China Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data was reported at 11.600 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 11.900 % for 2020. China Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data is updated yearly, averaging 15.100 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.500 % in 2010 and a record low of 8.900 % in 1990. China Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The percentage of people in the population who live in households whose per capita income or consumption is below half of the median income or consumption per capita. The median is measured at 2017 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using the Poverty and Inequality Platform (http://www.pip.worldbank.org). For some countries, medians are not reported due to grouped and/or confidential data. The reference year is the year in which the underlying household survey data was collected. In cases for which the data collection period bridged two calendar years, the first year in which data were collected is reported.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.;;The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

Poverty Headcount Ratio at Societal Poverty Lines: % of Population data was reported at 19.000 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 20.900 % for 2020. Poverty Headcount Ratio at Societal Poverty Lines: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 31.700 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 72.000 % in 1990 and a record low of 19.000 % in 2021. Poverty Headcount Ratio at Societal Poverty Lines: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The poverty headcount ratio at societal poverty line is the percentage of a population living in poverty according to the World Bank's Societal Poverty Line. The Societal Poverty Line is expressed in purchasing power adjusted 2017 U.S. dollars and defined as max($2.15, $1.15 + 0.5*Median). This means that when the national median is sufficiently low, the Societal Poverty line is equivalent to the extreme poverty line, $2.15. For countries with a sufficiently high national median, the Societal Poverty Line grows as countries’ median income grows.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.;;The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

China Poverty Headcount Ratio at $2.15 a Day: 2017 PPP: % of Population data was reported at 0.000 % in 2021. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % for 2020. China Poverty Headcount Ratio at $2.15 a Day: 2017 PPP: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 8.300 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 72.000 % in 1990 and a record low of 0.000 % in 2021. China Poverty Headcount Ratio at $2.15 a Day: 2017 PPP: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $2.15 a day at 2017 purchasing power adjusted prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.;;The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

Explore gender statistics data focusing on academic staff, employment, fertility rates, GDP, poverty, and more in the GCC region. Access comprehensive information on key indicators for Bahrain, China, India, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia.

academic staff, Access to anti-retroviral drugs, Adjusted net enrollment rate, Administration and Law programmes, Age at first marriage, Age dependency ratio, Cause of death, Children out of school, Completeness of birth registration, consumer prices, Cost of business start-up procedures, Employers, Employment in agriculture, Employment in industry, Employment in services, employment or training, Engineering and Mathematics programmes, Female headed households, Female migrants, Fertility planning status: mistimed pregnancy, Fertility planning status: planned pregnancy, Fertility rate, Firms with female participation in ownership, Fisheries and Veterinary programmes, Forestry, GDP, GDP growth, GDP per capita, gender parity index, Gini index, GNI, GNI per capita, Government expenditure on education, Government expenditure per student, Gross graduation ratio, Households with water on the premises, Inflation, Informal employment, Labor force, Labor force with advanced education, Labor force with basic education, Labor force with intermediate education, Learning poverty, Length of paid maternity leave, Life expectancy at birth, Mandatory retirement age, Manufacturing and Construction programmes, Mathematics and Statistics programmes, Number of under-five deaths, Part time employment, Population, Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines, PPP, Primary completion rate, Retirement age with full benefits, Retirement age with partial benefits, Rural population, Sex ratio at birth, Unemployment, Unemployment with advanced education, Urban population

Bahrain, China, India, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia

Follow data.kapsarc.org for timely data to advance energy economics research.

The dataset underpins a study on "Social Capital and the Effectiveness of Land Use Policies: Evidence from Rural China," drawing from the 17 Provinces Rural Land Survey by Renmin University of China. This research navigates the intricacies of land use policy effectiveness in rural China, underpinned by the significant reforms initiated by the 1986 Constitution allowing transactions of land use rights. These reforms enabled local governments to lease land use rights to the private sector, significantly contributing to fiscal revenues and fostering economic development and urban expansion at an impressive rate. However, this rapid transformation introduced several challenges, including legal, social, and environmental issues centered around land use policies. The study delves into the consequences of these reforms, such as the technical efficiency impacts on livestock grazing in Tibet versus the degradation of ecosystem services in Inner Mongolia, and the negative effects of full-scale land relocation practices on organic fertilizer usage. The complexity of redeveloping brownfields in rural areas and the crucial role of rural land tenure in investment, productivity, and participation in the land rental market are also highlighted. The effectiveness of land use policies has thus become a focal point for scholarly investigation, particularly regarding the impact on rural residents, who are critical stakeholders in the reform process. Central to this exploration is the concept of social capital, defined as the network of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling society to function effectively. Social capital, encompassing elements such as trust, social networks, and norms, plays a pivotal role in encouraging environmental restoration and climate change adaptation efforts. This has been observed not only in China but globally, suggesting a move towards behavioral land use policies that leverage social capital for cost-effective and sustainable outcomes. These policies aim to influence behaviors through intrinsic motivations rather than through monetary incentives or legal mandates, which often entail significant public expenditure and administrative costs. The data seeks to advance the discourse on land use policy by proposing a comprehensive analytical framework that includes various forms of social capital and measures policy outcomes both in the short and long term. Employing an innovative empirical strategy, the study addresses endogeneity issues and aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the relationship between social capital and land use policy outcomes. The findings suggest that social capital has a contextually dependent effect on policy effectiveness, varying across different policy objectives and stages of policy evaluation. This research underscores the importance of incorporating multiple dimensions of social capital into policy analysis and design, offering insights that could guide sustainable urbanization and rural development efforts.Although China has almost eliminated urban poverty, the total number of Chinese citizens in poverty remains at 82 million, most of which are rural residents. The development of rural finance is essential to preventing the country from undergoing further polarization because of the significant potential of such development to facilitate resource interflows between rural and urban markets and to support sustainable development in the agricultural sector. However, rural finance is the weakest point in China's financial systems. Rural households are more constrained than their urban counterparts in terms of financial product availability, consumer protection, and asset accumulation. The development of the rural financial system faces resistance from both the demand and the supply sides. The proposed project addresses this challenge by investigating the applications of a proven behavioural approach, namely, Libertarian Paternalism, in the development of rural financial systems in China. This approach promotes choice architectures to nudge people into optimal decisions without interfering with the freedom of choice. It has been rigorously tested and warmly received in the UK public policy domain. This approach also fits the political and cultural background in China, in which the central government needs to maintain a firm control over financial systems as the general public increasingly demands more freedom. Existing behavioural studies have been heavily reliant on laboratory experiments. Although the use of field studies has been increasing, empirical evidence from the developing world is limited. Meanwhile, the applications of behavioural insights in rural economic development in China remains an uncharted territory. Rural finance studies on the household level are limited; evidence on the role of psychological and social factors in rural households' financial decisions is scarce. The proposed project will bridge this gap in the literature. The overarching research question of this project is whether and how behavioural insights can be used to help rural residents in China make sound financial decisions, which will ultimately contribute to the sustainable economic development in China. The research will be conducted through field experiments in rural China. By relying on field evidences, the project team will develop policy tools and checklists for policy makers to help rural households make sound financial decisions. Two types of tools will be developed for policy makers, namely, "push" tools that aim to achieve short-term policy compliance among rural households so that they can break out of the persistent poverty cycle and "pull" tools that can reduce fraud, error, and debt among rural households to prevent them from falling back into poverty. Finally, the project team will also use the research activities and findings as vehicles to engage and educate rural residents, local governments, regulators, and financial institutions. Standard and good practice will be proposed to interested parties for the designs of good behavioural interventions; ethical guidelines will be provided to encourage good practice. This important step ensures that the findings of this project will benefit academia and practice, with long-lasting, positive impacts. The findings will benefit researchers in behavioural finance and economics, rural economics, development economics, political sciences, and psychology. The findings of and the engagement in this project will help policy makers to develop cost-effective behavioural change policies. Rural households will benefit by being nudged into sound financial decisions and healthy financial habits. The project will provide insights on how to leverage behavioural insights to overcome persistent poverty in the developing world. Therefore, the research will be of interest to communities in China and internationally. We collected data by including a special module in the 17 Provinces Rural Land Survey administrated by Renmin University of China. This survey is a joint research project between Renmin University of China and the Rural Development Institute (RDI) in the US conducted since 1999. A total of seven rounds of surveys have been conducted since then, and we obtained our data from the latest round completed in 2016.

China Poverty Headcount Ratio at $6.85 a Day: 2017 PPP: % of Population data was reported at 17.000 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 24.800 % for 2020. China Poverty Headcount Ratio at $6.85 a Day: 2017 PPP: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 54.000 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 99.000 % in 1990 and a record low of 17.000 % in 2021. China Poverty Headcount Ratio at $6.85 a Day: 2017 PPP: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. Poverty headcount ratio at $6.85 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $6.85 a day at 2017 international prices.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.;;The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

Opinion on questions concerning security policy. East-West comparison. Topics: Satisfaction with the standard of living; attitude to France, Great Britain, Italy, USA, USSR, Red China and West Germany; preferred East-West-orientation of one´s own country and correspondence of national interests with the interests of selected countries; judgement on the American, Soviet and Red Chinese peace efforts; judgement on the foreign policy of the USA and the USSR; trust in the foreign policy capabilities of the USA; the most powerful country in the world, currently and in the future; comparison of the USA with the USSR concerning economic and military strength, nuclear weapons and the areas of culture, science, space research, education as well as the economic prospects for the average citizen; significance of a landing on the moon; Soviet citizen or American as first on the moon; assumed significance of space research for military development; attitude to a united Europe and Great Britain´s joining the Common Market; preferred relation of a united Europe to the United States; fair share of the pleasant things of life; lack of effort or fate as reasons for poverty; general contentment with life; perceived growth rate of the country´s population and preference for population growth; attitude to the growth of the population of the world; preferred measures against over-population; attitude to a birth control program in the developing countries and in one´s own country; present politician idols in Europe and in the rest of the world; attitude to disarmament; trust in the alliance partners; degree of familiarity with the NATO and assessment of its present strength; attitude to a European nuclear force; desired and estimated loyalty of the Americans to the NATO alliance partners; evaluation of the development of the UN; equal voice for all members of the UN; desired distribution of the UN financial burdens; attitude to an acceptance of Red China in the United Nations; knowledge about battles in Vietnam; attitude to the Vietnam war; attitude to the behavior of America, Red China and the Soviet Union in this conflict; attitude to the withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam and preferred attitude of one´s own country in this conflict and in case of a conflict with Red China; opinion on the treatment of colored people in Great Britain, America and the Soviet Union; judgement on the American Federal Government and on the American population regarding the equality of Negros; degree of familiarity with the Chinese nuclear tests; effects of this test on the military strength of Red China; attitude to American private investments in the Federal Republic; the most influential groups and organizations in the country; party preference; religiousness. Interviewer rating: social class of respondent. Additionally encoded were: number of contact attempts; date of interview. Beurteilung von Sicherheitsfragen. Ost-West-Vergleich. Themen: Zufriedenheit mit dem Lebensstandard; Einstellung zu Frankreich, Großbritannien, Italien, USA, UdSSR, Rotchina, Westdeutschland; präferierte Ost-West-Orientierung des eigenen Landes und Übereinstimmung der Landesinteressen mit den Interessen ausgewählter Länder; Beurteilung der Friedensbemühungen Amerikas, der Sowjetunion und Rotchinas; Beurteilung der Außenpolitik der USA und der UdSSR; Vertrauen in die außenpolitischen Fähigkeiten der USA; mächtigstes Land der Erde, derzeit und zukünftig; Vergleich der USA mit der UdSSR bezüglich der militärischen und wirtschaftlichen Stärke, der Atomwaffen und auf den Gebieten Kultur, Wissenschaft, Weltraumforschung, Bildung sowie der wirtschaftlichen Aussichten für den Durchschnittsbürger; Bedeutung einer Mondlandung; Sowjetbürger oder Amerikaner als erster auf dem Mond; vermutete Bedeutung der Weltraumforschung für die militärische Entwicklung; Einstellung zu einem vereinten Europa und zu einem Beitritt Großbritanniens zum Gemeinsamen Markt; präferierte Beziehung eines vereinten Europas zu den Vereinigten Staaten; gerechter Anteil an den angenehmen Dingen des Lebens; fehlende Anstrengung oder Schicksal als Gründe für Armut; allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit; perzipierte Zuwachsrate der Bevölkerung im Lande und Präferenz für Bevölkerungszuwachs; Einstellung zu einem Anwachsen der Weltbevölkerung; präferierte Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung einer Überbevölkerung; Einstellung zu einem Geburtenkontrollprogramm in den Entwicklungsländern und im eigenen Lande; gegenwärtige Politikeridole in Europa und in der übrigen Welt; Einstellung zur Abrüstung; Vertrauen in die Bündnispartner; Bekanntheitsgrad der Nato und Einschätzung ihrer derzeitigen Stärke; Einstellung zu einer europäischen Atomstreitmacht; gewünschte und eingeschätzte Loyalität der Amerikaner gegenüber den Nato-Bündnispartnern; Einschätzung der Entwicklung der UNO; gleiches Mitspracherecht für alle UNO-Mitglieder; gewünschte Verteilung der UNO-Finanzlasten; Einstellung zu einer Aufnahme Rotchinas in die Vereinten Nationen; Kenntnisse über Kämpfe in Vietnam; Einstellung zum Vietnamkrieg; Einstellung zum Verhalten Amerikas, Rotchinas und der Sowjetunion in diesem Konflikt; Einstellung zum Rückzug amerikanischer Truppen aus Vietnam und präferierte Haltung des eigenen Landes in diesem Konflikt und im Falle eines Konfliktes mit Rotchina; Beurteilung der Behandlung von Farbigen in Großbritannien, Amerika und der Sowjetunion; Beurteilung der amerikanischen Bundesregierung und der amerikanischen Bevölkerung in bezug auf die Gleichberechtigung für Neger; Bekanntheitsgrad der chinesischen Atombombenversuche; Auswirkungen dieses Versuchs auf die militärische Stärke Rotchinas; Einstellung zu amerikanischen Privatinvestitionen in der Bundesrepublik; einflußreichste Gruppen und Organisationen im Lande; Parteipräferenz; Religiosität. Interviewerrating: Schichtzugehörigkeit des Befragten. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Anzahl der Kontaktversuche; Interviewdatum.

This dataset encompasses the foundations and findings of a study titled "Housing Wealth Distribution, Inequality, and Residential Satisfaction," highlighting the evolution of residential properties from mere consumption goods to significant assets for wealth accumulation. Since the 1980s, with financial market deregulation in the UK, there has been a noticeable shift in homeownership patterns and housing wealth's role. The liberalisation of the banking sector, particularly mortgage lending, facilitated a significant rise in homeownership rates from around 50% in the 1970s to over 70% in the early 2000s, stabilizing at 65% in recent years. Concurrently, housing wealth relative to household annual gross disposable income has seen a considerable increase, underscoring the growing importance of residential properties as investment goods. The study explores the multifaceted impact of housing wealth on various aspects of life, including retirement financing, intergenerational wealth transfer, health, consumption, energy conservation, and education. Residential satisfaction, defined as the overall experience and contentment with housing, emerges as a critical factor influencing subjective well-being and labor mobility. Despite the evident influence of housing characteristics, social environment, and demographic factors on residential satisfaction, the relationship between housing wealth and satisfaction remains underexplored. To bridge this gap, the research meticulously assembles data from different surveys across the UK and the USA spanning 1970 to 2019, despite challenges such as data compatibility and measurement errors. Initial findings reveal no straightforward correlation between rising house prices and residential satisfaction, mirroring the Easterlin Paradox, which suggests that happiness levels do not necessarily increase with income growth. This paradox is dissected through the lenses of social comparison and adaptation, theorizing that relative income and the human tendency to adapt to changes might explain the stagnant satisfaction levels despite increased housing wealth. Further analysis within the UK context supports the social comparison hypothesis, suggesting that disparities in housing wealth distribution can lead to varied satisfaction levels, potentially exacerbating societal inequality. This phenomenon is not isolated to developed nations but is also pertinent to developing countries experiencing rapid economic growth alongside widening income and wealth gaps. The study concludes by emphasizing the significance of considering housing wealth inequality in policy-making, aiming to mitigate its far-reaching implications on societal well-being.Although China has almost eliminated urban poverty, the total number of Chinese citizens in poverty remains at 82 million, most of which are rural residents. The development of rural finance is essential to preventing the country from undergoing further polarization because of the significant potential of such development to facilitate resource interflows between rural and urban markets and to support sustainable development in the agricultural sector. However, rural finance is the weakest point in China's financial systems. Rural households are more constrained than their urban counterparts in terms of financial product availability, consumer protection, and asset accumulation. The development of the rural financial system faces resistance from both the demand and the supply sides. The proposed project addresses this challenge by investigating the applications of a proven behavioural approach, namely, Libertarian Paternalism, in the development of rural financial systems in China. This approach promotes choice architectures to nudge people into optimal decisions without interfering with the freedom of choice. It has been rigorously tested and warmly received in the UK public policy domain. This approach also fits the political and cultural background in China, in which the central government needs to maintain a firm control over financial systems as the general public increasingly demands more freedom. Existing behavioural studies have been heavily reliant on laboratory experiments. Although the use of field studies has been increasing, empirical evidence from the developing world is limited. Meanwhile, the applications of behavioural insights in rural economic development in China remains an uncharted territory. Rural finance studies on the household level are limited; evidence on the role of psychological and social factors in rural households' financial decisions is scarce. The proposed project will bridge this gap in the literature. The overarching research question of this project is whether and how behavioural insights can be used to help rural residents in China make sound financial decisions, which will ultimately contribute to the sustainable economic development in China. The research will be conducted through field experiments in rural China. By relying on field evidences, the project team will develop policy tools and checklists for policy makers to help rural households make sound financial decisions. Two types of tools will be developed for policy makers, namely, "push" tools that aim to achieve short-term policy compliance among rural households so that they can break out of the persistent poverty cycle and "pull" tools that can reduce fraud, error, and debt among rural households to prevent them from falling back into poverty. Finally, the project team will also use the research activities and findings as vehicles to engage and educate rural residents, local governments, regulators, and financial institutions. Standard and good practice will be proposed to interested parties for the designs of good behavioural interventions; ethical guidelines will be provided to encourage good practice. This important step ensures that the findings of this project will benefit academia and practice, with long-lasting, positive impacts. The findings will benefit researchers in behavioural finance and economics, rural economics, development economics, political sciences, and psychology. The findings of and the engagement in this project will help policy makers to develop cost-effective behavioural change policies. Rural households will benefit by being nudged into sound financial decisions and healthy financial habits. The project will provide insights on how to leverage behavioural insights to overcome persistent poverty in the developing world. Therefore, the research will be of interest to communities in China and internationally. The data were retrived from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) between 1997 and 2008, when both residential satisfaction scores and home valuations are available.

The 10/66 Dementia Research Group INDEP study (The Economic and Social Effects of Care Dependence in Later Life) was funded by the ESRC/ DFID joint poverty alleviation programme. We planned to investigate the impact of care dependence upon social and economic functioning at the household level in China, Mexico, Peru and Nigeria (1). In a nested cohort study design, households were pre-selected as engaged in incident care, chronic care, or no care (control households) of older adults, on the basis of findings from our previous 10/66 DRG baseline and incidence wave population-based surveys in rural and urban sites in Mexico, Peru and China (2;3). All care households and an equivalent number of randomly selected control households (batch matched for the age of the oldest qualifying resident) were invited for the INDEP follow-up. Design (sampling) and response weights are provided, to weight back to the overall composition of the population-based sample for the 10/66 incidence wave surveys in these sites. This mixed methods project is nested within the baseline and incidence phases of the 10/66 Dementia Research Group population-based studies in Mexico, Peru, China and Nigeria. The objective is to study whether, and if so how, the onset of care-dependence in an older household member leads to household impoverishment and vulnerability. Households with an older person who has developed needs for care (incident care households) will be compared with those with older residents with long-standing needs for care (chronic dependence) and no needs for care (control households). Detailed household interviews will be used to assess consumption, income and assets, including changes that might be attributable to the onset or intensification of care-dependence. Detailed case studies of selected households will be used to elucidate the pathways involved. An additional focus is intra-household effects and wider social dynamics: (1) How is the care burden for dependent older people distributed across household members and wider kinship networks? (2) What factors influence the distribution of the care burden inside and outside the household? (3) How are decisions about the allocation of care made and justified? (4) To what extent does this depend on the external policy environment, including the reach of social protection and health services? Quantitative data collection comprised household interviews, and individual older person interviews, and a key informant interview for each older person. The household interview included some data on the household as a whole (e.g. housing quality and type, assets, and consumption), and grids to be completed with information (sociodemographic, employment, income, savings, loans, debts, health and needs for care) on every resident. The quantitative data set therefore comprises information on 872 households (196 in Peru, 356 in Mexico, and 220 in China); 3176 residents (842 in Peru, 735 in Mexico and 1039 in China); and 942 older adults (225 in Peru, 366 in Mexico and 351 in China). We also carried out (in Peru, Mexico, China and Nigeria) detailed qualitative case studies of care households purposively selected with varying characteristics of interest, relevant to the research questions. These comprised 25 household case studies (6 in Peru, 6 in Mexico, 6 in China and 7 in Nigeria) including narratives from individual or group open-ended interviews guided by evolving topic guides from 63 individual key informants (16 in Peru, 13 in Mexico, 16 in China and 18 in Nigeria).

Literacy in India has been increasing as more and more people receive a better education, but it is still far from all-encompassing. In 2023, the degree of literacy in India was about 77 percent, with the majority of literate Indians being men. It is estimated that the global literacy rate for people aged 15 and above is about 86 percent. How to read a literacy rateIn order to identify potential for intellectual and educational progress, the literacy rate of a country covers the level of education and skills acquired by a country’s inhabitants. Literacy is an important indicator of a country’s economic progress and the standard of living – it shows how many people have access to education. However, the standards to measure literacy cannot be universally applied. Measures to identify and define illiterate and literate inhabitants vary from country to country: In some, illiteracy is equated with no schooling at all, for example. Writings on the wallGlobally speaking, more men are able to read and write than women, and this disparity is also reflected in the literacy rate in India – with scarcity of schools and education in rural areas being one factor, and poverty another. Especially in rural areas, women and girls are often not given proper access to formal education, and even if they are, many drop out. Today, India is already being surpassed in this area by other emerging economies, like Brazil, China, and even by most other countries in the Asia-Pacific region. To catch up, India now has to offer more educational programs to its rural population, not only on how to read and write, but also on traditional gender roles and rights.