Urban sprawl and urbanization as driving forces of land degradation have direct and indirect impacts on local climate dynamic. In this paper, the hypothesis that urban sprawl and unsustainable land use change cause local climate changes has been studied. Tehran as a megacity has been considered to show the urban sprawl and urbanization impacts on local climate. The methodology is divided into two main parts based on the primary datasets (satellite imagery and local climate data). The Landsat images and digital elevation model maps extracted from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 1 Arc-Second Global data of Tehran acquired in every 5 years during June and July from 1975 to 2015 have been used for this study. The second dataset that has been used in this study contains daily mean temperature and precipitation (from 1990 to 2010) of eight meteorological synoptic stations in the study area. The results show that the rapid and unsustainable urban growth have significant effects on local climate. Moreover, it has been found that the urbanization and urban sprawl as well as unsustainable land use change caused significant change (P = 0.005) in evaporation rate in the study area (especially in east and center regions of the city with high population density).

Data related to 1040 patients with Covid-19 admitted to hospitals in Iran have been collected. These patients were randomly selected from patients admitted to hospitals in Rasht, Tehran, and Bojnord. Of these 1040 patients, 375 of them are female, and 665 of them are male. Also, the age of these people is between 14 and 91 years, and the average age is about 54 years.

The main stock market index in Iran (TEDPIX) decreased 47499 or 1.70% since the beginning of 2025, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Iran. Iran Tehran Stock Market Index - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to identify the social cognitive predictors of regular dental visits and mouth self-examination behaviors among the elderly population, based on the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model.BackgroundRegular dental visits and mouth self-examination can prevent oral and dental problems among the elders. Little information is available regarding the social cognitive predictive factors of these two behaviors.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 24 municipality centers in Tehran, Iran in 2021. The centers were selected randomly using a multi-stage cluster sampling method and 301 elderly attendants aged 60≥years participated in the study. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic characteristics and the HAPA model constructs for two target behaviors. Data were analyzed using the Smart-PLS version 3.3.9 via correlation and PLS-SEM analysis.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 65.3±5.33 years and 79.7% were female. The SEM analysis showed that Action Self-Efficacy [b (SD) = 0.595 (0.065), P< 0.001] and Risk Perception [b (SD) = 0.218 (0.070), P< 0.002] were predictors of Intention for mouth self-examination but only Action Self-Efficacy [b (SD) = 0.651 (0.043), P< 0.001] was predictor of Intention for regular dental visits. Recovery Self-Efficacy and Planning directly contributed to the prediction of Mouth Self-Examination. The relationship between Maintenance Self-Efficacy and both behaviors is mediated by Planning. Also, the mediating role of Planning between Intention and target behaviors was confirmed.ConclusionAction self-efficacy predicted the intention for regular dental visits and mouth self-examination behaviors. The relationship between intention and both behaviors was mediated by Planning. Emphasis on improving Action Self-Efficacy and Intention formation will enhance the effectiveness of interventions aiming at promoting the oral health of the elderly population.