This data set includes tables on persons living with HIV/AIDS, newly diagnosed HIV cases and all cause deaths in HIV/AIDS cases by gender, age, race/ethnicity and transmission category. In all tables, cases are reported as of December 31 of the given year, as reported by January 9, 2019, to allow a minimum of 12 months reporting delay. Gender is determined by both current gender and sex at birth variables; transgender values are assigned when current gender is identified as "Transgender" or when a discrepancy is identified between a person's sex at birth and their current gender (e.g., cases where sex at birth is "Male" and current gender is "Female" will become Transgender: Male to Female.) Prior to 2003, Asian and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders were classified as one combined group. In order to present these race/ethnicities separately, living cases recorded under this combined classification were split and redistributed according to their expected proportional population representation estimated from post-2003 data.
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Effect of suicide rates on life expectancy dataset
Abstract
In 2015, approximately 55 million people died worldwide, of which 8 million committed suicide. In the USA, one of the main causes of death is the aforementioned suicide, therefore, this experiment is dealing with the question of how much suicide rates affects the statistics of average life expectancy.
The experiment takes two datasets, one with the number of suicides and life expectancy in the second one and combine data into one dataset. Subsequently, I try to find any patterns and correlations among the variables and perform statistical test using simple regression to confirm my assumptions.
Data
The experiment uses two datasets - WHO Suicide Statistics[1] and WHO Life Expectancy[2], which were firstly appropriately preprocessed. The final merged dataset to the experiment has 13 variables, where country and year are used as index: Country, Year, Suicides number, Life expectancy, Adult Mortality, which is probability of dying between 15 and 60 years per 1000 population, Infant deaths, which is number of Infant Deaths per 1000 population, Alcohol, which is alcohol, recorded per capita (15+) consumption, Under-five deaths, which is number of under-five deaths per 1000 population, HIV/AIDS, which is deaths per 1 000 live births HIV/AIDS, GDP, which is Gross Domestic Product per capita, Population, Income composition of resources, which is Human Development Index in terms of income composition of resources, and Schooling, which is number of years of schooling.
LICENSE
THE EXPERIMENT USES TWO DATASET - WHO SUICIDE STATISTICS AND WHO LIFE EXPECTANCY, WHICH WERE COLLEECTED FROM WHO AND UNITED NATIONS WEBSITE. THEREFORE, ALL DATASETS ARE UNDER THE LICENSE ATTRIBUTION-NONCOMMERCIAL-SHAREALIKE 3.0 IGO (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/).
[1] https://www.kaggle.com/szamil/who-suicide-statistics
[2] https://www.kaggle.com/kumarajarshi/life-expectancy-who
Rate: Number of deaths (per 100,000) due to HIV disease
Definition: Deaths with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease as the underlying cause (ICD-10 codes: B20-B24).
Data Sources:
(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics
(2) Death Certificate Database, Office of Vital Statistics and Registry, New Jersey Department of Health
(3) Population Estimates, State Data Center, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development
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Health Nutrition and Population Statistics database provides key health, nutrition and population statistics gathered from a variety of international and national sources. Themes include global surgery, health financing, HIV/AIDS, immunization, infectious diseases, medical resources and usage, noncommunicable diseases, nutrition, population dynamics, reproductive health, universal health coverage, and water and sanitation.
This shapefile provides HIV statistics by state that can be used in conjunction with the co-morbidities risk profile to provide more nuance on levels of risk by state. Note that values of 0 mean there is no data for that particular state.The source of data for HIV prevalence rates is the Nigeria Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), HIV Prevalence Geospatial Estimates 2000-2017.
Series Name: Number of new HIV infections per 1 000 uninfected population by sex and age (per 1 000 uninfected population)Series Code: SH_HIV_INCDRelease Version: 2021.Q2.G.03 This dataset is the part of the Global SDG Indicator Database compiled through the UN System in preparation for the Secretary-General's annual report on Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.Indicator 3.3.1: Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected population, by sex, age and key populationsTarget 3.3: By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseasesGoal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all agesFor more information on the compilation methodology of this dataset, see https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/
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India IN: Mortality from CVD, Cancer, Diabetes or CRD between Exact Ages 30 and 70: Female data was reported at 19.800 NA in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 20.000 NA for 2015. India IN: Mortality from CVD, Cancer, Diabetes or CRD between Exact Ages 30 and 70: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 21.200 NA from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2016, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 23.400 NA in 2000 and a record low of 19.800 NA in 2016. India IN: Mortality from CVD, Cancer, Diabetes or CRD between Exact Ages 30 and 70: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s India – Table IN.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD is the percent of 30-year-old-people who would die before their 70th birthday from any of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory disease, assuming that s/he would experience current mortality rates at every age and s/he would not die from any other cause of death (e.g., injuries or HIV/AIDS).; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).; Weighted average;
Explore World Bank Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics dataset featuring a wide range of indicators such as School enrollment, UHC service coverage index, Fertility rate, and more from countries like Bahrain, China, India, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia.
School enrollment, tertiary, UHC service coverage index, Wanted fertility rate, People with basic handwashing facilities, urban population, Rural population, AIDS estimated deaths, Domestic private health expenditure, Fertility rate, Domestic general government health expenditure, Age dependency ratio, Postnatal care coverage, People using safely managed drinking water services, Unemployment, Lifetime risk of maternal death, External health expenditure, Population growth, Completeness of birth registration, Urban poverty headcount ratio, Prevalence of undernourishment, People using at least basic sanitation services, Prevalence of current tobacco use, Urban poverty headcount ratio, Tuberculosis treatment success rate, Low-birthweight babies, Female headed households, Completeness of birth registration, Urban population growth, Antiretroviral therapy coverage, Labor force, and more.
Bahrain, China, India, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia
Follow data.kapsarc.org for timely data to advance energy economics research.
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HealthStats provides key health, nutrition and population statistics gathered from a variety of international sources. Themes include population dynamics, nutrition, reproductive health, health financing, medical resources and usage, immunization, infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, DALY, population projections and lending. HealthStats also includes health, nutrition and population statistics by wealth quintiles.
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This map displays the percentage of people ages 15+ with HIV that are female from the 2013 to 2014 dataset. According to the World Bank: "HIV prevalence rates reflect the rate of HIV infection in each country's population. Low national prevalence rates can be misleading, however. They often disguise epidemics that are initially concentrated in certain localities or population groups and threaten to spill over into the wider population. In many developing countries most new infections occur in young adults, with young women especially vulnerable. Data on HIV are from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Changes in procedures and assumptions for estimating the data and better coordination with countries have resulted in improved estimates of HIV and AIDS. The models, which are routinely updated, track the course of HIV epidemics and their impact, making full use of information in HIV prevalence trends from surveillance data as well as survey data. The models take into account reduced infectivity among people receiving antiretroviral therapy (which is having a larger impact on HIV prevalence and allowing HIV-positive people to live longer) and allow for changes in urbanization over time in generalized epidemics. The estimates include plausibility bounds, which reflect the certainty associated with each of the estimates."Source: The World Bank
Users can access data related to international women’s health as well as data on population and families, education, work, power and decision making, violence against women, poverty, and environment. Background World’s Women Reports are prepared by the Statistics Division of the United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). Reports are produced in five year intervals and began in 1990. A major theme of the reports is comparing women’s situation globally to that of men in a variety of fields. Health data is available related to life expectancy, cause of death, chronic disease, HIV/AIDS, prenatal care, maternal morbidity, reproductive health, contraceptive use, induced abortion, mortality of children under 5, and immunization. User functionality Users can download full text or specific chapter versions of the reports in color and black and white. A limited number of graphs are available for download directly from the website. Topics include obesity and underweight children. Data Notes The report and data tables are available for download in PDF format. The next report is scheduled to be released in 2015. The most recent report was released in 2010.
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This table presents a wide variety of historical data in the field of health, lifestyle and health care. Figures on births and mortality, causes of death and the occurrence of certain infectious diseases are available from 1900, other series from later dates. In addition to self-perceived health, the table contains figures on infectious diseases, hospitalisations per diagnosis, life expectancy, lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity, and causes of death. The table also gives information on several aspects of health care, such as the number of practising professionals, the number of available hospital beds, nursing day averages and the expenditures on care. Many subjects are also covered in more detail by data in other tables, although sometimes with a shorter history. Data on notifiable infectious diseases and HIV/AIDS are not included in other tables.
Data available from: 1900
Status of the figures:
2024: The available figures are definite. 2023: Most available figures are definite. Figures are provisional for: - occurrence of infectious diseases; - expenditures on health and welfare; - perinatal and infant mortality. 2022: Most available figures are definite. Figures are provisional for: - occurrence of infectious diseases; - diagnoses at hospital admissions; - number of hospital discharges and length of stay; - number of hospital beds; - health professions; - expenditures on health and welfare. 2021: Most available figures are definite. Figures are provisional for: - occurrence of infectious diseases; - expenditures on health and welfare. 2020 and earlier: Most available figures are definite. Due to 'dynamic' registrations, figures for notifiable infectious diseases, HIV, AIDS remain provisional.
Changes as of 18 december 2024: - Due to a revision of the statistics Health and welfare expenditure 2021, figures for expenditure on health and welfare have been replaced from 2021 onwards. - Revised figures on the volume index of healthcare costs are not yet available, these figures have been deleted from 2021 onwards.
The most recent available figures have been added for: - live born children, deaths; - occurrence of infectious diseases; - number of hospital beds; - expenditures on health and welfare; - perinatal and infant mortality; - healthy life expectancy; - causes of death.
When will new figures be published? July 2025.
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Ivory Coast CI: Mortality from CVD, Cancer, Diabetes or CRD between Exact Ages 30 and 70: Female data was reported at 30.100 NA in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 30.300 NA for 2015. Ivory Coast CI: Mortality from CVD, Cancer, Diabetes or CRD between Exact Ages 30 and 70: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 29.800 NA from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2016, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 30.300 NA in 2015 and a record low of 27.500 NA in 2000. Ivory Coast CI: Mortality from CVD, Cancer, Diabetes or CRD between Exact Ages 30 and 70: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ivory Coast – Table CI.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD is the percent of 30-year-old-people who would die before their 70th birthday from any of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory disease, assuming that s/he would experience current mortality rates at every age and s/he would not die from any other cause of death (e.g., injuries or HIV/AIDS).; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).; Weighted average;
The Online Tuberculosis Information System (OTIS) on CDC WONDER contains information on verified tuberculosis (TB) cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) by state health departments, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico since 1993. These data were extracted from the CDC national TB surveillance system. OTIS reports case counts, incidence rates, population counts, percentage of cases that completed therapy within 1 year of diagnosis, and percentage of cases tested for drug susceptibility. Data for 22 variables are included in the data set, including: age groups, race / ethnicity, sex, vital status, year reported, state, metropolitan area, several patient risk factors, directly observed therapy, disease verification criteria and multi-drug resistant TB. Each year these data are updated with an additional year of cases plus revisions to cases reported in previous years. OTIS is produced by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for HIV/AIDS, viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP).
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aNew diagnoses of AIDS in Australia, reported by 31 March 2012. AIDS notifications are accepted as being an incomplete record of AIDS diagnoses in Australia in 2010.bThis dataset is not nationally representative; it includes data from 7 of the 13 provinces and territories. The case definition for AIDS in Canada is based on confirmed HIV diagnosis and presence/diagnosis of an AIDS-defining condition (no criteria for CD4 count are included in Canada’s AIDS case definition). Transmission category information was not available for one of the jurisdictions reported here, which accounts for the small cell sizes under the various transmission categories.cData for the whole country, adjusted for under-reporting and reporting delays. Data reported as of 30 June, 2011.dMSM, men who have sex with men; IDU, injection drug use.
Differences in the number and proportion of persons with disabilities in terms of those who use or do not use information and communication technology-related (ICT-related) assistive aids, devices, or technologies by province, age group and gender.
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The Department of Health prepares annual reports derived from the New Diagnostic Information System of HIV Infection in Aragon and the AIDS Case Registry. The Aragonese Institute of Statistics collects data on HIV and AIDS cases, drawing up the series of the main indicators for Aragon disaggregated by provinces, sex, age, year of diagnosis, category of transmission and nationality.
The survey was conducted in two local communities in the Free State province, one urban (Welkom) and one rural (Qwaqwa), in which the HIV/AIDS epidemic is particularly rife. Welkom and Qwaqwa are situated in the Lejweleputswa and Thabo Mofutsanyane districts of the Free State province.
Households
All memebers of the Household
Sample survey data [ssd]
The household impact of HIV/AIDS was assessed by means of a cohort study of households affected by the disease. The survey was conducted in two local communities in the Free State province, one urban (Welkom) and one rural (Qwaqwa), in which the HIV/AIDS epidemic is particularly rife. Welkom and Qwaqwa are situated in the Lejweleputswa and Thabo Mofutsanyane districts of the Free State province.
Affected households were sampled purposively via NGOs and other organizations involved in AIDS counselling and care and at baseline included at least one person known to be HIV-positive or known to have died from AIDS in the past six months. Informed consent was obtained from the infected individual(s) or their caregivers (in the case of minors). In order to explore the socio-economic impact on affected households of repeated occurrences of HIV/AIDS-related morbidity or mortality, a distinction is made between affected households in general and affected households that have experienced morbidity or mortality more frequently. Non-affected households represent households living in close proximity to affected households. These households at baseline did not include persons suffering from tuberculosis or pneumonia. The incidence of morbidity and mortality is considerably higher in affected households.
Affected households were sampled purposively via NGOs and other organizations involved in AIDS counselling and care and at baseline included at least one person known to be HIV-positive or known to have died from AIDS in the past six months. Informed consent was obtained from the infected individual(s) or their caregivers (in the case of minors). In order to explore the socio-economic impact on affected households of repeated occurrences of HIV/AIDS-related morbidity or mortality, a distinction is made between affected households in general and affected households that have experienced morbidity or mortality more frequently. Non-affected households represent households living in close proximity to affected households. These households at baseline did not include persons suffering from tuberculosis or pneumonia. The incidence of morbidity and mortality is considerably higher in affected households.
Face-to-face [f2f]
Household Questionnaire
During the first wave of interviews a total of 404 interviews were conducted. During the second wave of data collection, interviews were conducted with 385 households, which translates into an attrition rate of 4.7% (19 households). During wave III, a total of 354 households were interviewed, with 31 households not being reinterviewed (7.7% of the original sample). In wave IV, 55 new households wererecruited into the study, with particular emphasis on an effort to recruit child-headed households into the survey insofar as the sample to date did not include any such households. During waves IV, V and VI a total of 3, 13 and 9 households respectively could not be re-interviewed.
The payment of a minimal participation fee (R150 per household per survey visit) to those households interviewed in each wave, following the interview and distributed in the form of food parcels, contributed to ensuring sustainability of the sample over the three-year period. The dataset includes data for 331 households interviewed in each of the six rounds of interviews. In almost 90 percent of cases the reasons for attrition are related to migration, given that this study did not intend to follow those households that move outside of the two immediate study areas, i.e. Welkom and Qwaqwa. In the majority of cases, attrition can be ascribed to the failure to establish the current whereabouts of the particular household during follow-up, while in a third of cases it could be established that the household had moved to another country, another province, or another town in the Free State province. Less than ten percent of households had refused to participate in subsequent waves. The reasons for attrition in the original sample illustrate the manner in which migration and the disintegration of households, which are important effects of the epidemic, can act to erode the sample population.
The 2018 Nigeria AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey (NAIIS) is a cross-sectional survey that will assess the prevalence of key human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related health indicators. This survey is a two-stage cluster survey of 88,775 randomly-selected households in Nigeria, sampled from among 3,551 nationally-representative sample clusters. The survey is expected to include approximately 168,029 participants, ages 15-64 years and children, ages 0-14 years, from the selected household. The 2018 NAIIS will characterize HIV incidence, prevalence, viral load suppression, CD4 T-cell distribution, and risk behaviors in a household-based, nationally-representative sample of the population of Nigeria, and will describe uptake of key HIV prevention, care, and treatment services. The 2018 NAIIS will also estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, and HBV/HIV and HCV/HIV co-infections.
National coverage, the survey covered the Federal Republic and was undertaken in each state and the Federal Capital.
Household Health Survey
Sample survey data [ssd]
This cross-sectional, household-based survey uses a two-stage cluster sampling design (enumeration area followed by households). The target population is people 15-64 and children ages 0-14 years. The overall size and distribution of the sample is determined by analysis of existing estimates of national HIV incidence, sub-national HIV prevalence, and the number of HIV-positive cases needed to obtain estimates of VLS among adults 15-64 years for each of the 36 states and the FCT while not unnecessarily inflating the sample size needed.
From a sampling perspective, the three primary objectives of this proposal are based on competing demands, one focused on national incidence and the other on state-level estimates in a large number of states (37). Since the denominator used for estimating VLS is HIV-positive individuals, the required minimum number of blood draws in a stratum is inversely proportional to the expected HIV prevalence rate in that stratum. This objective requires a disproportionate amount of sample to be allocated to states with the lowest prevalence. A review of state-level prevalence estimates for sources in the last 3 to 5 years shows that state-level estimates are often divergent from one source to the next, making it difficult to ascertain the sample size needed to obtain the roughly 100 PLHIV needed to achieve a 95% confidence interval (CI) of +/- 10 for VLS estimates.
An equal-size approach is proposed with a sample size of 3,700 blood specimens in each state. Three-thousand seven hundred specimens will be sufficiently large to obtain robust estimates of HIV prevalence and VLS among HIV-infected individuals in most states. In states with a HIV prevalence above 2.5%, we can anticipate 95% CI of less than +/-10% and relative standard errors (RSEs) of less than 11% for estimates of VLS. In these states, with HIV prevalence above 2.5%, the anticipated 95% CI around prevalence is +/- 0.7% to a high of 1.1-1.3% in states with prevalence above 6%. In states with prevalence between 1.2 and 2.5% HIV prevalence estimates would remain robust with 95% CI of +/- 0.5-0.6% and RSE of less than 20% while 95% CI around VLS would range between 10-15% (and RSE below 15%). With this proposal only a few states, with HIV prevalence below 1.0%, would have less than robust estimates for VLS and HIV prevalence.
Face-to-face [f2f]
Three questionnaires were used for the 2018 NAIIS: Household Questionnaire, Adult Questionnaire, and Early Adolescent Questionnaire (10-14 Years).
During the household data collection, questionnaire and laboratory data were transmitted between tablets via Bluetooth connection. This facilitated synchronization of household rosters and ensured data collection for each participant followed the correct pathway. All field data collected in CSPro and the Laboratory Data Management System (LDMS) were transmitted to a central server using File Transfer Protocol Secure (FTPS) over a 4G or 3G telecommunication provider at least once a day. Questionnaire data cleaning was conducted using CSPro and SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, United States). Laboratory data were cleaned and merged with the final questionnaire database using unique specimen barcodes and study identification numbers.
A total of 101,267 households were selected, 89,345 were occupied and 83,909 completed the household interview . • For adults aged 15-64 years, interview response rate was 91.6% for women and 88.2% for men; blood draw response rate was 92.9% for women and 93.6% for men. • For adolescents aged 10-14 years, interview response rate was 86.8% for women and 86.2% for men; blood draw response rate was 91.2% for women and 92.3% for men. • For children aged 0-9 years, blood draw response rate was 68.5% for women and men.
Estimates from sample surveys are affected by two types of errors: non-sampling errors and sampling errors. Non-sampling errors result from mistakes made during data collection, e.g., misinterpretation of an HIV test result and data management errors such as transcription errors during data entry. While NAIIS implemented numerous quality assurance and control measures to minimize non-sampling errors, these were impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically. In contrast, sampling errors can be evaluated statistically. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples.
The sample of respondents selected for NAIIS was only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples could yield results that differed somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Although the degree of variability cannot be known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results. The standard error, which is the square root of the variance, is the usual measurement of sampling error for a statistic (e.g., proportion, mean, rate, count). In turn, the standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of approximately plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.
NAIIS utilized a multi-stage stratified sample design, which required complex calculations to obtain sampling errors. The Taylor linearization method of variance estimation was used for survey estimates that are proportions, e.g., HIV prevalence. The Jackknife repeated replication method was used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as rates, e.g., annual HIV incidence and counts such as the number of people living with HIV.
The Taylor linearization method treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, , where y represents the total sample value for variable y and x represents the total number of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration. The variance of r is computed using the formula given below, with the standard error being the square root of the variance: in which Where represents the stratum, which varies from 1 to H, is the total number of clusters selected in the hth stratum, is the sum of the weighted values of variable y in the ith cluster in the hth stratum, is the sum of the weighted number of cases in the ith cluster in the hth stratum and, f is the overall sampling fraction, which is so small that it is ignored.
In addition to the standard error, the design effect for each estimate is also calculated. The design effect is defined as the ratio of the standard error using the given sample design to the standard error that would result if a simple random sample had been used. A design effect of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a value greater than 1.0 indicates the increase in the sampling error due to the use of a more complex and less statistically efficient design. Confidence limits for the estimates, which are calculated as where t(0.975, K) is the 97.5th percentile of a t-distribution with K degrees of freedom, are also computed.
Remote data quality check was carried out using data editor
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The file contains a list of 18 autoimmune diseases (AiDs) included in the study. It also contains complete information on the genome-wide association study summary statistics of the input SNPs associated with 18 AiDs used for the analysis.
This data set includes tables on persons living with HIV/AIDS, newly diagnosed HIV cases and all cause deaths in HIV/AIDS cases by gender, age, race/ethnicity and transmission category. In all tables, cases are reported as of December 31 of the given year, as reported by January 9, 2019, to allow a minimum of 12 months reporting delay. Gender is determined by both current gender and sex at birth variables; transgender values are assigned when current gender is identified as "Transgender" or when a discrepancy is identified between a person's sex at birth and their current gender (e.g., cases where sex at birth is "Male" and current gender is "Female" will become Transgender: Male to Female.) Prior to 2003, Asian and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders were classified as one combined group. In order to present these race/ethnicities separately, living cases recorded under this combined classification were split and redistributed according to their expected proportional population representation estimated from post-2003 data.