Information about the types of eating disorders, some reasons why the military community are at risk, warning signs and how to get help. The Missouri Eating Disorders Council (MOEDC) created this document so support service members, veterans and their families.

Background. Most previous mortality research in eating disorders involves individuals attending specialist treatment services. Data linkage across jurisdictional health databases at a population level improves the generalisability of findings. Aims. To investigate mortality risk and causes of death for people with an eating disorder across a large geographic region using administrative health datasets. Method. Using linked hospital, mental health and death records, a retrospective cohort study was conducted including individuals aged 10-59 years who received an eating disorder diagnosis during hospital-based encounters in Australia, over a 10-year period between 2010 and 2019. A contemporary cohort of people accessing community care only were also evaluated. Mortality rates and standardised morality ratios (SMR) compared to the general population were calculated for each state, and by sex and age groups. Cox regression models were used to assess the risk of sociodemographic characteristics on mortality. Results. Mortality in people hospitalised with an eating disorder (N=19,697) was more than four times higher than the general population (SMR: 4.54), and highest in people aged 30-39 years (SMR: 13.32). Men hospitalised for eating disorders had a higher risk of death. Mortality rates in anorexia nervosa were not higher than other eating disorder diagnoses. Almost three-quarters of deaths were caused by suicide/self-harm or cardio/respiratory illness. Conclusions. People accessing hospital care with eating disorders in Australia have a higher risk of premature death regardless of age, sex or eating disorder diagnosis. Gender and age group disparities can inform policy and resource allocation and support the development of targeted interventions.

Eating disorders (EDs) are a growing concern affecting millions worldwide. Early detection and treatment are crucial, but stigma can prevent people from seeking help. Primary care providers can play a critical role in early detection by coordinating care with other professionals. Understanding the research landscape on EDs, primary care, and stigma is essential for identifying knowledge gaps to direct future research and improve management. In this study, we aimed to analyze the scientific trends and patterns in research about EDs, primary care, and stigma. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Web of Science database to collect articles published between May 1986 and May 2023. Bibliometric indicators were utilized to examine authorship, collaboration patterns, and influential papers. Topic analysis was performed to identify stigma-related terms within the dataset. A total of 541 research articles were analyzed, and it was found that the average number of publications per year has increased linearly from nearly zero in 1986 to 41 in 2022. One of the study’s main findings is that despite this linear increase over the years, the subject of stigma did not take a prominent place in the literature. Only a few stigma concepts could be identified with the topic analysis. The authors in the field are also interested in; screening, neurotic symptoms, training, adolescent, obesity-related conditions, and family. One-third of all publications were from 15 journals. However, only two of them were primary healthcare journals. Leading authors’ collaborations were another critical finding from the network analysis. This may help to expand primary care related EDs research to end the mental health stigma. This study provides insights into the research trends and patterns regarding eating disorders, primary care, and stigma. Our findings highlight the need to address primary care’s impact and stigma on EDs. The identified research gaps can guide future studies to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of eating disorders in primary care settings.

IntroductionMany people with eating disorders report having experienced childhood maltreatment or a traumatic event prior to developing an eating disorder. Although many people with eating disorders eating disorders have significant traumatic exposure or symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, very little research has examined the effects of combined combined treatments for this group. The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize all existing research on biological treatments for those with eating disorders and psychological trauma, evaluate their safety, and identify future areas of research research in this area to support to support patients with eating disorders and psychological trauma.MethodA multi-step literature search, according to an a priori protocol was performed on PubMed, Embase, APA PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Central. Studies needed to include a biological intervention and report on at least one eating disorder or psychological trauma outcome. Given the limited research in this area, minimal exclusion criteria were applied. A quality assessment of all included studies was completed using the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies-or Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool.ResultsAfter removing duplicates, 2623 article titles and abstracts were screened, with 43 articles selected for a full-text review. Following the full-text review, 11 articles met the inclusion criteria. The biological treatments examined included repurposed medications (n = 3), ketamine (n = 2), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS; n = 2), deep brain stimulation (n =1) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT; n = 1), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; n = 1), and neurofeedback (n = 1). All studies reported on some improvement in either eating disorder or trauma pathology, with the strongest effect for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and MDMA. While some effects were promising, missing data and selective reporting limited the interpretability of the findings. Adverse events across interventions were common.ConclusionAlthough psychological trauma is common in those with eating disorders, very few treatments have been evaluated in this population. Future work should aim to investigate biological treatments for those with co-occurring eating disorders and psychological trauma, as these evolving treatments show potential benefits for this complex group.

Eating disorders (EDs) are a complex group of psychiatric conditions that involve dysfunctional eating patterns, nutritional alterations, and other comorbid psychopathologies. Some women with EDs may develop problematic internet use while they attempt to get information on dieting/weight control or get online support from people with similar problems. They may also drift toward tobacco smoking as a method to regulate their weight or to cope with their weight-related dysphoria. The occurrence of these conditions in EDs may prolong disease course and impede recovery. This study used structural equation modeling to investigate nutritional status (noted by body mass index, BMI), depression psychopathology, internet addiction (depicted by the Internet Addiction Test), Facebook addiction (depicted by the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale), and smoking among 123 Spanish women diagnosed with EDs (mean age = 27.3 ± 10.6 years). History of hospitalization, marital status, age, and the level of education predicted BMI in certain ED groups. BMI did not predict depression, but it predicted internet addiction, Facebook addiction, and smoking in certain ED groups. Depression did not predict BMI, internet/Facebook addition, or smoking in any ED group. Some sociodemographic and clinical variables had indirect effects on depression, internet addiction, and Facebook addiction while age was the only variable expressing a direct effect on all outcome measures. Age, education, and history of prolonged treatment predicted smoking in certain ED patients. The findings signify that a considerable target for interventional strategies addressing nutritional and addictive problems in EDs would be women with high BMI, history of hospitalization, history of prolonged treatment, who are particularly young, single, and less educated. Replication studies in larger samples, which comprise various subtypes of EDs from both genders, are warranted to define the exact interaction among the addressed variables.

Recent studies have reported altered methylation levels at disorder-relevant DNA sites in people who are ill with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) compared to findings in people with no eating disorder (ED) or in whom AN has remitted. The preceding implies state-related influences upon gene expression in people with AN. This study further examined this notion. We measured genome-wide DNA methylation in 145 women with active AN, 49 showing stable one-year remission of AN, and 64 with no ED. Comparisons revealed 205 differentially methylated sites between active and no ED groups, and 162 differentially methylated sites between active and remitted groups (Q 

Eating disorders significantly impact the quality of life of the persons they affect, as well as their involvement in school bullying. People with bulimia and binge-eating disorders are known to be more likely to be victims of bullying; however, studies provide mixed evidence on the connection between bullying and anorexia. Therefore, in this paper, we suggest an explanation for the bullying victimization of people with anorexia. Our theoretical framework is based on psychoanalytical research on eating disorders, and we illustrate our arguments with the results of biographical interviews with 50 girls who have been diagnosed with anorexia. We show that a hostile family environment may influence the girls’ proneness to fall victim to school bullying. Therefore, school staff hoping to address the involvement of girls with anorexia in bullying should be aware of the role that family members play in bullying victimization and tailor interventions accordingly.

The HealthLink BC Mental Health and Substance Use (MHSU) data set includes the following: Programs that offer early intervention, transitional care or other services that supplement and facilitate primary and adjunctive therapies; which offer community mental health education programs; or which link people who are in need of treatment with appropriate providers. Programs that provide preventive, diagnostic and treatment services in a variety of community and hospital-based settings to help people achieve, maintain and enhance a state of emotional well-being, personal empowerment and the skills to cope with everyday demands without excessive stress or reliance on alcohol or other drugs. Treatment may include emotional support, introspection and problem-solving assistance using a variety of modalities and approaches, and medication, as needed, for individuals who have a substance use disorder involving alcohol and/or other drugs or for people who range from experiencing difficult life transitions or problems in coping with daily living to those with severe, chronic mental illnesses that seriously impact their lives. Multidisciplinary programs, often offered on an inpatient basis with post-discharge outpatient therapy, that provide comprehensive diagnostic and treatment services for individuals who have anorexia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, bulimia or a related eating disorder. Treatment depends on the specific type of eating disorder involved but typically involves psychotherapy, nutrition education, family counseling, medication and hospitalization, if required, to stabilize the patient's health. Alliance of Information & Referral Systems (AIRS) / 211 LA County taxonomy is the data classification used for all HealthLink BC directory data, including this MHSU data set (https://www.airs.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1). AIRS taxonomy and data definitions are protected by Copyright by Information and Referral Federal of Los Angeles County, Inc (https://211taxonomy.org/subscriptions/#agreement)

Eating disorders (EDs) are characterized by disturbances in eating behavior and occur worldwide, with a lifetime prevalence of 2 to 5%. Their etiology is complex and multifactorial, involving a complex interplay between genetic, biological, psychological, sociocultural, and environmental factors. They are more common among females than males and may be associated with medical and psychiatric complications, impaired functioning, and decreased quality of life. This narrative review aims at providing an updated contribution to the current understanding of gender differences in eating disorders (EDs) focusing on male population to foster more targeted and effective clinical interventions. A comprehensive review of the scientific literature was conducted by analyzing several major databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. Only in recent years, there has been increased attention on the male population, revealing multiple differences between genders in terms of prevalence, onset, phenomenology, diagnosis, comorbidities, and outcomes of EDs. Moreover, the relationship between different sexual orientations and/or gender identities and EDs is an emerging field of study. Data suggest an increase in eating disorders (EDs) also among the male population underlines the importance that healthcare personnel of all specialties acquire basic competencies for adequately tackling these disorders in a gender perspective. In particular, prevention and early intervention, especially during critical developmental periods like puberty and adolescence, are crucial to avoid permanent damage. Future research and public health initiatives involving schools and families and targeting males should be addressed to promote a healthy relationship with food and body image, reduce stigma, and encourage people to seek help when needed.

The HealthLink BC Mental Health and Substance Use (MHSU) data set includes the following: Programs that offer early intervention, transitional care or other services that supplement and facilitate primary and adjunctive therapies; which offer community mental health education programs; or which link people who are in need of treatment with appropriate providers. Programs that provide preventive, diagnostic and treatment services in a variety of community and hospital-based settings to help people achieve, maintain and enhance a state of emotional well-being, personal empowerment and the skills to cope with everyday demands without excessive stress or reliance on alcohol or other drugs. Treatment may include emotional support, introspection and problem-solving assistance using a variety of modalities and approaches, and medication, as needed, for individuals who have a substance use disorder involving alcohol and/or other drugs or for people who range from experiencing difficult life transitions or problems in coping with daily living to those with severe, chronic mental illnesses that seriously impact their lives. Multidisciplinary programs, often offered on an inpatient basis with post-discharge outpatient therapy, that provide comprehensive diagnostic and treatment services for individuals who have anorexia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, bulimia or a related eating disorder. Treatment depends on the specific type of eating disorder involved but typically involves psychotherapy, nutrition education, family counseling, medication and hospitalization, if required, to stabilize the patient's health. Alliance of Information & Referral Systems (AIRS) / 211 LA County taxonomy is the data classification used for all HealthLink BC directory data, including this MHSU data set (https://www.airs.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1). AIRS taxonomy and data definitions are protected by Copyright by Information and Referral Federal of Los Angeles County, Inc (https://211taxonomy.org/subscriptions/#agreement)

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The Health Survey for England (HSE) is a series of surveys designed to monitor trends in the nation's health. It was commissioned by NHS Digital and carried out by the Joint Health Surveys Unit of the National Centre for Social Research and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health at University College London.The aims of the HSE series are:to provide annual data about the nation’s health;to estimate the proportion of people in England with specified health conditions;to estimate the prevalence of certain risk factors associated with these conditions;to examine differences between population subgroups in their likelihood of having specific conditions or risk factors;to assess the frequency with which particular combinations of risk factors are found, and which groups these combinations most commonly occur;to monitor progress towards selected health targetssince 1995, to measure the height of children at different ages, replacing the National Study of Health and Growth;since 1995, monitor the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children.The survey includes a number of core questions every year but also focuses on different health issues at each wave. Topics are revisited at appropriate intervals in order to monitor change. Further information about the series may be found on the NHS Digital Health Survey for England; health, social care and lifestyles webpage, the NatCen Social Research NatCen Health Survey for England webpage and the University College London Health and Social Surveys Research Group UCL Health Survey for England webpage. Changes to the HSE from 2015:Users should note that from 2015 survey onwards, only the individual data file is available under standard End User Licence (EUL). The household data file is now only included in the Special Licence (SL) version, released from 2015 onwards. In addition, the SL individual file contains all the variables included in the HSE EUL dataset, plus others, including variables removed from the EUL version after the NHS Digital disclosure review. The SL HSE is subject to more restrictive access conditions than the EUL version (see Access information). Users are advised to obtain the EUL version to see if it meets their needs before considering an application for the SL version. HSE 2019 The HSE 2019 was the twenty-ninth year of the survey. It included additional topics on providing unpaid social care, dental health, eating disorders, use of GP and counselling services, and awareness of two mental health resources, Good Thinking and Every Mind Matters. The survey also provided updates on repeated core topics, including general health, long standing illness, smoking and drinking. Main Topics: Core topics General health Longstanding illness Smoking Average weekly alcohol consumption Drinking (heaviest day in last week) Consent to data linkage (NHS central register, HES) Socio-economic information: sex, age, income, education, employment etc Prescribed medications (nurse) Additional topics Social care receipt and provision Provision of unpaid care Dental health Use of GP and counselling services Eating disorders Measurements Height and weight Blood pressure (nurse) Waist and hip circumference (nurse) Blood sample for cholesterol, glycated haemoglobin (nurse) Saliva sample (nurse) Multi-stage stratified random sample Clinical measurements Face-to-face interview: Computer-assisted (CAPI/CAMI) Self-administered questionnaire: Computer-assisted (CASI)

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity in Great Britain aim to provide up-to-date information about the prevalence of psychiatric problems among people in Great Britain, as well as their associated social disabilities and use of services. The series began in 1993, and so far consists of the following surveys:OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity: Private Household Survey, 1993, covering 10,000 adults aged 16-64 years living in private households;a supplementary sample of 350 people aged 16-64 with psychosis, living in private households, which was conducted in 1993-1994 and then repeated in 2000;OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity: Institutions Sample, 1994, which covered 1,200 people aged 16-64 years living in institutions specifically catering for people with mental illness;OPCS Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity among Homeless People, 1994, which covered 1,100 homeless people aged 16-64 living in hostels for the homeless or similar institutions. The sample also included 'rough sleepers';ONS Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity among Prisoners in England and Wales, 1997;Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in Great Britain, 1999;Psychiatric Morbidity among Adults Living in Private Households, 2000, which repeated the 1993 survey;Mental Health of Young People Looked After by Local Authorities in Great Britain, 2001-2002;Mental Health of Children and Young People in Great Britain, 2004; this survey repeated the 1999 surveyAdult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, 2007; this survey repeated the 2000 private households survey. The Information Centre for Health and Social Care took over management of the survey in 2007.Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, 2014: Special Licence Access; this survey repeated the 2000 and 2007 surveys. NHS Digital are now responsible for the surveys, which are now sometimes also referred to as the 'National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing'. Users should note that from 2014, the APMS is subject to more restrictive Special Licence Access conditions, due to the sensitive nature of the information gathered from respondents.Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2017: Special Licence; this survey repeated the 1999 and 2004 surveys, but only covering England. Users should note that this study is subject to more restrictive Special Licence Access conditions, due to the sensitive nature of the information gathered from respondents.The UK Data Service holds data from all the surveys mentioned above apart from the 1993-1994/2000 supplementary samples of people with psychosis. The main aims of the Mental Health of Children and Young People in Great Britain, 2004 survey were:to examine whether there were any changes between 1999 and 2004 in the prevalence of the three main categories of mental disorder: conduct disorders, emotional disorders and hyperkinetic disordersto describe the characteristics and behaviour patterns of children in each main disorder category and subgroups within those categoriesto look in more detail at children with autistic spectrum disorderto examine the relationship between mental disorder and aspects of children’s lives not covered in the previous survey, for example, medication, absence from school, empathy and social capitalto collect baseline information to enable identification of the protective and risk factors associated with the main categories of disorder and the precursors of personality disorder through future follow-up surveys Main Topics: The data file contains:a subset of information collected in the previous 1999 survey on 10,438 children aged 5-15; these variables included those which were repeated in comparable form in 2004. The full 1999 dataset has also been deposited at UKDA (see 'Abstract' section above)the full data collected in the 2004 survey on 7,977 children aged 5-16any potentially disclosive variables have been removedInformation was provided for the survey from up to three sources: the primary care giver, the child/young person (aged 11-15/16 years) and the child/young person’s teacher (nominated by child/parent). Topics covered in the 2004 survey included: housing, general health, strengths and difficulties, friendship, development, separation anxiety, social and specific phobias, panic attacks and agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, compulsions and obsessions, generalised anxiety, depression, self-harm, attention and activity, awkward and troublesome behaviours, eating disorders, tics, personality issues, stress and life events, school exclusions. Some data were gathered by self-completion, for example drink and drug use (from child/young person) and parent's/parents' education, employment, income, strengths and difficulties (parent). Clinical raters reviewed the survey data from all sources and then assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD_10) ratings as necessary (see the documentation for a full description of the methodology). The file also contains derived variables (specifications provided). Standard Measures:General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) (Goldberg and Williams, 1988)Development and Well-Being Assessment Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (DAWBA) (Goodman, 1997 and 1998)General Functioning Scale of the MacMaster Family Activity Device (FAD) Multi-stage stratified random sample The sample was selected from Child Benefit records (see documentation for further details) Face-to-face interview Postal survey Self-completion Parents/carers were interviewed face-to-face, children/young persons completed the self-completion questionnaire, and teachers were surveyed by post. 2004 ACCIDENTS ADOLESCENCE AGE AGGRESSIVENESS ALCOHOL USE ALCOHOLIC DRINKS ALCOHOLISM AMPHETAMINES ANABOLIC STEROIDS ANGER ANXIETY ANXIETY DISORDERS ASSAULT ATTITUDES AUTISM SPECTRUM DIS... BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS BEREAVEMENT BUILDING MAINTENANCE BULLYING CANNABIS CARE IN THE COMMUNITY CARE OF DEPENDANTS CHILDREN CHRONIC ILLNESS COCAINE COGNITION DISORDERS COHABITATION CONCENTRATION COUNSELLING COUNSELLORS CRIME AND SECURITY CRIME VICTIMS Children DAY CARE DEBILITATIVE ILLNESS DECISION MAKING DEPRESSION DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DI... DISABILITIES DISABLED FACILITIES DISEASES DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DRUG ABUSE DRUG ADDICTION DRUG PSYCHOTHERAPY ... DRUG SIDE EFFECTS DRUG USE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECSTASY DRUG EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND EDUCATIONAL COURSES EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES EMOTIONAL STATES EMPLOYEES EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT HISTORY EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES ETHNIC GROUPS EVERYDAY LIFE FAMILY ENVIRONMENT FAMILY MEMBERS FATIGUE PHYSIOLOGY FEAR FINANCE FINANCIAL RESOURCES FOOD AND NUTRITION FRIENDS FULL TIME EMPLOYMENT FURNISHED ACCOMMODA... GENDER GENERAL PRACTITIONERS Great Britain HAPPINESS HEADS OF HOUSEHOLD HEALTH HEALTH CONSULTATIONS HEALTH SERVICES HEROIN HOME OWNERSHIP HOME SHARING HOME VISITS HOMELESSNESS HOSPITAL DISCHARGES HOSPITAL OUTPATIENT... HOSPITAL SERVICES HOSPITALIZATION HOURS OF WORK HOUSEHOLD BUDGETS HOUSEHOLDS HOUSEWORK HOUSING HOUSING TENURE Health Health care service... INCOME INDUSTRIES INJURIES INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT INTERPERSONAL RELAT... JOB HUNTING LANDLORDS LEAVE LEISURE TIME ACTIVI... LONELINESS MARITAL STATUS MARRIAGE DISSOLUTION MEDICAL CARE MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS MEDICAL PRESCRIPTIONS MEDICINAL DRUGS MEMORY MEMORY DISORDERS MENTAL DISORDERS MENTAL HEALTH MORAL CONCEPTS MORBIDITY MOTOR PROCESSES MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Morbidity and morta... NERVOUS SYSTEM DISE... NEUROTIC DISORDERS NURSES OBSESSIVE COMPULSIV... OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY OCCUPATIONS PAIN PART TIME EMPLOYMENT PATIENTS PERSONAL HYGIENE PHOBIAS PHYSICIANS PREDOMINANT LANGUAGES PSYCHIATRISTS PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS PSYCHOLOGISTS PSYCHOTHERAPY PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS QUALIFICATIONS READING ACTIVITY REFORMATORY SCHOOLS RENTED ACCOMMODATION RESIDENTIAL CHILD CARE RURAL AREAS SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS SCHOOLS SELF EMPLOYED SELF ESTEEM SENSORY IMPAIRMENTS SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR SHELTERED EMPLOYMENT SICK LEAVE SLEEP SLEEP DISORDERS SMOKING SMOKING CESSATION SOCIAL HOUSING SOCIAL INTEGRATION SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL PARTICIPATION SOCIAL SUPPORT SOLVENT ABUSE SORROW STRESS PSYCHOLOGICAL SUICIDE SUPERVISORY STATUS SYMPTOMS Specific social ser... TAX RELIEF TIED HOUSING TOBACCO TRAINING COURSES TRANQUILLIZERS TRANSPORT UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNFURNISHED ACCOMMO... UNWAGED WORKERS URBAN AREAS VISITS PERSONAL WEIGHT PHYSIOLOGY YOUTH Youth

• Area of greatest interest to citizens: defence, education, health, housing, pensions, transport or citizen security
• Opinion on the Spanish health system
• Health insurance of which it is the holder or beneficiary
• Type of health card you have: individual or family booklet
• Possibility of going to more than one doctor of general medicine, in the case of being a beneficiary in more than one card or Social Security card
• Knowledge of the name of the general practitioner who usually treats you in the public primary care centre
• Type of medical service, public or private, that you would use in case you need to go to: general medicine/pediatrics, specialist consultations, hospital admission and emergencies. Service used the last time it used public to private health
• Time that has elapsed since you last used a public and a private health service. Main reasons for its use Specialty to which he went last time this year, in public and private health
• Satisfaction scale with various aspects of the care received in public health in the general medical/pediatric consultation, in specialized care and in hospitals
• Stay of the interviewee or a member of the household in a public hospital. Assignment of a doctor responsible for your illness. Time that has elapsed since the last time you were admitted to a public hospital
• Rating scale on the information provided by public health services
• Number of complaints submitted to public health. Last claim filed, type of health center and reason for the claim, claim procedure used and resolution of the same. Reason for never filing a complaint
• Attitude towards smoking indoors (room, office, etc.)
• Agreement with different phrases on tobacco consumption: is an individual right that should only be limited when it harms or annoys others; Smoking is harmful to health and measures should be taken to reduce tobacco use
• Tobacco use by the respondent
• Measure, limiting tobacco use in public places, which prefers
• Degree according to different measures that could be taken by health authorities to reduce tobacco consumption: information campaigns on risks, bans on sales to children under the age of 18, increases in sales prices and reductions in the number of places where smoking is possible
• Knowledge of the Health and Consumer Policy measure of banning smoking in all means of transport. Attitude towards this measure
• Follow-up, in recent years, of a diet or diet. Main reason for following this diet and person who recommended this diet
• Frequency with which: have made a diet for not being satisfied with their weight, play sports to burn calories and get a certain body image and have consumed slimming products
• Degree of personal obsession with weight. Reason why you are not aware of your weight
• Opinion on the causes of bulimia and anorexia
• Opinion on the severity of anorexia
• Opinion on the impact they have on the appearance and development of diseases such as anorexia and bulimia: the advertising that incites to lose weight, the fashion aimed at being thin and the propaganda and advertising that is given to the models turning them into patterns to follow
• Opinion on the impact they have on the increase of diseases such as anorexia and bulimia: young people who allow themselves to be influenced by fashion, parents who do not control the eating habits of their children, health authorities by not giving enough information about the increase and severity of these diseases and society as a whole that accepts and favors the cult of thinness
• Opinion on the level of information on problems related to bulimia and anorexia nervosa among the general population, young people and health professionals
• Knowledge of a person in the environment who suffers from a disorder of this type
• Opinion on the need to involve sectors related to youth, advertising, etc. in the prevention of these diseases
• Knowledge of the proposal of the Congressional Health Committee to approve measures to raise awareness of the seriousness of these diseases
• Opinion on the influence that different measures would have in reducing the number of patients with these diseases: recommendation to stores to have sizes greater than 40, promote advertising and fashion that shows different types of models, control the sale of diuretics, laxatives and slimming products. Opinion on the adequacy of these measures
• Degree of effectiveness of different measures in the fight against these diseases: information campaigns aimed at young people on the severity of these diseases and parents and relatives on the symptoms used to detect them, information campaigns in schools on eating habits, campaigns aimed at teachers to reduce the use of pejorative terms related to fat and campaigns aimed at family doctors on how to treat these diseases from their first symptoms
• Interviewee's Ideology Scale

The Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, 2007 (APMS 2007) is the third survey of psychiatric morbidity in adults living in private households. The main aim of the survey was to collect data on poor mental health among adults aged 16 and over living in private households in England.

The specific objectives of the survey were:

• to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity according to diagnostic category in the adult household population of England. The survey included assessment of common mental disorders; psychosis; borderline and antisocial personality disorder; Asperger syndrome, substance misuse and dependency; and suicidal thoughts, attempts and self-harm
• to screen for characteristics of eating disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and problem gambling
• to examine trends in the psychiatric disorders that have been included in previous survey years (1993 and 2000)
• to identify the nature and extent of social disadvantage associated with mental illness
• to gauge the level and nature of service use in relation to mental health problems, with an emphasis on primary care
• to collect data on key current and lifetime factors that might be associated with mental health problems, such as experience of stressful life events, abusive relationships, and work stress
• to collect data on factors that might be protective against poor mental health, such as social support networks and neighbourhood cohesion

DesignA cross-sectional, web-based survey design was employed, consisting of validated self-report measures designed to capture demographic information, insulin use, diabetes-related distress, disordered eating, and body shape perception.Inclusion/Exclusion criteria. Participants were eligible to participate if they self-described as being aged 18 or over, with a diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes and on a prescribed insulin regimen. They were required to be at least one-year post-diagnosis, as people who have been prescribed insulin for less than one year may not have settled into a routine with insulin management and may mismanage their insulin unintentionally. Additionally, participants were required to reside within the UK, as this removed a potential confound of cost or resources as a barrier to accessing insulin. People with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes were excluded from the study, as the pathophysiology and treatment of the two illnesses are quite different. For example, as those with type 2 diabetes still produce some degree of insulin naturally, non-adherence to an insulin regimen is likely to have less of an immediate impact than for those with type 1 diabetes, who produce no insulin naturally (Peyrot et al., 2010). Potential participants were provided with a link to the study which provided detailed information about the study, details of informed consent and their right to withdraw. When the survey was completed, or participants chose to exit, a debrief page was presented with signposts towards various supports and resources. Participants were offered the opportunity to receive a brief summary of findings from the study and given the chance to win a £25 Amazon gift voucher, both of which required an email address to be supplied through separate surveys, so as to protect the confidentiality of responses. Ethical approval for this study was granted by the chair of the relevant Ethics Committee.Statistical AnalysisPrior to beginning the study, an estimate of the minimum number of participants required was calculated using statistical power tables (Clark-Carter, 2010) and G*Power version 3.1. Based on previous research (Ames, 2017), a medium effect size (.5) was used to calculate sample sizes with a power of .8 (Clark-Carter, 2010), which generated a necessary sample size of 208. All analyses were adequately powered.Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Mac version 25. MeasuresDemographic Information. This section collected basic demographic information, including age; gender; country of residence; and current or historical diagnosis of an eating disorder. The data were screened to ensure participants met the inclusion criteria.Insulin Measure. A 16-item questionnaire has been designed to assess rates and reasons for insulin non-adherence (Ames, 2017). Eating Disorder Psychopathology. The Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) assesses eating disorder psychopathology, and data from this measure was key to informing the primary research questions. It was designed as a self-report version of the interview-based Eating Disorders Examination (EDE; 32), which is considered to be the gold standard measure (Fairburn, Wilson, & Schleimer, 1993). The EDE-Q assesses four subscales: Restraint, Eating Concern, Shape Concern, and Weight Concern. It was found to be an adequate alternative to the EDE (Fairburn & Beglin, 1994). Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). The Body Shape Questionnaire is a 34-item self-report measure, designed to assess concerns regarding body shape and the phenomenological experience of “feeling fat” (Cooper, Taylor, Cooper, & Fairbum, 1987). The BSQ targets body image as a central feature of both AN and BN and thus is a useful supplementary measure of eating disorder psychopathology. Diabetes Distress. The Diabetes Distress Scale (Polonsky et al., 2005) is a 17-item scale designed to measure diabetes-related emotional distress via four domains: emotional burden, physician distress, interpersonal distress and regimenn distress. This measure was included on the basis of results from Ames (Ames, 2017), which identified diabetes-related emotional distress as a key reason for insulin non-adherence in type 1 diabetes. Inclusion in this study allowed for further investigation of its role.