This dataset provides information for people aged 3 or older who say they can speak Welsh, by age and sex.

This dataset provides information for people aged 3 or older who say they can speak Welsh, by Welsh local authority.

This dataset provides Census 2021 estimates that classify usual residents in Wales by their ability to speak Welsh by age. The estimates are as at Census Day, 21 March 2021.

Estimates for single year of age between ages 90 and 100+ are less reliable than other ages. Estimation and adjustment at these ages was based on the age range 90+ rather than five-year age bands.

Read more about this quality notice.

Area type

Census 2021 statistics are published for a number of different geographies. These can be large, for example the whole of England, or small, for example an output area (OA), the lowest level of geography for which statistics are produced.

For higher levels of geography, more detailed statistics can be produced. When a lower level of geography is used, such as output areas (which have a minimum of 100 persons), the statistics produced have less detail. This is to protect the confidentiality of people and ensure that individuals or their characteristics cannot be identified.

Coverage

Census 2021 statistics are published for the whole of England and Wales. Data are also available in these geographic types:

• country - for example, Wales
• region - for example, London
• local authority - for example, Cornwall
• health area – for example, Clinical Commissioning Group
• statistical area - for example, MSOA or LSOA

Welsh speaking ability (3 categories)

This classifies a person as being able to "Speak Welsh". They may have also ticked one or more of the following:

• understand spoken Welsh

• read Welsh

• write Welsh

In results that classify people by Welsh language skills, a person may appear in more than one category depending on which combination of skills they have.

Age (86 categories)

A person’s age on Census Day, 21 March 2021 in England and Wales. Infants aged under 1 year are classified as 0 years of age.

This dataset provides Census 2021 estimates that classify usual residents in Wales aged 3 years and over in Wales by ability to speak Welsh, by national identity, and by age. The estimates are as at Census Day, 21 March 2021.

The increase since the 2011 Census in people identifying as “British” and fall in people identifying as “English” may partly reflect true changes in self-perception. It is also likely to reflect that “British” replaced “English” as the first response option listed on the questionnaire in England. Read more about this quality notice.

Estimates for single year of age between ages 90 and 100+ are less reliable than other ages. Estimation and adjustment at these ages was based on the age range 90+ rather than five-year age bands. Read more about this quality notice.

Area type

Census 2021 statistics are published for a number of different geographies. These can be large, for example the whole of England, or small, for example an output area (OA), the lowest level of geography for which statistics are produced.

For higher levels of geography, more detailed statistics can be produced. When a lower level of geography is used, such as output areas (which have a minimum of 100 persons), the statistics produced have less detail. This is to protect the confidentiality of people and ensure that individuals or their characteristics cannot be identified.

Coverage

Census 2021 statistics are published for the whole of England and Wales. Data are also available in these geographic types:

• country - for example, Wales
• region - for example, London
• local authority - for example, Cornwall
• health area – for example, Clinical Commissioning Group
• statistical area - for example, MSOA or LSOA

Welsh speaking ability

This classifies a person as being able to "Speak Welsh". They may have also ticked one or more of the following:

• understand spoken Welsh
• read Welsh
• write Welsh

In results that classify people by Welsh language skills, a person may appear in more than one category depending on which combination of skills they have.

National identity

Someone’s national identity is a self-determined assessment of their own identity, it could be the country or countries where they feel they belong or think of as home. It is not dependent on ethnic group or citizenship.

Respondents could select more than one national identity.

Age (B)

A person’s age on Census Day, 21 March 2021 in England and Wales. Infants aged under 1 year are classified as 0 years of age. Age is categorised as follows:

• Aged 15 years and under
• Aged 16 to 49 years
• Aged 50 years and over

This dataset provides Census 2021 estimates that classify usual residents aged 3 years and over in households in Wales who can speak Welsh, by Welsh language skills and by household size. The estimates are as at Census Day, 21 March 2021.

Area type

Census 2021 statistics are published for a number of different geographies. These can be large, for example the whole of England, or small, for example an output area (OA), the lowest level of geography for which statistics are produced.

For higher levels of geography, more detailed statistics can be produced. When a lower level of geography is used, such as output areas (which have a minimum of 100 persons), the statistics produced have less detail. This is to protect the confidentiality of people and ensure that individuals or their characteristics cannot be identified.

Coverage

Census 2021 statistics are published for the whole of England and Wales. Data are also available in these geographic types:

• country - for example, Wales
• region - for example, London
• local authority - for example, Cornwall
• health area – for example, Clinical Commissioning Group
• statistical area - for example, MSOA or LSOA

Welsh-speakers in household

Number of people (aged 3 years and over) who can speak Welsh in households in Wales.

Household size

The number of people in the household.

Visitors staying at an address do not count to that household’s size.

This dataset provides Census 2021 estimates that classify usual residents aged 16 years and over in employment the week before the census in Wales by ability to speak Welsh and by occupation. The estimates are as at Census Day, 21 March 2021.

As Census 2021 was during a unique period of rapid change, take care when using this data for planning purposes. Read more about this quality notice.

Area type

Census 2021 statistics are published for a number of different geographies. These can be large, for example the whole of England, or small, for example an output area (OA), the lowest level of geography for which statistics are produced.

For higher levels of geography, more detailed statistics can be produced. When a lower level of geography is used, such as output areas (which have a minimum of 100 persons), the statistics produced have less detail. This is to protect the confidentiality of people and ensure that individuals or their characteristics cannot be identified.

Coverage

Census 2021 statistics are published for the whole of England and Wales. Data are also available in these geographic types:

• country - for example, Wales
• region - for example, London
• local authority - for example, Cornwall
• health area – for example, Clinical Commissioning Group
• statistical area - for example, MSOA or LSOA

Welsh speaking ability

This classifies a person as being able to "Speak Welsh". They may have also ticked one or more of the following:

• understand spoken Welsh
• read Welsh
• write Welsh

In results that classify people by Welsh language skills, a person may appear in more than one category depending on which combination of skills they have.

Occupation (current)

Classifies what people aged 16 years and over do as their main job. Their job title or details of activities they do in their job and any supervisory or management responsibilities form this classification. This information is used to code responses to an occupation using the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 2020.

It classifies people who were in employment between 15 March and 21 March 2021, by the SOC code that represents their current occupation.

The lowest level of detail available is the four-digit SOC code which includes all codes in three, two and one digit SOC code levels.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. The aims of the project were as follows : to collect and process information from the data relating to the Welsh language in the 1891 Census Enumerators' Returns in 20 selected communities in Wales; to create computer-readable data files on the language ability of around 90,000 individuals, i.e. five per cent of the population; to undertake a quantitative analysis of the socio-economic structure of Welsh/English language ability on the basis of the above data; to develop a classification of occupations in order to explore links between economic activity and the process of language change; to write a volume on the basis of the above in order to deepen our socio-cultural understanding of a society in which nearly a million people spoke Welsh and over half a million were monoglot Welsh. Main Topics: The dataset contains 35 files, each of which consists of a 100 per cent sample of the enumeration district in twenty communities selected from the 178 sub-registration districts in Wales, i.e. 90,000 individuals or five per cent of the total population of wales in 1891. Two specific datafiles were created for each district. Variables in the first file identify : the individual person, enumeration district, schedule number, first name, surname, relation to head of household, marital status, gender, age, occupation, employment status, occupation code, country/county of birth, birthplace and language spoken. Variables in the second file identify : the enumeration district, schedule number, whether a Welsh-language schedule was used, number of persons in the household, number of rooms and address. Purposive selection/case studies Transcription of existing materials transcribed from the Census Enumerators' Returns for 1891

The census is undertaken by the Office for National Statistics every 10 years and gives us a picture of all the people and households in England and Wales. The most recent census took place in March of 2021.The census asks every household questions about the people who live there and the type of home they live in. In doing so, it helps to build a detailed snapshot of society. Information from the census helps the government and local authorities to plan and fund local services, such as education, doctors' surgeries and roads.Key census statistics for Leicester are published on the open data platform to make information accessible to local services, voluntary and community groups, and residents. There is also a dashboard published showcasing various datasets from the census allowing users to view data for all MSOAs and compare this with Leicester overall statistics.Further information about the census and full datasets can be found on the ONS website - https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/aboutcensus/censusproductsProficiency in EnglishThis dataset provides Census 2021 estimates that classify usual residents in England and Wales by their proficiency in English. The estimates are as at Census Day, 21 March 2021.Definition: How well people whose main language is not English (English or Welsh in Wales) speak English.This dataset provides details for the MSOAs of Leicester city.

This dataset provides Census 2021 estimates that classify usual residents in Wales by their ability to write Welsh. The estimates are as at Census Day, 21 March 2021.

Area type

Census 2021 statistics are published for a number of different geographies. These can be large, for example the whole of England, or small, for example an output area (OA), the lowest level of geography for which statistics are produced.

For higher levels of geography, more detailed statistics can be produced. When a lower level of geography is used, such as output areas (which have a minimum of 100 persons), the statistics produced have less detail. This is to protect the confidentiality of people and ensure that individuals or their characteristics cannot be identified.

Coverage

Census 2021 statistics are published for the whole of England and Wales. Data are also available in these geographic types:

• country - for example, Wales
• region - for example, London
• local authority - for example, Cornwall
• health area – for example, Clinical Commissioning Group
• statistical area - for example, MSOA or LSOA

Welsh writing ability (3 categories)

This classifies a person as being able to “Write Welsh". They may have also ticked one or more of the following:

• understand spoken Welsh
• speak Welsh
• read Welsh

In results that classify people by Welsh language skills, a person may appear in more than one category depending on which combination of skills they have.

Focus on Wales paints a picture of the people of Wales. It includes information on their characteristics, sense of national identity, ethnic diversity and Welsh language skills, as well as looking at the Welsh-born living elsewhere in the United Kingdom.

Source agency: Office for National Statistics

Designation: National Statistics

Language: English

Alternative title: Focus on Wales: Its people

This dataset provides information for people aged 3 or older who say they can read, write and understand spoken Welsh, by age and sex

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.This machine-readable version of John Williams' Digest of Welsh Historical Statistics is the result of a collaboration between the Statistical Directorate of the National Assembly for Wales, the History Data Service and the Centre for Data Digitisation and Analysis at Queen's University Belfast. John Williams' Digest of Welsh Historical Statistics is intended to provide a service for those working on the history of modern Wales. It arises from a belief that the quantitative element is a necessary and important part of the historical record; from an awareness that it was an aspect that was particularly inaccessible for scholars of Welsh history; and from a conviction that some encouragement in the use of quantitative material was necessary. It is modelled on the two volumes dedicated to British historical statistics: Mitchell, B.R. and Deane, P. (1962) Abstract of British historical statistics and Mitchell, B.R. and Jones, H.G. (1971) Second abstract of British historical statistics. Main Topics: The main tables are: Total population and intercensal change by sex by county, 1801-1971 Number of females per 1000 males by county, 1801-1971 Age and marital condition by sex, 1841-1971 Area/acreage by county, 1841-1971 Population of Registration Counties as constituted at the time of each Census, 1841-1911 Comparative area and population of Registration, Ancient and Administrative Counties, 1891 Parish Register returns of baptisms, burials and marriages, 1700-1840 Estimated mid-year population by sex, 1841-1974 Estimated mid-year population totals by county, 1903-1974 Number of deaths by sex, crude death-rates and infant mortality, 1838-1974 Number of births and birth-rates, 1839-1974 Number of marriages and rate per 1000 population, 1839-1974 Population of towns, 1801-1971 Net migration and natural increase, number and per cent for each, inter-censal period, by county, 1841-1971 Number born in Wales and living in United States, 1850-1970 Number of Welsh speakers by sex, by county and county borough, 1891-1971 Welsh speakers as a percentage of total population over three years of age, by county and county borough, 1891-1971 Welsh-speaking population by age, 1901-1971 Please note: this study does not include information on named individuals and would therefore not be useful for personal family history research.

This dataset provides Census 2021 estimates that classify usual residents aged 3 years and over in Wales by Welsh language skills, by sex, and by age. The estimates are as at Census Day, 21 March 2021.

Estimates for single year of age between ages 90 and 100+ are less reliable than other ages. Estimation and adjustment at these ages was based on the age range 90+ rather than five-year age bands. Read more about this quality notice.

Area type

Census 2021 statistics are published for a number of different geographies. These can be large, for example the whole of England, or small, for example an output area (OA), the lowest level of geography for which statistics are produced.

For higher levels of geography, more detailed statistics can be produced. When a lower level of geography is used, such as output areas (which have a minimum of 100 persons), the statistics produced have less detail. This is to protect the confidentiality of people and ensure that individuals or their characteristics cannot be identified.

Coverage

Census 2021 statistics are published for the whole of England and Wales. Data are also available in these geographic types:

• country - for example, Wales
• region - for example, London
• local authority - for example, Cornwall
• health area – for example, Clinical Commissioning Group
• statistical area - for example, MSOA or LSOA

Welsh language skills

Whether a person has Welsh language skills. If they do, can they do any of the following:

• understand spoken Welsh
• speak Welsh
• read Welsh
• write Welsh
• no skills in Welsh

The census questionnaire only asked this question to people in Wales.

In results that classify people by Welsh language skills, a person may appear in more than one category depending on which combination of skills they have.

Sex

This is the sex recorded by the person completing the census. The options were “Female” and “Male”.

Age

A person’s age on Census Day, 21 March 2021 in England and Wales. Infants aged under 1 year are classified as 0 years of age.

The census is undertaken by the Office for National Statistics every 10 years and gives us a picture of all the people and households in England and Wales. The most recent census took place in March of 2021.The census asks every household questions about the people who live there and the type of home they live in. In doing so, it helps to build a detailed snapshot of society. Information from the census helps the government and local authorities to plan and fund local services, such as education, doctors' surgeries and roads.Key census statistics for Leicester are published on the open data platform to make information accessible to local services, voluntary and community groups, and residents. There is also a dashboard published showcasing various datasets from the census allowing users to view data for all wards and compare this with Leicester overall statistics.Further information about the census and full datasets can be found on the ONS website - https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/aboutcensus/censusproductsProficiency in EnglishThis dataset provides Census 2021 estimates that classify usual residents in England and Wales by their proficiency in English. The estimates are as at Census Day, 21 March 2021.Definition: How well people whose main language is not English (English or Welsh in Wales) speak English.This dataset provides details for the electoral wards of Leicester city.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The Welsh Government's National Survey for Wales covers a random sample of 12,000 adults a year (aged 16+) living in private households across Wales. The survey provides representative, reliable and up-to-date information about the people of Wales down to local authority level.The survey began in 2012. In 2015 it was reviewed the decision was taken to amalgamate five large scale social surveys that were carried out in Wales into one. From 2016-17 onwards the National Survey for Wales was expanded to include topics previously covered by the Welsh Health Survey, Active Adults Survey, Arts in Wales Survey, and Welsh Outdoor Recreation Survey.The aim of the survey is to provide representative, reliable and up-to-date information about the people of Wales down to local authority level. Prior to March 2020, the survey was carried out face-to-face in respondents’ homes. Since May 2020 onwards, the survey has been carried out by telephone. Topics were updated monthly and results published monthly for May to September 2020; from October, topic updates and publications switched to quarterly.The survey is continuing in telephone mode for 2021-22, with an online element added from July 2021 onwards. Further information is available on the Welsh Government National Survey for Wales webpages. Starting with the National Survey for Wales 2016-17, the survey design covers the topics of five predecessor surveys and has therefore a longer interview than previous years. Main Topics: This survey covers a range of issues including local area and environment, NHS and social care, internet and media, children and education, housing, democracy and government, sport and recreation, wellbeing and finances, culture and Welsh language and population health. Topics are reviewed each year.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The Welsh Government's National Survey for Wales covers a random sample of 12,000 adults a year (aged 16+) living in private households across Wales. The survey provides representative, reliable and up-to-date information about the people of Wales down to local authority level.The survey began in 2012. In 2015 it was reviewed the decision was taken to amalgamate five large scale social surveys that were carried out in Wales into one. From 2016-17 onwards the National Survey for Wales was expanded to include topics previously covered by the Welsh Health Survey, Active Adults Survey, Arts in Wales Survey, and Welsh Outdoor Recreation Survey.The aim of the survey is to provide representative, reliable and up-to-date information about the people of Wales down to local authority level. Prior to March 2020, the survey was carried out face-to-face in respondents’ homes. Since May 2020 onwards, the survey has been carried out by telephone. Topics were updated monthly and results published monthly for May to September 2020; from October, topic updates and publications switched to quarterly.The survey continued in telephone mode for 2021-22 onwards, with an online element added from July 2021. Further information is available on the Welsh Government National Survey for Wales webpages. Latest edition informationFor the second edition (January 2024), some disability variables (Disablimit1-6) have been removed from the data file and a minor amendment made to derived variable DVFGArts. Main Topics: The 2022-23 topics were:use of the Welsh language and transmissioninternet useemployment, education and remote workingactive travelarts events (e.g. attendance, participation)heritage, museums, libraries and archivesviews on climate changeflood risk and biodiversitylocal council electionstenure and accommodationhousehold material deprivation, child material deprivationfood poverty and debt advicechildren's play (asked of both parents and non-parents)schools - satisfaction and additional learning needschildcaresocial care services (carers, satisfaction)wellbeing and lonelinesshealth (e.g. diet, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, pregnancy, body mass index, long-term illnesses)sports activities (e.g. participation, demand)general practitioners (GPs) and hospitalsdental appointmentsnational identity, ethnicity, religion and sexual orientation.The online survey consisted of a total of 7 main modules. The topics included:local services and facilitiesclimate change behavioursrecycling (local authority, repair and reuse)Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS)physical punishment of childrengamblingvolunteering.

A mixed methods approach was adopted, with the project undertaking qualitative interviews and a questionnaire survey. The interviews were conducted with policy-makers, teachers and young people in both Wales and Scotland. These focused on the link between education, minority languages and identity in both countries. Key themes include the use of minority languages in different settings (Welsh and Scots Gaelic), as well as the institutional support provided for the use of these languages by the schools. The interviews also address the link between minority language use and identity, as well as broader connections with other practices, including volunteering. This project investigated the types of civic participation and conceptions of language and identity promoted within the statutory education system, and within civil society organisations working with young people. The research took place in both Wales and Scotland. The questionnaire survey was conducted across a series of schools in Wales, focusing on the link between education, minority languages and identity. Key themes include the use of minority languages in different settings, the link between minority language use and identity, as well as broader connections with other practices, including volunteering.This proposal is for a National Research Centre (WISERD/Civil Society) to undertake a five year programme of policy relevant research addressing Civil Society in Wales. Established in 2008, WISERD provides an 'All-Wales' focus for research and has had a major impact on the quantity and quality of social science research undertaken in Wales. As part of WISERD, WISERD/Civil Society will enable this work to be deepened and sustained through a focused research programme that further develops our research expertise, intensifies our policy impact and knowledge exchange work and strengthens our research capacity and career development activities. WISERD/Civil Society will therefore aim to develop key aspects of the multidisciplinary research initiated during the first phase of WISERD's work to produce new empirical evidence to inform our understanding of the changing nature of civil society in the context of devolved government and processes of profound social and economic change. There are many disagreements over what civil society is and how it may be changing. We do know that over the last forty years there have been unprecedented changes in the spheres of economy and industry, politics and governance, social relations and individual life courses. How individuals in local contexts are affected by and respond to dramatic institutional changes is not well understood. An important gap in our knowledge is in describing and explaining the impact of social change on local forms of civil society and civil society organisations and what this means for social cohesion and well-being. In addition how different forms of civil society are developing in the context of multi-level and devolved government is not well understood. Because of its size and devolved government, Wales offers a unique context for studying these issues. Viewing Wales as a 'laboratory for social science' the proposed centre will build on existing networks of researchers who have a wide range of expertise and skills. Large survey data sets will be exploited and analysed and new data collected on civil society in Wales, the UK and Europe. Inter-disciplinarity and multi-method approaches applied to longitudinal and comparative data will be a key feature and strength of the WISERD/Civil Society research programme. Our research will be underpinned by three principles: (i) to maximise research impact, (ii) to become a centre of excellence for comparative, longitudinal, and relational research methods and (iii) to contribute to the growth of research capacity in Wales. We will also extend our research out from Wales to undertake comparative studies at different regional, national and international levels. In this way WISERD will make substantive and novel contributions to the advancement of social theory applied to researching contemporary civil society and to methodological approaches to describing and explaining patterns of civic participation in the context of devolution and multi-level governance. Substantive research will be applied to real and timely research problems conducted under four inter-related themes: 1) Locality, Community and Civil Society 2) Individuals, Institutions and Governance 3) Economic Austerity, Social Enterprise and Inequality 4) Generation, Life Course and Social Participation. Our aim will be to produce a wide range of outputs accessible to a variety of different audiences, including: academic papers; books; working papers; seminars; web based material; video and e-learning materials; as well as disseminating our work through a diversity of activities. Public awareness will be raised through events; activities; and exhibitions, designed to foster interest and encourage discussion and debate. WISERD/Civil Society will have a strong management structure, substantial institutional support, and close links with relevant organisations, and will provide substantive career development for new and early-career researchers and PhD students. This collection contains qualitative interviews and a questionnaire survey. These data were collected in 14 schools, seven in Wales and seven in Scotland. Schools were chosen on the basis of their geographical location (e.g. rural/urban, island/metropolitan, within/outside of the Welsh-speaking 'heartland'), their linguistic characteristics (e.g. differing levels of support for the Welsh language in Wales) and their social characteristics (e.g. affluent areas, deprived post-industrial areas). Face-to-face interviews were conducted in school with students and teachers. A researcher attended each school and gave a short introduction to the study. They then arranged a follow-up interview. Once the schools had been identified, students within these schools were recruited for interview at random. In total, 90 semi-structured qualitative interviews were undertaken. 69 of these interviews were conducted in Wales, with 32 conducted in English and 37 in Welsh. Three of these were with teachers and 66 with pupils. In Scotland, 21 interviews were conducted in English. The questionnaire survey was conducted in the sampled schools in Wales. Teachers helped to identify suitable classes within each school. Three schools encouraged pupils to complete the questionnaires in their own time and response rates were lower here. The sample contains 147 pupils.

This dataset provides Census 2021 estimates that classify usual residents aged 16 years and over in employment the week before the census in Wales by ability to speak Welsh by industry. The estimates are as at Census Day, 21 March 2021. Area type

Census 2021 statistics are published for a number of different geographies. These can be large, for example the whole of England, or small, for example an output area (OA), the lowest level of geography for which statistics are produced.

For higher levels of geography, more detailed statistics can be produced. When a lower level of geography is used, such as output areas (which have a minimum of 100 persons), the statistics produced have less detail. This is to protect the confidentiality of people and ensure that individuals or their characteristics cannot be identified.

Coverage

Census 2021 statistics are published for the whole of England and Wales. Data are also available in these geographic types:

• country - for example, Wales
• region - for example, London
• local authority - for example, Cornwall
• health area – for example, Clinical Commissioning Group
• statistical area - for example, MSOA or LSOA

Welsh speaking ability

This classifies a person as being able to "Speak Welsh". They may have also ticked one or more of the following:

• understand spoken Welsh
• read Welsh
• write Welsh

In results that classify people by Welsh language skills, a person may appear in more than one category depending on which combination of skills they have.

Industry (current)

Classifies people aged 16 years and over who were in employment between 15 March and 21 March 2021 by the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code that represents their current industry or business.

The SIC code is assigned based on the information provided about a firm or organisation’s main activity.

We examine the emotional bases of Welsh identities in relation to social action and political participation. The role of group emotion has been neglected in social identity research on nationality. We investigate the importance of emotion as a product of identity and context, as a mediator of social action, and as a basis for collective identity definition itself. Our aim is to assess how Welsh identity is defined, examine its emotional bases, and investigate how this orients people to different political projects, including assimilation with England, devolution, and independence. Key findings: (1) While the Welsh language clearly plays an important role in national identity in Wales, there is also variation in how and why it is important. (2) For Welsh speakers, these relate to strategic concerns about the relationship between Wales and England, and have consequences for how non-Welsh speakers are positioned within the national category. (3) For non-Welsh speakers, orientations to the Welsh language relate more to their need to define or claim their own place within the national category. (4) Welsh language ability in turn has the potential to impact on support for political action – such as Welsh national autonomy – through its influence on one’s sense of national identity. (5) These effects are accentuated in contexts where the Welsh language is more prominent. In such contexts, not speaking Welsh can increase one’s identification as English, as well as undermining Welsh identification. (5) Emotions such as anger play an important role in explaining how perceived threats to identity, coupled with a sense of historical illegitimacy, create conditions under which more radical strategies (e.g., an arson campaign) are considered. (6) As well as being shaped by social identities, the nature and sharedness of others’ emotional reactions also help to shape the identities that emerge as a basis for action. This project examines the emotional bases of Welsh identities in relation to social action and political participation. The Welsh context is ripe for a study of national identity. There is no clear consensus concerning the issue of independence among the Welsh and the range of views is broad and dynamic. A critical feature of Welsh identity is the Welsh language, which provides a marker of national identity that is also a way of differentiating and even excluding the English. The Welsh context therefore provides an arena in which theoretical debates about national identity and its contested nature can be considered. We apply a social identity approach that takes into account the emotional aspects of identity to help us understand social action. The research is planned in three related phases: 1) interviews and survey, 2) field experiments, and 3) laboratory experiments. The initial phase will gather evidence concerning the different identity groupings, and the nature of their associated identity projects. In the second phase we address the flexibility of Welsh identity and investigate the ways in which emotions, identity salience, and identity conflicts vary as a function of comparative context and audience, and how people define their Welsh identity. Data collection methods included face-to-face interviews, questionnaire-based surveys (hard-copy and web-based), telephone interviews, and lab-based experiments. Participants were adults recruited in Wales. A total of 1685 were recruited.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. To examine the social correlates of religious participation, chiefly in terms of communal involvement. The survey was undertaken in Newtown/Machynlleth (N/M). Main Topics: Attitudinal/Behavioural Questions Details of previous residence, whether outside local area/Wales, where childhood spent (respondent and spouse), length of residence in N/M, number of moves since aged fifteen, persons known in N/M prior to move. Reasons for decision to move to or away from N/M, respondent's sense of belonging to N/M, particular likes/dislikes of N/M, preferred place of residence. Place of marriage (whether normal place of worship), expectations of children living in N/M. Frequency of contact with children, parents and relatives. Number of close friends in N/M (details of four closest friends - sex, length of friendship, place of residence, frequency of contact, method of getting to know friends, whether friends know one another). Respondents were asked about their neighbours (frequency of chats, whether neighbours considered friends, visits to each other's houses). Assessment of friendliness of N/M residents, opinion on whether people in general look after themselves or others. Recognition and identification of groups/classes in N/M, subjective affiliation to groups/classes. Membership of clubs/organisations (ranked in order of importance), frequency of attendance at meetings, number of close friends in clubs/organisations, previous memberships, reasons for leaving. Opinion on adequacy of leisure facilities in N/M, suggested improvements. Opinion of development in Newtown. Parents' membership of church or chapel during respondent's childhood, respondent's attendance at church and Sunday School, whether attendance changed during teens (reasons), importance of religion in family. Denominational affiliation (duration), other denominational adherence, reasons for changing/leaving denominations, offices held in church, church attendance. Situation in which respondent would cease to attend church, aspects of church/chapel liked and disliked, number of close friends among congregation, meetings with church friends outside. Opinion of people who attend church regularly. Opinion on relation of Christianity and church attendance. Knowledge of ministers in local area, membership of political organisations, reasons for leaving, voting intention, vote in 1970 and 1974 elections, ranking of civic figures in order of influence, fluency in Welsh, number of friends who speak Welsh, attendance at Welsh-speaking festivals. If Welsh speaking: amount of time Welsh spoken (change in last few years), frequency of exposure to Welsh media. Non-Welsh speakers: whether ever tried to learn Welsh. Respondents were asked to agree/disagree with a number of statements about general human nature, social and personal values and Wales. Willingness to move out of area for better job. Background Variables Age, sex, marital status, place of birth, number of children (age finished full-time education, occupation, age). For children not living at home: place of residence. Parents: whether alive, where spent most of married life, present residence. Father's occupation when respondent was a child present or last job. Employment status, occupation (present and previous), place of work, length of employment, age finished full-time education. Car ownership, newspapers read regularly.