This dataset contains the estimated percentage of Californians with asthma (asthma prevalence). Two types of asthma prevalence are included: 1) lifetime asthma prevalence describes the percentage of people who have ever been diagnosed with asthma by a health care provider, 2) current asthma prevalence describes the percentage of people who have ever been diagnosed with asthma by a health care provider AND report they still have asthma and/or had an asthma episode or attack within the past 12 months. The tables “Lifetime Asthma Prevalence by County” and “Current Asthma Prevalence by County” are derived from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) and include data stratified by county and age group (all ages, 0-17, 18+, 0-4, 5-17, 18-64, 65+) reported for 2-year periods. The table “Asthma Prevalence, Adults (18 and older)” is derived from the California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and includes statewide data on adults reported by year.

This data shows healthcare utilization for asthma by Allegheny County residents 18 years of age and younger. It counts asthma-related visits to the Emergency Department (ED), hospitalizations, urgent care visits, and asthma controller medication dispensing events.

The asthma data was compiled as part of the Allegheny County Health Department’s Asthma Task Force, which was established in 2018. The Task Force was formed to identify strategies to decrease asthma inpatient and emergency utilization among children (ages 0-18), with special focus on children receiving services funded by Medicaid. Data is being used to improve the understanding of asthma in Allegheny County, and inform the recommended actions of the task force. Data will also be used to evaluate progress toward the goal of reducing asthma-related hospitalization and ED visits.

Regarding this data, asthma is defined using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (IDC-10) classification system code J45.xxx. The ICD-10 system is used to classify diagnoses, symptoms, and procedures in the U.S. healthcare system.

Children seeking care for an asthma-related claim in 2017 are represented in the data. Data is compiled by the Health Department from medical claims submitted to three health plans (UPMC, Gateway Health, and Highmark). Claims may also come from people enrolled in Medicaid plans managed by these insurers. The Health Department estimates that 74% of the County’s population aged 0-18 is represented in the data.

Users should be cautious of using administrative claims data as a measure of disease prevalence and interpreting trends over time. Missing from the data are the uninsured, members in participating plans enrolled for less than 90 continuous days in 2017, children with an asthma-related condition that did not file a claim in 2017, and children participating in plans managed by insurers that did not share data with the Health Department.

Data users should also be aware that diagnoses may also be subject to misclassification, and that children with an asthmatic condition may not be diagnosed. It is also possible that some children may be counted more than once in the data if they are enrolled in a plan by more than one participating insurer and file a claim on each policy in the same calendar year.

Support for Health Equity datasets and tools provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS) through their Health Equity Initiative.

SUMMARYThis analysis, designed and executed by Ribble Rivers Trust, identifies areas across England with the greatest levels of asthma (in persons of all ages). Please read the below information to gain a full understanding of what the data shows and how it should be interpreted.ANALYSIS METHODOLOGYThe analysis was carried out using Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) data, derived from NHS Digital, relating to asthma (in persons of all ages).This information was recorded at the GP practice level. However, GP catchment areas are not mutually exclusive: they overlap, with some areas covered by 30+ GP practices. Therefore, to increase the clarity and usability of the data, the GP-level statistics were converted into statistics based on Middle Layer Super Output Area (MSOA) census boundaries.The percentage of each MSOA’s population (all ages) with asthma was estimated. This was achieved by calculating a weighted average based on:The percentage of the MSOA area that was covered by each GP practice’s catchment areaOf the GPs that covered part of that MSOA: the percentage of registered patients that have that illness The estimated percentage of each MSOA’s population with asthma was then combined with Office for National Statistics Mid-Year Population Estimates (2019) data for MSOAs, to estimate the number of people in each MSOA with asthma, within the relevant age range.Each MSOA was assigned a relative score between 1 and 0 (1 = worst, 0 = best) based on:A) the PERCENTAGE of the population within that MSOA who are estimated to have asthmaB) the NUMBER of people within that MSOA who are estimated to have asthmaAn average of scores A & B was taken, and converted to a relative score between 1 and 0 (1= worst, 0 = best). The closer to 1 the score, the greater both the number and percentage of the population in the MSOA that are estimated to have asthma, compared to other MSOAs. In other words, those are areas where it’s estimated a large number of people suffer from asthma, and where those people make up a large percentage of the population, indicating there is a real issue with asthma within the population and the investment of resources to address that issue could have the greatest benefits.LIMITATIONS1. GP data for the financial year 1st April 2018 – 31st March 2019 was used in preference to data for the financial year 1st April 2019 – 31st March 2020, as the onset of the COVID19 pandemic during the latter year could have affected the reporting of medical statistics by GPs. However, for 53 GPs (out of 7670) that did not submit data in 2018/19, data from 2019/20 was used instead. Note also that some GPs (997 out of 7670) did not submit data in either year. This dataset should be viewed in conjunction with the ‘Health and wellbeing statistics (GP-level, England): Missing data and potential outliers’ dataset, to determine areas where data from 2019/20 was used, where one or more GPs did not submit data in either year, or where there were large discrepancies between the 2018/19 and 2019/20 data (differences in statistics that were > mean +/- 1 St.Dev.), which suggests erroneous data in one of those years (it was not feasible for this study to investigate this further), and thus where data should be interpreted with caution. Note also that there are some rural areas (with little or no population) that do not officially fall into any GP catchment area (although this will not affect the results of this analysis if there are no people living in those areas).2. Although all of the obesity/inactivity-related illnesses listed can be caused or exacerbated by inactivity and obesity, it was not possible to distinguish from the data the cause of the illnesses in patients: obesity and inactivity are highly unlikely to be the cause of all cases of each illness. By combining the data with data relating to levels of obesity and inactivity in adults and children (see the ‘Levels of obesity, inactivity and associated illnesses: Summary (England)’ dataset), we can identify where obesity/inactivity could be a contributing factor, and where interventions to reduce obesity and increase activity could be most beneficial for the health of the local population.3. It was not feasible to incorporate ultra-fine-scale geographic distribution of populations that are registered with each GP practice or who live within each MSOA. Populations might be concentrated in certain areas of a GP practice’s catchment area or MSOA and relatively sparse in other areas. Therefore, the dataset should be used to identify general areas where there are high levels of asthma, rather than interpreting the boundaries between areas as ‘hard’ boundaries that mark definite divisions between areas with differing levels of asthma.TO BE VIEWED IN COMBINATION WITH:This dataset should be viewed alongside the following datasets, which highlight areas of missing data and potential outliers in the data:Health and wellbeing statistics (GP-level, England): Missing data and potential outliersLevels of obesity, inactivity and associated illnesses (England): Missing dataDOWNLOADING THIS DATATo access this data on your desktop GIS, download the ‘Levels of obesity, inactivity and associated illnesses: Summary (England)’ dataset.DATA SOURCESThis dataset was produced using:Quality and Outcomes Framework data: Copyright © 2020, Health and Social Care Information Centre. The Health and Social Care Information Centre is a non-departmental body created by statute, also known as NHS Digital.GP Catchment Outlines. Copyright © 2020, Health and Social Care Information Centre. The Health and Social Care Information Centre is a non-departmental body created by statute, also known as NHS Digital. Data was cleaned by Ribble Rivers Trust before use.COPYRIGHT NOTICEThe reproduction of this data must be accompanied by the following statement:© Ribble Rivers Trust 2021. Analysis carried out using data that is: Copyright © 2020, Health and Social Care Information Centre. The Health and Social Care Information Centre is a non-departmental body created by statute, also known as NHS Digital.CaBA HEALTH & WELLBEING EVIDENCE BASEThis dataset forms part of the wider CaBA Health and Wellbeing Evidence Base.

The MarketScan health claims database is a compilation of nearly 110 million patient records with information from more than 100 private insurance carriers and large self-insuring companies. Public forms of insurance (i.e., Medicare and Medicaid) are not included, nor are small (< 100 employees) or medium (1000 employees). We excluded the relatively few (n=6735) individuals over 65 years of age because Medicare is the primary insurance of U.S. adults over 65. The EQI was constructed for 2000-2005 for all US counties and is composed of five domains (air, water, built, land, and sociodemographic), each composed of variables to represent the environmental quality of that _domain. Domain-specific EQIs were developed using principal components analysis (PCA) to reduce these variables within each _domain while the overall EQI was constructed from a second PCA from these individual domains (L. C. Messer et al., 2014). To account for differences in environment across rural and urban counties, the overall and _domain-specific EQIs were stratified by rural urban continuum codes (RUCCs) (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2015). This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Human health data are not available publicly. EQI data are available at: https://edg.epa.gov/data/Public/ORD/NHEERL/EQI. Format: Data are stored as csv files. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Gray, C., D. Lobdell, K. Rappazzo, Y. Jian, J. Jagai, L. Messer, A. Patel, S. Deflorio-Barker, C. Lyttle, J. Solway, and A. Rzhetsky. Associations between environmental quality and adult asthma prevalence in medical claims data. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS, 166: 529-536, (2018).

This dataset contains year, state and district wise number of Asthma Cases in children of age group 0-5 years

Note: Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you breathe out and shortness of breath. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance.

Analysis of ‘Air Pollution Effects: Asthma Prevalence by Year ’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/yamqwe/asthma-prevalencee on 13 February 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

About this dataset

This dataset contains the estimated percentage of Californians with asthma (asthma prevalence). Two types of asthma prevalence are included: 1) lifetime asthma prevalence describes the percentage of people who have ever been diagnosed with asthma by a health care provider, 2) current asthma prevalence describes the percentage of people who have ever been diagnosed with asthma by a health care provider AND report they still have asthma and/or had an asthma episode or attack within the past 12 months. The tables “Lifetime Asthma Prevalence by County” and “Current Asthma Prevalence by County” are derived from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) and include data stratified by county and age group (all ages, 0-17, 18+, 0-4, 5-17, 18-64, 65+) reported for 2-year periods. The table “Asthma Prevalence, Adults (18 and older)” is derived from the California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and includes statewide data on adults reported by year.

Source: https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DEODC/EHIB/CPE/Pages/CaliforniaBreathing.aspx
Last updated at https://data.chhs.ca.gov : 2020-07-31
License: https://data.chhs.ca.gov/pages/terms

This dataset was created by California Health and Human Services and contains around 0 samples along with 95% Ci Lower Limit, Measure, technical information and other features such as: - Unnamed: 7 - Unnamed: 9 - and more.

How to use this dataset

• Analyze Unnamed: 6 in relation to Unnamed: 8
• Study the influence of Unnamed: 5 on 95% Ci Upper Limit
• More datasets

Acknowledgements

If you use this dataset in your research, please credit California Health and Human Services

Start A New Notebook!

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

This dataset contains the estimated percentage of Californians with asthma (asthma prevalence). Two types of asthma prevalence are included: 1) lifetime asthma prevalence describes the percentage of people who have ever been diagnosed with asthma by a health care provider, 2) current asthma prevalence describes the percentage of people who have ever been diagnosed with asthma by a health care provider AND report they still have asthma and/or had an asthma episode or attack within the past 12 months. The tables “Lifetime Asthma Prevalence by County” and “Current Asthma Prevalence by County” are derived from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) and include data stratified by county and age group (all ages, 0-17, 18+, 0-4, 5-17, 18-64, 65+) reported for 2-year periods. The table “Asthma Prevalence, Adults (18 and older)” is derived from the California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and includes statewide data on adults reported by year.

This dataset contains counts and rates (per 10,000 residents) of asthma hospitalizations among Californians statewide and by county. The data are stratified by age group (all ages, 0-17, 18+, 0-4, 5-17, 18-64, 65+) and race/ethnicity (white, black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan Native). The data are derived from the Department of Health Care Access and Information Patient Discharge Data. These data include hospitalizations from all licensed hospitals in California. These data are based only on primary discharge diagnosis codes. On October 1, 2015, diagnostic coding for asthma transitioned from ICD-9-CM (493) to ICD-10-CM (J45). Because of this change, CDPH and CDC do not recommend comparing data from 2015 (or earlier) to 2016 (or later). NOTE: Rates are calculated from the total number of asthma hospitalizations (not the unique number of individuals).

These data contain the Age-Adjusted Colorado Census Tract Rate of Asthma-Related Hospital Discharges (2015-2019) and Inpatient Hospitalizations per 100,000 persons based on the ICD-10 Code of J45-J46. The rates are calculated using the geocoded billing address of discharged individuals found in the dataset with the selected ICD-10 Codes and 2015-2019 Population Estimates from the American Community Survey. These data are from the Colorado Hospital Association's Hospital Discharge Dataset and are published annually by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.

This dataset contains counts and rates (per 1,000,000 residents) of asthma deaths among Californians statewide and by county. The data are stratified by age group (all ages, 0-17, 18+) and reported for 3-year periods. The data are derived from the California Death Statistical Master Files, which contain information collected from death certificates. All deaths with asthma coded as the underlying cause of death (ICD-10 CM J45 or J46) are included.

from 24-march – 30-June 2021.

This dataset contains counts and rates (per 10,000 residents) of asthma emergency department (ED) visits among Californians. The table “Asthma Emergency Department Visit Rates by County” contains statewide and county-level data stratified by age group (all ages, 0-17, 18+, 0-4, 5-17, 18-64, 65+) and race/ethnicity (white, black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan Native). The table “Asthma Emergency Department Visit Rates by ZIP Code” contains zip-code level data stratified by age group (all ages, 0-17, 18+). The data are derived from the Department of Health Care Access and Information emergency department database. These data include emergency department visits from all licensed hospitals in California. These data are based only on primary discharge diagnosis codes. On October 1, 2015, diagnostic coding for asthma transitioned from ICD9-CM (493) to ICD10-CM (J45). Because of this change, CDPH and CDC do not recommend comparing data from 2015 (or earlier) to 2016 (or later). NOTE: Rates are calculated from the total number of asthma emergency department visits (not the unique number of individuals).

This table contains 267456 series, with data for years 2000 - 2000 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (not all combinations are available): Geography (199 items: Canada; Newfoundland and Labrador; Health and Community Services Eastern Region; Newfoundland and Labrador (Peer group D); Health and Community Services St. John's Region; Newfoundland and Labrador (Peer group H) ...), Age group (14 items: Total; 12 years and over; 15-19 years; 12-14 years; 12-19 years ...), Sex (3 items: Both sexes; Females; Males ...), Asthma (4 items: Total population for the variable asthma; Without asthma; Asthma; not stated; With asthma ...), Characteristics (8 items: Number of persons; Coefficient of variation for number of persons; High 95% confidence interval - number of persons; Low 95% confidence interval - number of persons ...).

The dataset currently contains (1) a table of time periods (defined with start and end dates) during which a patient had any diagnosis of asthma; (2) and table of time periods for asthma severity level (based on prescriptions), asthma exacerbations, asthma-related hospital episodes, and asthma control; and (3) a table for other asthma-related data represented as events (e.g., lung function, blood tests, and A&E visit).

Includes an e-cohort of most people with a history of asthma in Wales, derived from the SAIL Databank's core datasets. Individuals are identified from the Welsh Longitudinal General Practice (WLGP) using several case definitions (e.g., having ever GP asthma diagnosis, asthma treatment in the last 12 months, or both). Data for each patient include essential research-ready asthma-related variables derived from primary and secondary care data, such as asthma treatment step, asthma severity, asthma exacerbations, and asthma-related death. The case definitions and some clinical variables are represented as clinical states. Additional case definitions and variables are actively being added. The WAO dataset is intended to support a wide range of cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiological asthma studies as well as asthma surveillance, service planning, and health policy.

Colorado county-level and state data on rates of hospitalizations among Colorado residents for multiple years as published by the Colorado Environmental Public Health Tracking project. Current years published include 2004-2018.Numerator/denominator informationEvent/numerator data:Hospital discharges, Hospital Discharge Data Set, Colorado Hospital Association.Emergency department discharges, Emergency Department Discharge Data Set, Colorado Hospital Association.Population/denominator data:Midyear resident population estimates. Source: State Demography Office, Colorado Department of Local Affairs.Interpreting the dataWhat these data tell us:These data tell us rates of hospitalizations and emergency department visits among Colorado residents over time and across counties. The rate is the number of hospitalizations or emergency department visits per state or county population in a calendar year.What these data do not tell us:These data do not tell us the number of people who currently have or experience each condition. The data may reflect more severe cases of each condition since people who are hospitalized or admitted to the emergency room often have a more severe illness.Comparisons of these rates of hospitalization and emergency department visits to environmental measures should be done with caution.Elevated rates of hospitalizations and emergency department visits in a geographic area with higher than average environmental exposure do not necessarily indicate that the environmental exposure is causing the higher rate.There may be other factors that lead to increased disease rates within a geographic area. Rates may differ due to factors such as access to medical care which can affect the likelihood of a person being hospitalized for asthma.Calculation methodsCase definition for hospitalizations and emergency department visits occurring:before October 1, 2015 are based on diagnosis codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9CM).on or after October 1, 2015 are based on diagnosis codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10CM).Age-specific rates in each age group and geographic population are calculated:per 10,000 population for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and heart attack.per 100,000 population for carbon monoxide poisoning and heat-related illness.Age-adjusted rates are calculated:per 10,000 population for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and heart attackper 100,000 population for carbon monoxide poisoning and heat-related illness.Rates are adjusted for differences across age and sex by the direct method using the Year 2000 U.S. Standard Population.Limitations of the dataThe hospital and emergency department visits datasets do not include all cases. Those who do not receive medical care, receive medical treatment in outpatient settings (other than emergency department), or die without being admitted to a hospital are not included in these datasets. Differences in rates by year or county may reflect differences or changes in medical coding or billing for hospitalizations and emergency department visits, or changes in access to medical care. Although exact duplicate records are excluded, the measures are based upon events, not individuals. If the same person is admitted to the hospital or emergency department multiple times for the same condition in the same year, these events would be counted as separate events, even though it was the same person. If people are being counted more than once, the reported rate may be higher than the true rate. Reporting rates at the state and county level is a broad measure. This means the data will not show the true disease burden at a more local level, such as the neighborhood. These data are not geographically specific enough to be linked with many types of environmental exposure, which may vary across the county.Data not includedThese data do not include hospital or emergency department discharges from Federal facilities in Colorado, such as U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers.

Analysis of ‘Childhood Asthma Healthcare Utilization’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/54c9bd57-5f60-47f8-aaa2-a3066a52ed86 on 26 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

This data shows healthcare utilization for asthma by Allegheny County residents 18 years of age and younger. It counts asthma-related visits to the Emergency Department (ED), hospitalizations, urgent care visits, and asthma controller medication dispensing events.

The asthma data was compiled as part of the Allegheny County Health Department’s Asthma Task Force, which was established in 2018. The Task Force was formed to identify strategies to decrease asthma inpatient and emergency utilization among children (ages 0-18), with special focus on children receiving services funded by Medicaid. Data is being used to improve the understanding of asthma in Allegheny County, and inform the recommended actions of the task force. Data will also be used to evaluate progress toward the goal of reducing asthma-related hospitalization and ED visits.

Regarding this data, asthma is defined using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (IDC-10) classification system code J45.xxx. The ICD-10 system is used to classify diagnoses, symptoms, and procedures in the U.S. healthcare system.

Children seeking care for an asthma-related claim in 2017 are represented in the data. Data is compiled by the Health Department from medical claims submitted to three health plans (UPMC, Gateway Health, and Highmark). Claims may also come from people enrolled in Medicaid plans managed by these insurers. The Health Department estimates that 74% of the County’s population aged 0-18 is represented in the data.

Users should be cautious of using administrative claims data as a measure of disease prevalence and interpreting trends over time. Missing from the data are the uninsured, members in participating plans enrolled for less than 90 continuous days in 2017, children with an asthma-related condition that did not file a claim in 2017, and children participating in plans managed by insurers that did not share data with the Health Department.

Data users should also be aware that diagnoses may also be subject to misclassification, and that children with an asthmatic condition may not be diagnosed. It is also possible that some children may be counted more than once in the data if they are enrolled in a plan by more than one participating insurer and file a claim on each policy in the same calendar year.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

These data contain the Age-Adjusted Colorado County Rate of Asthma-Related Hospital Discharges (2015-2019) and Inpatient Hospitalizations per 100,000 persons based on the ICD-10 Code of J45-J46. The rates are calculated using the geocoded billing address of discharged individuals found in the dataset with the selected ICD-10 Codes and 2013-2017 Population Estimates from the American Community Survey. These data are from the Colorado Hospital Association's Hospital Discharge Dataset and are published annually by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.

This is a source dataset for a Let's Get Healthy California indicator at https://letsgethealthy.ca.gov/.

This dataset contains counts and rates (per 10,000 residents) of asthma (ICD9-CM, 493.0-493.9) emergency department visits among California residents by County and age group (all ages, 0-17, 18+). The data are derived from the Department of Health Care Access and Information emergency department databases.

These data include emergency department visits from all licensed hospitals in California. These data are based only on primary discharge diagnosis codes (ICD9-CM).

Starting in 2019, HCAI classified non-Hispanic individuals who identified with two or more races as "Multiracial." Previously these were assigned to a single other race.

NOTE: Rates are calculated from the total number of Asthma ED Visits (not the unique number of individuals).

This audit aims to collect information on all people admitted to hospital adult services with asthma attacks. Admission data, obtained from patient case notes, is collected and entered into a secure and bespoke audit web tool.

Personal identifying information include residential addresses and clinical data from longitudinal follow-up evaluations in a prospective cohort from the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study. The greenness exposure data was based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) estimated from satellite measurements. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Contact Information: Kim.Hartley@cchmc.org. Format: Personal identifying information include residential addresses and clinical data from longitudinal follow-up evaluations in a prospective cohort from the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study. The greenness exposure data was based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) estimated from satellite measurements. Data size and format is unknown given non-EPA generated data. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Hartley, K., G. Rice, P. Ryan, G. Gillespie, G. Donovan, R. Gernes, G. Khurana Hershey, G. Lemasters, M. Wright, and C. Brokamp. Residential greenness, asthma, and lung function among children at high risk of allergic sensitization: a prospective cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. Academic Press Incorporated, Orlando, FL, USA, 21(1): 52, (2022).