The American Civil War is the conflict with the largest number of American military fatalities in history. In fact, the Civil War's death toll is comparable to all other major wars combined, the deadliest of which were the World Wars, which have a combined death toll of more than 520,000 American fatalities. The ongoing series of conflicts and interventions in the Middle East and North Africa, collectively referred to as the War on Terror in the west, has a combined death toll of more than 7,000 for the U.S. military since 2001. Other records In terms of the number of deaths per day, the American Civil War is still at the top, with an average of 425 deaths per day, while the First and Second World Wars have averages of roughly 100 and 200 fatalities per day respectively. Technically, the costliest battle in U.S. military history was the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge, which was a part of the Battle of the Bulge in the Second World War, and saw upwards of 5,000 deaths over 10 days. However, the Battle of Gettysburg had more military fatalities of American soldiers, with almost 3,200 Union deaths and over 3,900 Confederate deaths, giving a combined total of more than 7,000. The Battle of Antietam is viewed as the bloodiest day in American military history, with over 3,600 combined fatalities and almost 23,000 total casualties on September 17, 1862. Revised Civil War figures For more than a century, the total death toll of the American Civil War was generally accepted to be around 620,000, a number which was first proposed by Union historians William F. Fox and Thomas L. Livermore in 1888. This number was calculated by using enlistment figures, battle reports, and census data, however many prominent historians since then have thought the number should be higher. In 2011, historian J. David Hacker conducted further investigations and claimed that the number was closer to 750,000 (and possibly as high as 850,000). While many Civil War historians agree that this is possible, and even likely, obtaining consistently accurate figures has proven to be impossible until now; both sides were poor at keeping detailed records throughout the war, and much of the Confederacy's records were lost by the war's end. Many Confederate widows also did not register their husbands death with the authorities, as they would have then been ineligible for benefits.

Of the ten deadliest battles of the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg in early July, 1863, was by far the most devastating battle of the war, claiming over 51 thousand casualties, of which 7 thousand were battle deaths. The Battles of Shiloh, Bull Run (Second), Antietam, Stones River and Chancellorsville all have very similar casualty counts, between 22.5 and 24 thousand casualties each, although it should be noted that the Battle of Antietam took place in a single day, and with 22,717 casualties it is the bloodiest day in U.S. history. The Battles of Chickamauga, the Wilderness and Spotsylvania, all had approximately 30 to 35 thousand casualties each, whereas the Siege of Vicksburg is the only entry on this list with less than 20 thousand casualties.

This graph shows the total number of soldiers who were enlisted in the Union and Confederate armies during the American Civil War, between 1861 and 1865. The total population of the Union states was 18.9 million in 1860, and the Confederate states in the south had a population of 8.6 million. The Border States, who primarily supported the Union but sent troops to both sides, had a population of 3.5 million. From the graph we can see that over the course of the war a total of 2.1 million men enlisted for the Union Army, and 1.1 million enlisted for the Confederate Army. The Union Army had roughly double the number of soldiers of the Confederacy, and although the Confederacy won more major battles than the Union in the early stages of the war, the strength of numbers in the Union forces was a decisive factor in their overall victory as the war progressed.

A dataset to advance the study of life-cycle interactions of biomedical and socioeconomic factors in the aging process. The EI project has assembled a variety of large datasets covering the life histories of approximately 39,616 white male volunteers (drawn from a random sample of 331 companies) who served in the Union Army (UA), and of about 6,000 African-American veterans from 51 randomly selected United States Colored Troops companies (USCT). Their military records were linked to pension and medical records that detailed the soldiers������?? health status and socioeconomic and family characteristics. Each soldier was searched for in the US decennial census for the years in which they were most likely to be found alive (1850, 1860, 1880, 1900, 1910). In addition, a sample consisting of 70,000 men examined for service in the Union Army between September 1864 and April 1865 has been assembled and linked only to census records. These records will be useful for life-cycle comparisons of those accepted and rejected for service. Military Data: The military service and wartime medical histories of the UA and USCT men were collected from the Union Army and United States Colored Troops military service records, carded medical records, and other wartime documents. Pension Data: Wherever possible, the UA and USCT samples have been linked to pension records, including surgeon''''s certificates. About 70% of men in the Union Army sample have a pension. These records provide the bulk of the socioeconomic and demographic information on these men from the late 1800s through the early 1900s, including family structure and employment information. In addition, the surgeon''''s certificates provide rich medical histories, with an average of 5 examinations per linked recruit for the UA, and about 2.5 exams per USCT recruit. Census Data: Both early and late-age familial and socioeconomic information is collected from the manuscript schedules of the federal censuses of 1850, 1860, 1870 (incomplete), 1880, 1900, and 1910. Data Availability: All of the datasets (Military Union Army; linked Census; Surgeon''''s Certificates; Examination Records, and supporting ecological and environmental variables) are publicly available from ICPSR. In addition, copies on CD-ROM may be obtained from the CPE, which also maintains an interactive Internet Data Archive and Documentation Library, which can be accessed on the Project Website. * Dates of Study: 1850-1910 * Study Features: Longitudinal, Minority Oversamples * Sample Size: ** Union Army: 35,747 ** Colored Troops: 6,187 ** Examination Sample: 70,800 ICPSR Link: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/06836

Quick Overview of the Freedmen's Bureau:

The Freedmen's Bureau, formally known as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, was established in 1865 by the U.S. Congress to aid formerly enslaved people in the South during the Reconstruction era following the Civil War. The Bureau's responsibilities included providing food, housing, education, and medical care. Furthermore, it helped formerly enslaved individuals legalize marriages, pursue employment, locate lost family members, and establish schools.

Context of These Historical Documents:

The documents in the dataset represent a range of records created or managed by the Freedmen's Bureau, reflecting its diverse functions and role in the Reconstruction era.

These records provide valuable insights into the social, economic, and political conditions during this transformative era in American history.

Link to Website: Visit the Freedmen's Bureau Online Archive at https://freedmensbureau.info/

Invitation to Collaborate and Explore

Embark on a Journey to Uncover Historical Insights

We are excited to share this rich dataset of historical documents with the Kaggle community and beyond. This collection offers a unique window into a pivotal era, brimming with stories waiting to be discovered and analyzed. Your expertise and curiosity can help unearth new insights and deepen our collective understanding of this Post-Civil War period.

Why Your Contribution Matters

Diverse Perspectives: Each researcher brings a unique perspective to the table. By analyzing this data, you can contribute to a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of history.

Innovative Analysis: Whether you are a seasoned data scientist, a student of history, a language enthusiast, or someone with a passion for uncovering the past, your analysis can reveal trends, patterns, and stories that might otherwise remain hidden.

Collaborative Discovery: Share your findings with the community. Engage in discussions, compare results, and collaborate to build a richer narrative.

What You Can Do

Conduct Analysis: Use tools in NLP, data visualization, or statistical analysis to explore the dataset.

Share Insights: Publish your findings on Kaggle, in academic journals, or through social media. Engage with others' work and offer constructive feedback.

Build Projects: Employ the dataset as a basis for research projects, educational materials, or innovative applications.

How to Get Started

Download the dataset and start exploring. Share any interesting patterns, anomalies, or insights you discover. If you’re new to NLP or data analysis, seize this opportunity to learn and grow. A supportive community awaits you here.

Together, let's illuminate the past to inform our present and future. We can't wait to see the incredible work you'll do with this dataset!

Summary of Sheets

Contracts

Focused on contracts, this sheet includes agreements related to labor, apprenticeships, and other binding agreements from the Reconstruction era. This is indicated by subcategory entries such as "Apprenticeship Agreement".

Court Records

This section comprises court records, including arrest reports as seen in subcategory. It offers a glimpse into the legal proceedings and judicial matters handled by the Bureau.

Education Records

This sheet includes documents related to education, encompassing school establishment documents, expenses, and other educational matters. These records offer insights into the efforts to educate and uplift newly freed individuals.

Financial Records

In this sheet, financial records range from budgets to expense reports. The subcategory differentiates between general financial records and specific types like cover pages of reports.

Letters & Reports

This sheet contains transcriptions of letters and reports from the Freedman's Bureau.

Personnel Records

This section contains documents related to personnel, potentially including staff or individuals associated with the Freedmen's Bureau. It may include employment records, duty rosters, or personnel reports.

Property Records

This sheet focuses on property-related records, possibly including bonds, contracts, or ownership documents. The sub_category field differentiates between types of property records (e.g., "Bond", "Cover Page"), while the transcription_text provides detailed content.

Rations Records

This sheet details the distribution or requests for food rations. It may include appeals like the provided example, where individuals or families seek assistance. The columns follow the same structure, offering direct insights into the socio-economic conditions of the Post-Civil War era.

Transportation Records

Focused on transportation-related documents, this sheet contains records about the movement of goods and people. The ...

The Battle of Gettysburg, at the beginning of July 1863, was the largest and costliest battle of the American Civil War, and is often regarded as the turning point in the war. Confederate General Robert E. Lee sought to capitalize on his victories earlier in the year, such as the Battle of Chancellorsville, by launching his second invasion of the northern states. He did this in order to alleviate the pressure on the Virginia farmland, which had been ravaged by the preceding campaigns, and also in an attempt to force the Union into negotiations to end the war. In June, General Lee's forces marched through Virginia, into Pennsylvania, and were pursued by Union forces led by Major General Joseph Hooker, and later Maj. Gen. George G. Meade. The Battle of Gettysburg The armies met near the town of Gettysburg, PA, on the morning of July 1. In the first day of fighting, the Confederates won control of much of the area surrounding the town, while the Union held the lands to the south. On the second day, reinforcements arrived on both sides, and while the Confederate forces tried flanking the entrenched and heavily defended Union forces, they had limited success. At 1pm on the third day of battle, General Lee launched what was probably the largest artillery bombardment of the entire war, and two hours later he ordered Pickett's Charge, which saw roughly 12,500 Confederate troops charge the Union forces entrenched on Cemetery Ridge. The bombardment had little effect on the Union defenses, and the oncoming soldiers suffered heavy casualties before being forced to retreat, marking an end to the battle and a victory for the Union. Gettysburg has been described as the bloodiest battle of the war, as, not only were the casualties higher than any other battle, but the depletion of ammunition stocks led to much close-quarters, hand-to-hand combat on the final day. Legacy Over 165,000 men took part in the Battle of Gettysburg, with roughly one third becoming casualties. More than 7,000 men died in the fighting, and a further 33,000 were wounded. The battle also saw the deaths of six Confederate and five Union generals, more than any other battle in the war. Although the war would not end for another two years, this battle is seen by many as the turning point, and as the closest that the Confederacy came to accomplishing their goal of complete cessation from the Union. Prior to this, the Confederacy had won more decisive battles than the Union, but after Gettysburg this shifted in favor of the Union, who would go on to win the war in 1865. Four months after the battle, President Lincoln gave his famous Gettysburg Address, which paid tribute to the men who fell in the battle, and has gone on to become one of the most famous speeches in American history.

WarOfTheRebellion is an annotated corpus of data from War of The Rebellion (a large set of American Civil War archives). It was built using GeoAnnotate.

It consists of two parts: a toponym corpus and a document-geolocation corpus.

Document geolocation corpus

The document geolocation corpus is found in two JSON files.

• wotr-docgeo-jan-5-2016-625pm-by-vol.json gives the spans by volume.
• wotr-docgeo-jan-5-2016-625pm-80-0-20-by-split.json gives the spans by split, with an 80-20 training/test split.

In both cases, the JSON data for an individual span consists of the following information:

• The volume number, from War of the Rebellion.
• The span character offsets, from corrected OCR'd text.
• The text of the span in question.
• The counts of individual words, using the tokenization algorithm followed in the paper (FIXME, name of paper). They are stored in a string, with a space separating word-count pairs and a colon separating the word from the count. The word itself is URL-encoded, i.e. a colon is represented as %3A and a percent character as %25.
• The date (if available), extracted from the text using regular expressions.
• The full GeoJSON of the points and polygons annotated for the span.
• The centroid of the points and polygons, computed first by taking the centroid of each polygon and then taking the centroid of the resulting set of annotated points and polygon-centroid points. The centroid is in the form of a size-2 array of longitude and latitude (the same as how points are stored in GeoJSON).

Toponym corpus

The Toponym corpus, otherwise known as WoTR-Topo, is given in two different formats. The first format is JSON format files, split into train and test. Geographic information for toponyms is given by the geojson standard, with annotations done in a stand-off style.

Not everything that has been annotated is guaranteed to be correct. The creators encourage others to correct errors that they find in a branched repository and submit pull requests when corrections are made.

For questions regarding the corpus, please contact its creators Ben Wing (ben@benwing.com) and Grant DeLozier (grantdelozier@gmail.com). This data is reproduced here under the MIT license. Please see the file “LICENSE” for more information.

The ACL LAW paper describing the corpus and performing benchmark evaluation

Charlottesville, Virgina

Charlottesville is home to a statue of Robert E. Lee which is slated to be removed. (For those unfamiliar with American history, Robert E. Lee was a US Army general who defected to the Confederacy during the American Civil War and was considered to be one of their best military leaders.) While many Americans support the move, believing the main purpose of the Confederacy was to defend the institution of slavery, many others do not share this view. Furthermore, believing Confederate symbols to be merely an expression of Southern pride, many have not taken its planned removal lightly.

As a result, many people--including white nationalists and neo-Nazis--have descended to Charlottesville to protest its removal. This in turn attracted many counter-protestors. Tragically, one of the counter-protestors--Heather Heyer--was killed and many others injured after a man intentionally rammed his car into them. In response, President Trump blamed "both sides" for the chaos in Charlottesville, leading many Americans to denounce him for what they see as a soft-handed approach to what some have called an act of "domestic terrorism."

This dataset below captures the discussion--and copious amounts of anger--revolving around this past week's events.

The Data

Description

This data set consists of a random sample of 50,000 tweets per day (in accordance with the Twitter Developer Agreement) of tweets mentioning Charlottesville or containing "#charlottesville" extracted via the Twitter Streaming API, starting on August 15. The files were copied from a large Postgres database containing--currently--over 2 million tweets. Finally, a table of tweet counts per timestamp was created using the whole database (not just the Kaggle sample). The data description PDF provides a full summary of the attributes found in the CSV files.

Note: While the tweet timestamps are in UTC, the cutoffs were based on Eastern Standard Time, so the August 16 file will have timestamps ranging from 2017-08-16 4:00:00 UTC to 2017-08-17 4:00:00 UTC.

Format

The dataset is available as either separate CSV files or a single SQLite database.

License

I'm releasing the dataset under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license. Furthermore, because this data was extracted via the Twitter Streaming API, its use must abide by the Twitter Developer Agreement. Most notably, the display of individual tweets should satisfy these requirements. More information can be found in the data description file, or on Twitter's website.

Acknowledgements

Obviously, I would like to thank Twitter for providing a fast and reliable streaming service. I'd also like to thank the developers of the Python programming language, psycopg2, and Postgres for creating amazing software with which this data set would not exist.

Image Credit

The banner above is a personal modification of these images:

• Evan Nesterak: Image Source Image License
• Wikipedia user Cville Dog Image Source
• The Associated Press Image Source

Inspiration

I almost removed the header "inspiration" from this section, because this is a rather sad and dark data set. However, this is preciously why this is an important data set to analyze. Good history books have never shied away from unpleasant events, and never should we.

This data set provides a rich opportunity for many types of research, including:

• Natural language processing
• Sentiment analysis
• Data visualization

Furthermore, given the political nature of this dataset, there are a lot of social science questions that can potentially be answered, or at least piqued, by this data.

What effect do power-sharing institutions agreed to as part of civil war settlements have on the development of the rule of law in post–civil war states? We contend that power-sharing measures facilitate the emergence of the rule of law in two ways. First, they establish a form of institutional constraint that promotes judicial autonomy and independence. Second, they foster a sense of security among judges and other political actors that bolsters commitment to the law. We demonstrate the plausibility of a positive relationship between power sharing and the rule of law through an analysis of post–civil war states between the years 1948 and 2006. Our findings suggest that civil war settlements can help to establish the rule of law when they include mechanisms aimed at allaying the insecurities of political actors in the postconflict environment.

Context

The Correlates of War (COW) Project has utilized a classification of wars that is based upon the status of territorial entities, in particular focusing on those that are classified as members of the inter-state system (referred to as “states”). This dataset encompasses wars that predominantly take place within the recognized territory of a state, or intra-state wars.

Acknowledgements

Sarkees, Meredith Reid and Frank Wayman (2010). Resort to War: 1816 - 2007. Washington DC: CQ Press.

Created as part of the 'Correlates of War (COW) project.

On March 8, 1864 a new Connecticut infantry regiment was mustered into military service during the American Civil War. The 29th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Regiment, over a thousand men strong, was unique as it was Connecticut’s first "colored" unit to serve during the war from Connecticut. These units were comprised of minority or non-white “colored” recruits of varying origins, ages, and occupational backgrounds who were willing to fight for the Union cause. These “persons of color” may have been African-American, as well as of Native American, Hispanic, and European origin, with some recruits being from as far away as China. Under the command of Colonel William B. Wooster of Derby, and led by an all white officer staff, the 29th would eventually serve with honor and distinction during engagements during the war in the State of Virginia at Petersburg, Chapin’s Farm, Richmond, Derbytown Road, and Kell House. By the end of the Civil War in 1865, over 1,600 individuals of color would volunteer to serve from Connecticut in the 29th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Regiment as well as the 30th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Regiment whose members were folded into the 31st Infantry Regiment, United States Colored Troops [USCT] on May 18, 1864. The following Index of Colored Troop Enlistments from Connecticut during the Civil War was created by Connecticut State Library staff to highlight and better utilize these unique archival records. Please keep in mind that the spelling found on the enlistment paper was transcribed as provided. As a result, spelling of names and geographic locations found on the enlistment document, may be phonetic in nature, and may seem to be misspelled. Care was made to transcribe the names as written, though mistakes are likely to happen due to the poor penmanship on many documents. You may conduct a search in any of the columns, or any combination of columns to limit your search. If a record of interest is found in any of the below Index to Persons of Color Troop Enlistments from Connecticut during the Civil War, and a reproduction of the original record is desired, you may submit a request via E-mail or by contacting the History & Genealogy Unit of the Connecticut State Library at (860) 757-6580. Please include the recruit’s name, along with the Box and Folder numbers the enlistment paper is found. Reproduction formats and fees available, are as follows: Photocopy: black & white copy, 8 1/2 X 11″ or 11 X 14″ sized paper, 25 cents; 11 X 17″, 50 cents per photocopied page, plus a $3.00 handling fee and first class postage charges. Photocopy: color copy 8 1/2 X 11″ or 11 X 14″ sized paper, $1.00 per photocopied page, 11 X 17″, $1.25 per photocopied page plus a $3.00 handling fee and first class postage charges. Digital images (low or high resolution): PDF, JEG, TIFF, or DNG images, 25 cents per image, plus a $3.00 handling fee. Digital file may be delivered via internet for no additional cost. Pre-payment is not needed as a bill will accompany the finished product, either in the mail with photocopies or with the digital images.

This data collection describes the organization of agriculture and the operation of the Southern economy following the Civil War, with emphasis on the relationship between race and tenure status of farm operators. Economic and agricultural data were compiled from the 1880 Census of Agriculture. Information provided includes the location of the farm (region, state, county, and enumeration district), tenure of the farm operator, number of acres in tillage, meadows, woodland, and other uses, type of crops being farmed and production figures, and the number of various livestock (horses, mules, oxen, cows, sheep, and swine). Additionally, data are presented on the value of the farm, farm implements, livestock, and farm products, and costs associated with fences, fertilizer, and wages. Demographic information drawn from the 1880 Census of Population includes the race, literacy, age, and birthplace of the farm operator, number of people living in the house, and number of people working on the farm.

This data collection constitutes a portion of the historical data collected by the project "Early Indicators of Later Work Levels, Disease, and Death." With the goal of constructing datasets suitable for longitudinal analyses of factors affecting the aging process, the project is collecting military, medical, and socioeconomical data on a sample of white males mustered into the Union Army during the Civil War. The project seeks to examine the influence of environmental and host factors prior to recruitment on the health performance and survival of recruits during military service, to identify and show relationships between socioeconomic and biomedical conditions (including nutritional status) of veterans at early ages and mortality rates from diseases at middle and late ages, and to study the effects of health and pensions on labor force participation rates of veterans at ages 65 and over. This installment of the collection, Version C-3, supersedes all previous collections (Versions C-1 and C-2), and contains data from the censuses of 1850, 1860, 1900, and 1910 on veterans who were originally mustered into the Union Army in Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and West Virginia. This version of the collection also contains observations from Wisconsin, Indiana, California, and New Mexico. Census Data, Part 1, includes place of residence, relationship to head of household, date and place of birth, number of children, education, disability status, employment status, number of years in the United States, literacy, marital status, occupation, parents' birthplace, and property/home ownership. The variables in Part 2, Linkage Data, indicate which document sources were located for each recruit.

We address the consequences of corruption within a state on the extent to which populations have shortened life expectancy due to political corruption. Using three variables to estimate corruption, the results support the expectation that corruption increases average disability shortened life years (DALY). The results persist when estimating the model including measures of deaths from civil war and the number of bordering states experiencing civil war, both previously shown to have an effect on DALY, although these two variables are not statistically significant in our models. While the estimated effects of the corruption variables continue to capture much of the variation in DALY for a global group of nations, they completely fail to explain any variation in Sub-Saharan African states, probably because of the devastating effects of AIDS and malaria in that region. Finally, we discuss why this failure occurs and discuss the implications of our results.

"First-Person Narratives of the American South" is a collection of diaries, autobiographies, memoirs, travel accounts, and ex-slave narratives written by Southerners. The majority of materials in this collection are written by those Southerners whose voices were less prominent in their time, including African Americans, women, enlisted men, laborers, and Native Americans.

The narratives available in this collection offer personal accounts of Southern life between 1860 and 1920, a period of enormous change. At the end of the Civil War, the South faced the enormous challenge of re-creating their society after their land had been ravaged by war, many of their men were dead or injured, and the economic and social system of slavery had been abolished. Many farmers, confronted by periodic depressions and market turmoil, joined political and social protest movements. For African Americans, the end of slavery brought hope for unprecedented control of their own lives, but whether they stayed in the South or moved north or west, they continued to face social and political oppression. Most African Americans in the South were pulled into a Darwinistic sharecropper system and saw their lives circumscribed by the rise of segregation. As conservative views faced a growing challenge from Modernist thought, Southern arts, sciences, and religion also reflected the considerable tensions manifested throughout Southern society. Admidst these dramatic changes, Southerners who had lived in the antebellum South and soldiers who had fought for the Confederacy wrote memoirs that and strived to preserve a memory of many different experiences. Southerners recorded their stories of these tumultuous times in print and in diaries and letters, but few first-person narratives, other than those written by the social and economic elite found their way into the national print culture. In this online collection, accounts of life on the farm or in the servants' quarters or in the cotton mill have priority over accounts of public lives and leading military battles. Each narrative offers a unique perspective on life in the South, and serves as an important primary resource for the study of the American South. The original texts for "First-Person Narratives of the American South" come from the University Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, which includes the Southern Historical Collection, one of the largest collections of Southern manuscripts in the country and the North Carolina Collection, the most complete printed documentation of a single state anywhere. The DocSouth Editorial Board, composed of faculty and librarians at UNC and staff from the UNC Press, oversees this collection and all other collections on Documenting the American South.

Context

The North American Slave Narratives collection at the University of North Carolina contains 344 items and is the most extensive collection of such documents in the world.

The physical collection was digitized and transcribed by students and library employees. This means that the text is far more reliable than uncorrected OCR output which is common in digitized archives.

More information about the collection and access to individual page images can be be found here: http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh

The plain text files have been optimized for use in Voyant and can also be used in text mining projects such as topic modeling, sentiment analysis and natural language processing. Please note that the full text contains paratextual elements such as title pages and appendices which will be included in any word counts you perform. You may wish to delete these in order to focus your analysis on just the narratives.

The .csv file acts as a table of contents for the collection and includes Title, Author, Publication Date a url pointing to the digitized version of the text and a unique url pointing to a version of the text in plain text (this is particularly useful for use with Voyant: http://voyant-tools.org/).

Copyright Statement and Acknowledgements

With the exception of "Fields's Observation: The Slave Narrative of a Nineteenth-Century Virginian," which has no known rights, the texts, encoding, and metadata available in Open DocSouth are made available for use under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Users are free to copy, share, adapt, and re-publish any of the content in Open DocSouth as long as they credit the University Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for making this material available.

If you make use of this data, considering letting the holder of the original collection know how you are using the data and if you have any suggestions for making it even more useful. Send any feedback to wilsonlibrary@unc.edu.

About the DocSouth Data Project

Doc South Data provid...

Estimates for the total death count of the Second World War generally range somewhere between 70 and 85 million people. The Soviet Union suffered the highest number of fatalities of any single nation, with estimates mostly falling between 22 and 27 million deaths. China then suffered the second greatest, at around 20 million, although these figures are less certain and often overlap with the Chinese Civil War. Over 80 percent of all deaths were of those from Allied countries, and the majority of these were civilians. In contrast, 15 to 20 percent were among the Axis powers, and the majority of these were military deaths, as shown in the death ratios of Germany and Japan. Civilian deaths and atrocities It is believed that 60 to 67 percent of all deaths were civilian fatalities, largely resulting from war-related famine or disease, and war crimes or atrocities. Systematic genocide, extermination campaigns, and forced labor, particularly by the Germans, Japanese, and Soviets, led to the deaths of millions. In this regard, Nazi activities alone resulted in 17 million deaths, including six million Jews in what is now known as The Holocaust. Not only was the scale of the conflict larger than any that had come before, but the nature of and reasoning behind this loss make the Second World War stand out as one of the most devastating and cruelest conflicts in history. Problems with these statistics Although the war is considered by many to be the defining event of the 20th century, exact figures for death tolls have proven impossible to determine, for a variety of reasons. Countries such as the U.S. have fairly consistent estimates due to preserved military records and comparatively few civilian casualties, although figures still vary by source. For most of Europe, records are less accurate. Border fluctuations and the upheaval of the interwar period mean that pre-war records were already poor or non-existent for many regions. The rapid and chaotic nature of the war then meant that deaths could not be accurately recorded at the time, and mass displacement or forced relocation resulted in the deaths of many civilians outside of their homeland, which makes country-specific figures more difficult to find. Early estimates of the war’s fatalities were also taken at face value and formed the basis of many historical works; these were often very inaccurate, but the validity of the source means that the figures continue to be cited today, despite contrary evidence.

In comparison to Europe, estimate ranges are often greater across Asia, where populations were larger but pre-war data was in short supply. Many of the Asian countries with high death tolls were European colonies, and the actions of authorities in the metropoles, such as the diversion of resources from Asia to Europe, led to millions of deaths through famine and disease. Additionally, over one million African soldiers were drafted into Europe’s armies during the war, yet individual statistics are unavailable for most of these colonies or successor states (notably Algeria and Libya). Thousands of Asian and African military deaths went unrecorded or are included with European or Japanese figures, and there are no reliable figures for deaths of millions from countries across North Africa or East Asia. Additionally, many concentration camp records were destroyed, and such records in Africa and Asia were even sparser than in Europe. While the Second World War is one of the most studied academic topics of the past century, it is unlikely that we will ever have a clear number for the lives lost in the conflict.

The Battle of Antietam (also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg) is the single bloodiest day in the United States' military history, with almost 23,000 total casualties, which included over 3,600 fatalities. The battle began at dawn on September 17, 1862, as General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army were attacked by Major General George B. McClellan near Antietam Creek, Maryland. While the Union had almost double the Confederacy's numbers, McClellan did not commit his full force, and did not capitalize and push his attack any time he broke Lee's defensive line. This meant that Lee's men were able to hold off the Union army until reinforcements arrived in the evening and drove the battered Union army back, thus ending the battle. Although some skirmishes took place during the day before and after the 17th, they pale in comparison to the violence and losses suffered on that day.

Vicksburg National Military Park (VICK) is in western Mississippi, situated on the loess bluffs flanking the Mississippi River. These bluffs are comprised of an accumulation of windblown silt-rich sediments, known as loess, which overlays the Oligocene Vicksburg Group. The loess deposits are thick (up to 30 meters) and easily eroded, creating deep ravines and steeply sloped elongated ridges that often have streams or wetlands within the ravines. This unique terrain played an integral part in the Siege of Vicksburg during the American Civil War in 1863. VICK was established by Congress in 1899 to commemorate the Siege and its associated battles, and to preserve the cultural heritage of the site. In the present, VICK’s cultural resources and park infrastructure are severely at risk from erosion and landslide events. This dataset documents the extent and characteristics of the landslides that occurred prior to 2020 – when a significant precipitation-induced landslide event occurred. These ‘pre-existing’ landslides were mapped from lidar data collected between February 2009 and August 2010. Included in this data release are 6 separate shapefiles, 1 per map unit or landform: 2 landslide deposit map units (QMSF1_DEP and QMSF2_DEP), 2 other map units showing the extent of the upslope area affected by landslide movement (QMSF1_LAA and QMSF2_LAA), a map unit showing alluvial fans (QAF) that may be the result of rapid flows of silt-rich earth, and landslide scarps (SCARPS). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Connecticut State Archives Archival Record Group (RG) #069:050, Noble (William H. and Henrietta) Pension Applications General William H. Noble and his daughter Henrietta M. Noble, Pension Agents in Bridgeport, assisted veterans and their descendants to secure pensions from the United States Government. The collection includes correspondence and official papers that document their work with veterans of the Civil War and Spanish American War. The files are arranged alphabetically by veteran’s name. The database contains the following information: veteran’s name, rank, pension file application number, date enlisted, date discharged, and military unit. People may request a copy of a file by contacting the staff of the History & Genealogy Unit by telephone (860) 757-6580 or email. When requesting a copy of a record, please include at least the name of the individual, date, and residence. Abbreviations of Connecticut Military Branch of Service: · CLB – Connecticut Light Battery · CVA – Connecticut Volunteer Artillery · CVC – Connecticut Volunteer Cavalry · CVHA – Connecticut Volunteer Heavy Artillery · CVI – Connecticut Volunteer Infantry · CVLB – Connecticut Volunteer Light Battery

The data contains the educational degree, university , age , weight , married life , no of children , IQ, Wealth and the percentage of the US budget that they spent on defense. The major wars that have happened during their tenure as POTUS.

The Office of the President of the United States (POTUS) was established by the US Constitution in 1789, with George Washington being elected as the first US president. At the time of his presidency, the role of POTUS was largely ceremonial and focused on the administration of the federal government. However, over time, the position grew in power and influence as the US became a global superpower and the demands of the post changed. With the expansion of the executive branch of the government and the development of modern communication and transportation technologies, the role of POTUS became even more significant. The US president now plays a central role in shaping policy, implementing agendas, and representing the country on the world stage. Throughout history, the POTUS has also been involved in many historical events and crises, such as the Civil War, the Great Depression, World War II, the civil rights movement, and the War on Terror. Each president has brought their unique set of values, leadership style, and vision for the country, shaping the office and the nation in their own way.

The POTUS is the most powerful political figure in the United States, responsible for shaping domestic and foreign policy, appointing federal judges and other officials, and representing the country both at home and abroad. The US president is elected to a four-year term and can serve a maximum of two terms under the 22nd Amendment to the US Constitution. The role and responsibilities of the POTUS have evolved over time, reflecting the changing needs and expectations of the American people and the world at large.