature Subcarpathians in the Vrancea Seismic Region. In the Eastern Carpathians, formed predominantly of Cretaceous and Paleocene flysch deposits, periglacial or immediate postglacial colluvial materials are major sources of mass movements. These deposits generally range from 10 to 30 meters in depth, and landslides within them arecommonly activated or reactivated by regional deepening of the valley network in the long term, or deforestation practices by people. Because oftheir association with stream valleys, these landslides often affect towns, communication lines, and roads, and may partially or totally block valleys when they move. In the Moldlavian Plateau, the areas most affected by landslides occur on slopes built up of alternations of marls and clays, with intercalations of conglomerates and sandstones. In the Transylvanian Plateau deep landslides called "glimee" are commonly triggered by heavy rains. In the alpine belt of the Carpathian mountains, the most common mass movements are rockfalls and rock avalanches. These processes are mostcommon in the crystalline rocks on the steep slopes of glacial cirques and valleys. Sheet and gully erosion affect most of the hilly and mountainous regions of Romania. Agricultural lands on slopes steeper than 5% represent 42% ofthese regions and contribute to the bulk of sheet and gully erosion. About 20% of the agricultural lands are affected by high to very high erosionrates of 8-16 T/HA/year; 19% are subject to more moderate rates of 2-8 T/HA/Year; and about 3% are classified as slightly eroded. Highest erosion risks occur in the Curvature Subcarpathians, the Getic Subcarpathians, the north of the Getic Plateau, the central part of the Moldavian Plateau, and the west of the Translvanian Plateau. In these regions, large areas are affected by gully erosion which contributes to making about 5,000 ha/year unfit for the cultivation of crops. There is a corresponding loss of 30 million tons of soil per year. Factors related to gully erosion include poorly consolidated rocks, intense rainfall, and poor land-use practices. Mud volcanoes occur along active fault lines in the Curvature Subcarpathians, and are related to groundwater circulation under pressure.Mud volcanoes commonly are activated and reactivated during strong earthquakes. The largest mud volcanoes are located in the Berca Anticline Depression, a region rich in oil deposits. Upward movement of ground waterand oil there formed large, circular mud volcano plateaus 60-70 meters high with diameters of 200-300 meters. Within these plateaus, there are active and extinct mud volcano cones about one to three meters high. Because of the unusual formations, the region is protected from development and is a preserve for some of Romania's spectacular natural features.

This layer shows the location of recent (post 1970) earthquakes within the UK. The British Geological Survey (BGS) has been charged with the task of operating and further developing a uniform network of seismograph stations throughout the UK in order to acquire standardised data on a long-term basis. The project is supported by a group of organisations under the chairmanship of the Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR) with major financial input from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). The aims of the BGS Seismic Monitoring and Information Service are to develop and maintain a national database of seismic activity in the UK for use in seismic hazard assessment, and to provide near-immediate responses to the occurrence, or reported occurrence, of significant events to its customers and sponsors. A 24-hr on-call service is maintained for this purpose. Almost every week, seismic events are reported to be felt somewhere in the UK. A number of these prove to be sonic booms or are otherwise spurious, but a large proportion are natural or mining induced earthquakes often felt at intensities which cause concern and, occasionally, some damage. In an average year, some 200 earthquakes are detected and located by BGS with around 15% being felt by people.Within the 50-station, high sensitivity monitoring network, 20 strong motion instruments have been integrated. Data from all sensors is available for analysis and interpretation by BGS scientists in Edinburgh, in near real time, through internet links. The high sensitivity network has been expanded to cover the whole country since the 1970's and achieves a detection threshold for magnitude 2.0 earthquakes throughout the land area even in high noise conditions. All earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 and above have been captured since 1979. For more information about earthquakes, visit www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk or contact enquiries@bgs.ac.uk.Accuracies of magnitude, location, and origin time variations are largely a function of the seismograph station coverage, which has been improving up to the present day.Key Fields:DEPTH: Depth (km)ML: Richter local magnitude of the event (size of the earthquake)INTENSITY: Maximum European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) intensity

Abstract Objectives Earthquakes are unpredictable and devastating natural disasters. They can cause massive destruction and loss of life and survivors may suffer psychological symptoms of severe intensity. Our goal in this article is to review studies published in the last 20 years to compile what is known about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurring after earthquakes. The review also describes other psychiatric complications that can be associated with earthquakes, to provide readers with better overall understanding, and discusses several sociodemographic factors that can be associated with post-earthquake PTSD Method A search for literature was conducted on major databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO and in neurology and psychiatry journals, and many other medical journals. Terms used for electronic searches included, but were not limited to, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), posttraumatic symptoms, anxiety, depression, major depressive disorder, earthquake, and natural disaster. The relevant information was then utilized to determine the relationships between earthquakes and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Results It was found that PTSD is the most commonly occurring mental health condition among earthquake survivors. Major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, social phobia, and specific phobias were also listed. Conclusion The PTSD prevalence rate varied widely. It was dependent on multiple risk factors in target populations and also on the interval of time that had elapsed between the exposure to the deadly incident and measurement. Females seemed to be the most widely-affected group, while elderly people and young children exhibit considerable psychosocial impact.

Description of Earthquakes Dataset (1990-2023)

The earthquakes dataset is an extensive collection of data containing information about all the earthquakes recorded worldwide from 1990 to 2023. The dataset comprises approximately three million rows, with each row representing a specific earthquake event. Each entry in the dataset contains a set of relevant attributes related to the earthquake, such as the date and time of the event, the geographical location (latitude and longitude), the magnitude of the earthquake, the depth of the epicenter, the type of magnitude used for measurement, the affected region, and other pertinent information.

Features - time in millisecconds - place - status
- tsunami (boolean value) - significance - data_type - magnitudo - state - longitude - latitude
- depth - date

Importance and Utility of the Dataset:

Earthquake Analysis and Prediction: The dataset provides a valuable data source for scientists and researchers interested in analyzing spatial and temporal distribution patterns of earthquakes. By studying historical data, trends, and patterns, it becomes possible to identify high-risk seismic zones and develop predictive models to forecast future seismic events more accurately.

Safety and Prevention: Understanding factors contributing to earthquake frequency and severity can assist authorities and safety experts in implementing preventive measures at both local and global levels. These data can enhance the design and construction of earthquake-resistant infrastructures, reducing material damage and safeguarding human lives.

Seismological Science: The dataset offers a critical resource for seismologists and geologists studying the dynamics of the Earth's crust and various geological faults. Analyzing details of recorded earthquakes allows for a deeper comprehension of geological processes leading to seismic activity.

Study of Tectonic Movements: The dataset can be utilized to analyze patterns of tectonic movements in specific areas over the years. This may help identify seasonal or long-term seismic activity, providing additional insights into plate tectonic behavior.

Public Information and Awareness: Earthquake data can be made accessible to the public through portals and applications, enabling individuals to monitor seismic activity in their regions of interest and promoting awareness and preparedness for earthquakes.

In summary, the earthquakes dataset represents a fundamental information source for scientific research, public safety, and community awareness. By analyzing historical data and building predictive models, this dataset can significantly contribute to mitigating seismic risks and protecting people and infrastructure from the consequences of earthquakes.

Puerto Rico is a Caribbean Island with a population of about 3.2 million people who are exposed to natural hazards including earthquakes and submarine landslides that can generate tsunamis. Previous work has shown seismicity offshore Puerto Rico especially between the coastline and the Puerto Rico Trench north of the island. The Puerto Rico Seismic Network maintains the local seismic network to record earthquakes, but these earthquake locations rely on seismic instruments that are all located on land. As part of the assessment of these natural hazards to Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, six ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) were deployed from mid-2015 to mid-2016 to help understand offshore seismic hazards especially those north of the islands near the Puerto Rico Trench. This data release presents earthquake information recorded during the deployment and attempts to relocate these events by merging the earthquake phase arrival data from the Puerto Rico Seismic Network and the OBS deployment.

The National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC of the U.S. Geological Survey provides current earthquake information and data including interactive earthquake maps, near real time earthquake data, fast moment and broadband solutions, and lists of earthquakes for the past 3 weeks.

Current earthquake information and data are located at: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/

Near real time earthquake data is located at: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/

Archives of past earthquakes can be found at: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/

Earthquake early warning (EEW) systems aim to warn end-users of incoming ground shaking from earthquakes that have ruptured further afield, potentially reducing risks to lives and properties. EEW is a socio-technical system involving technical and social processes. This paper contributes to advancing EEW research by conducting a literature review investigating the social science knowledge gap in EEW systems. The review of 70 manuscripts found that EEW systems could benefit society, and the benefits may go beyond its direct function for immediate earthquake response. The findings also show that there are social processes involved in designing, developing, and implementing people-centered EEW systems. Therefore, social science research should not just be concerned with the end-user response but also investigate various stakeholders' involvement throughout the development process of EEW systems. Additionally, EEW is a rapidly evolving field of study, and social science research must take a proactive role as EEW technological capacities improve further and becomes more accessible to the public. To improve EEW effectiveness, further research is needed, including (1) advancing our understanding of why people take protective action or not, and ways to encourage appropriate action when alerted; (2) enhancing public understanding, investigating best practices for communicating, educating, and engaging with the public about EEW and overall earthquake resilience; and (3) keeping up with technological advances and societal changes and investigating how these changes impact communities' interactions with EEW from various standpoints including legal perspectives.

Earthquakes happen everyday around the world. Often, people can’t feel them, but sometimes they cause great devastation.This ArcGIS StoryMap is designed to be embedded in the Earthquakes Destination Page for Children's University. It should not be used as a stand alone StoryMap.

South of Bakersfield. Affected area: 414,000 square kilometers. Damage: $50 million. This was the main shock of the series of earthquakes that struck this area. It was the largest earthquake in the United States since 1906. Several hundred people were injured. Nine of the deaths resulted from the collapse of a brick wall in Tehachapi.