Key Table Information.Table Title.Selected Characteristics of the Foreign-Born Population by Region of Birth: Europe.Table ID.ACSST1Y2024.S0503.Survey/Program.American Community Survey.Year.2024.Dataset.ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables.Source.U.S. Census Bureau, 2024 American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates.Dataset Universe.The dataset universe of the American Community Survey (ACS) is the U.S. resident population and housing. For more information about ACS residence rules, see the ACS Design and Methodology Report. Note that each table describes the specific universe of interest for that set of estimates..Methodology.Unit(s) of Observation.American Community Survey (ACS) data are collected from individuals living in housing units and group quarters, and about housing units whether occupied or vacant. For more information about ACS sampling and data collection, see the ACS Design and Methodology Report..Geography Coverage.ACS data generally reflect the geographic boundaries of legal and statistical areas as of January 1 of the estimate year. For more information, see Geography Boundaries by Year.Estimates of urban and rural populations, housing units, and characteristics reflect boundaries of urban areas defined based on 2020 Census data. As a result, data for urban and rural areas from the ACS do not necessarily reflect the results of ongoing urbanization..Sampling.The ACS consists of two separate samples: housing unit addresses and group quarters facilities. Independent housing unit address samples are selected for each county or county-equivalent in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, with sampling rates depending on a measure of size for the area. For more information on sampling in the ACS, see the Accuracy of the Data document..Confidentiality.The Census Bureau has modified or suppressed some estimates in ACS data products to protect respondents' confidentiality. Title 13 United States Code, Section 9, prohibits the Census Bureau from publishing results in which an individual's data can be identified. For more information on confidentiality protection in the ACS, see the Accuracy of the Data document..Technical Documentation/Methodology.Information about the American Community Survey (ACS) can be found on the ACS website. Supporting documentation including code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing, and a full list of ACS tables and table shells (without estimates) can be found on the Technical Documentation section of the ACS website.Sample size and data quality measures (including coverage rates, allocation rates, and response rates) can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Methodology section.Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. The degree of uncertainty for an estimate arising from sampling variability is represented through the use of a margin of error. The value shown here is the 90 percent margin of error. The margin of error can be interpreted roughly as providing a 90 percent probability that the interval defined by the estimate minus the margin of error and the estimate plus the margin of error (the lower and upper confidence bounds) contains the true value. In addition to sampling variability, the ACS estimates are subject to nonsampling error (for a discussion of nonsampling variability, see ACS Technical Documentation). The effect of nonsampling error is not represented in these tables.Users must consider potential differences in geographic boundaries, questionnaire content or coding, or other methodological issues when comparing ACS data from different years. Statistically significant differences shown in ACS Comparison Profiles, or in data users' own analysis, may be the result of these differences and thus might not necessarily reflect changes to the social, economic, housing, or demographic characteristics being compared. For more information, see Comparing ACS Data..Weights.ACS estimates are obtained from a raking ratio estimation procedure that results in the assignment of two sets of weights: a weight to each sample person record and a weight to each sample housing unit record. Estimates of person characteristics are based on the person weight. Estimates of family, household, and housing unit characteristics are based on the housing unit weight. For any given geographic area, a characteristic total is estimated by summing the weights assigned to the persons, households, families or housing units possessing the characteristic in the geographic area. For more information on weighting and estimation in the ACS, see the Accuracy of the Data document.Although the American Community Survey (ACS) produces population, demographic and housing unit estimates, the decennial census is the official source of population totals for April 1st of each decennial year. In between censuses, the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program produces and disseminates the official estimates of the population for the nation, s...

Use this application to view the pattern of concentrations of people by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Data are provided at the U.S. Census block group level, one of the smallest Census geographies, to provide a detailed picture of these patterns. The data is sourced from the U.S Census Bureau, 2020 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File. Definitions: Definitions of the Census Bureau’s categories are provided below. This interactive map shows patterns for all categories except American Indian or Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. The total population countywide for these two categories is small (1,582 and 263 respectively). The Census Bureau uses the following race categories:Population by RaceWhite – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.Black or African American – A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa.American Indian or Alaska Native – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment.Asian – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.Some Other Race - this category is chosen by people who do not identify with any of the categories listed above. People can identify with more than one race. These people are included in the Two or More Races Hispanic or Latino PopulationThe Hispanic/Latino population is an ethnic group. Hispanic/Latino people may be of any race.Other layers provided in this tool included the Loudoun County Census block groups, towns and Dulles airport, and the Loudoun County 2021 aerial imagery.

Extent to which informed and ideas about the USA. Contacts with Americans and trips to the United States. Topics: Knowledge of English; knowledge and reading American newspapers, books and films; concepts of respondent about the American school system, family life, way of life, press, radio and television, agriculture, the political, cultural, religious life, the social problems, social services, the relationship employer-employee, the economy, industry and technology; judgement on Americans and reasons for a possible change in attitude to Americans; position on the international policy of the USA; trips of respondent to the USA; evaluation of the influence of a trip to the USA on one´s own attitude to the USA; personal contacts with travelers to America; contacts with Americans since the end of the war; knowledge of experiences with the German-American exchange program; adjustment of prejudices through contact with an ´Exchangee´; evaluation of employment with American employers; personal difficulties of respondent; listening to the broadcast ´Voice of America´; trips to the America House. Demography: age (classified); sex; marital status; religious denomination; school education; occupation; employment; household income; party preference; party membership; state; refugee status; present and past offices held. Interviewer rating: social class and willingness of respondent to cooperate; number of contact attempts; city size. Informiertheit und Vorstellungen über die USA. Kontakte zu Amerikanern und Reisen in die Vereinigten Staaten. Themen: Englischkenntnisse; Kenntnis und Lektüre amerikanischer Zeitungen, Bücher und Filme; Vorstellungen des Befragten über das amerikanische Schulwesen, das Familienleben, die Lebensweise, das Presse-, Rundfunk- und Fernsehwesen, die Landwirtschaft, das politische, kulturelle, religiöse Leben, die sozialen Probleme, die Sozialleistungen, das Verhältnis Arbeitgeber - Arbeitnehmer, die Wirtschaft, Industrie und Technik; Beurteilung der Amerikaner und Gründe für eine evtl. Veränderung in der Einstellung zu Amerikanern; Stellungnahme zur internationalen Politik der USA; USA-Besuche des Befragten; Bewertung des Einflusses eines USA-Besuches auf die eigene Einstellung zu den USA; eigene Kontakte zu Amerikabesuchern; Kontakte zu Amerikanern seit Kriegsende; Kenntnis von Erfahrungen mit dem deutsch-amerikanischen Austauschprogramm; Korrektur von Vorurteilen durch den Kontakt mit einem "Exchangee"; Bewertung der Beschäftigung bei amerikanischen Dienststellen; persönliche Schwierigkeiten des Befragten; Hören der Sendung "Stimme Amerikas"; Besuche im Amerika-Haus. Demographie: Alter (klassiert); Geschlecht; Familienstand; Konfession; Schulbildung; Beruf; Berufstätigkeit; Haushaltseinkommen; Parteipräferenz; Parteimitgliedschaft; Bundesland; Flüchtlingsstatus; innegehabte und innehabende Ämter. Interviewerrating: Schichtzugehörigkeit und Kooperationsbereitschaft des Befragten; Anzahl der Kontaktversuche; Ortsgröße. Three different universes were defined and 3 different samples drawn: The first universe (representative survey of the population) is described by age and research area (multi-stage random sample, 1582 cases); the second through occupation: specifically employees of civilian and military American government offices (365 cases). There is no more detailed information on the sample of the third survey group, a survey of persons who could provide impressions and experiences of travelers to America but had not themselves been in the USA (311 cases).

Opinion on questions concerning security policy. East-West comparison. Topics: Satisfaction with the standard of living; attitude to France, Great Britain, Italy, USA, USSR, Red China and West Germany; preferred East-West-orientation of one´s own country and correspondence of national interests with the interests of selected countries; judgement on the American, Soviet and Red Chinese peace efforts; judgement on the foreign policy of the USA and the USSR; trust in the foreign policy capabilities of the USA; the most powerful country in the world, currently and in the future; comparison of the USA with the USSR concerning economic and military strength, nuclear weapons and the areas of culture, science, space research, education as well as the economic prospects for the average citizen; significance of a landing on the moon; Soviet citizen or American as first on the moon; assumed significance of space research for military development; attitude to a united Europe and Great Britain´s joining the Common Market; preferred relation of a united Europe to the United States; fair share of the pleasant things of life; lack of effort or fate as reasons for poverty; general contentment with life; perceived growth rate of the country´s population and preference for population growth; attitude to the growth of the population of the world; preferred measures against over-population; attitude to a birth control program in the developing countries and in one´s own country; present politician idols in Europe and in the rest of the world; attitude to disarmament; trust in the alliance partners; degree of familiarity with the NATO and assessment of its present strength; attitude to a European nuclear force; desired and estimated loyalty of the Americans to the NATO alliance partners; evaluation of the development of the UN; equal voice for all members of the UN; desired distribution of the UN financial burdens; attitude to an acceptance of Red China in the United Nations; knowledge about battles in Vietnam; attitude to the Vietnam war; attitude to the behavior of America, Red China and the Soviet Union in this conflict; attitude to the withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam and preferred attitude of one´s own country in this conflict and in case of a conflict with Red China; opinion on the treatment of colored people in Great Britain, America and the Soviet Union; judgement on the American Federal Government and on the American population regarding the equality of Negros; degree of familiarity with the Chinese nuclear tests; effects of this test on the military strength of Red China; attitude to American private investments in the Federal Republic; the most influential groups and organizations in the country; party preference; religiousness. Interviewer rating: social class of respondent. Additionally encoded were: number of contact attempts; date of interview. Beurteilung von Sicherheitsfragen. Ost-West-Vergleich. Themen: Zufriedenheit mit dem Lebensstandard; Einstellung zu Frankreich, Großbritannien, Italien, USA, UdSSR, Rotchina, Westdeutschland; präferierte Ost-West-Orientierung des eigenen Landes und Übereinstimmung der Landesinteressen mit den Interessen ausgewählter Länder; Beurteilung der Friedensbemühungen Amerikas, der Sowjetunion und Rotchinas; Beurteilung der Außenpolitik der USA und der UdSSR; Vertrauen in die außenpolitischen Fähigkeiten der USA; mächtigstes Land der Erde, derzeit und zukünftig; Vergleich der USA mit der UdSSR bezüglich der militärischen und wirtschaftlichen Stärke, der Atomwaffen und auf den Gebieten Kultur, Wissenschaft, Weltraumforschung, Bildung sowie der wirtschaftlichen Aussichten für den Durchschnittsbürger; Bedeutung einer Mondlandung; Sowjetbürger oder Amerikaner als erster auf dem Mond; vermutete Bedeutung der Weltraumforschung für die militärische Entwicklung; Einstellung zu einem vereinten Europa und zu einem Beitritt Großbritanniens zum Gemeinsamen Markt; präferierte Beziehung eines vereinten Europas zu den Vereinigten Staaten; gerechter Anteil an den angenehmen Dingen des Lebens; fehlende Anstrengung oder Schicksal als Gründe für Armut; allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit; perzipierte Zuwachsrate der Bevölkerung im Lande und Präferenz für Bevölkerungszuwachs; Einstellung zu einem Anwachsen der Weltbevölkerung; präferierte Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung einer Überbevölkerung; Einstellung zu einem Geburtenkontrollprogramm in den Entwicklungsländern und im eigenen Lande; gegenwärtige Politikeridole in Europa und in der übrigen Welt; Einstellung zur Abrüstung; Vertrauen in die Bündnispartner; Bekanntheitsgrad der Nato und Einschätzung ihrer derzeitigen Stärke; Einstellung zu einer europäischen Atomstreitmacht; gewünschte und eingeschätzte Loyalität der Amerikaner gegenüber den Nato-Bündnispartnern; Einschätzung der Entwicklung der UNO; gleiches Mitspracherecht für alle UNO-Mitglieder; gewünschte Verteilung der UNO-Finanzlasten; Einstellung zu einer Aufnahme Rotchinas in die Vereinten Nationen; Kenntnisse über Kämpfe in Vietnam; Einstellung zum Vietnamkrieg; Einstellung zum Verhalten Amerikas, Rotchinas und der Sowjetunion in diesem Konflikt; Einstellung zum Rückzug amerikanischer Truppen aus Vietnam und präferierte Haltung des eigenen Landes in diesem Konflikt und im Falle eines Konfliktes mit Rotchina; Beurteilung der Behandlung von Farbigen in Großbritannien, Amerika und der Sowjetunion; Beurteilung der amerikanischen Bundesregierung und der amerikanischen Bevölkerung in bezug auf die Gleichberechtigung für Neger; Bekanntheitsgrad der chinesischen Atombombenversuche; Auswirkungen dieses Versuchs auf die militärische Stärke Rotchinas; Einstellung zu amerikanischen Privatinvestitionen in der Bundesrepublik; einflußreichste Gruppen und Organisationen im Lande; Parteipräferenz; Religiosität. Interviewerrating: Schichtzugehörigkeit des Befragten. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Anzahl der Kontaktversuche; Interviewdatum.

Bumble bees (Bombus) are vitally important pollinators of wild plants and agricultural crops worldwide. Fragmentary observations, however, have suggested population declines in several North American species. Despite rising concern over these observations in the United States, highlighted in a recent National Academy of Sciences report, a national assessment of the geographic scope and possible causal factors of bumble bee decline is lacking. Here, we report results of a 3-y interdisciplinary study of changing distributions, population genetic structure, and levels of pathogen infection in bumble bee populations across the United States. We compare current and historical distributions of eight species, compiling a database of >73,000 museum records for comparison with data from intensive nationwide surveys of >16,000 specimens. We show that the relative abundances of four species have declined by up to 96% and that their surveyed geographic ranges have contracted by 23–87%, some within the last 20 y. We also show that declining populations have significantly higher infection levels of the microsporidian pathogen Nosema bombi and lower genetic diversity compared with co-occurring populations of the stable (nondeclining) species. Higher pathogen prevalence and reduced genetic diversity are, thus, realistic predictors of these alarming patterns of decline in North America, although cause and effect remain uncertain. Bumble bees (Bombus) are integral wild pollinators within native plant communities throughout temperate ecosystems, and recent domestication has boosted their economic importance in crop pollination to a level surpassed only by the honey bee. Their robust size, long tongues, and buzz-pollination behavior (high-frequency buzzing to release pollen from flowers) significantly increase the efficiency of pollen transfer in multibillion dollar crops such as tomatoes and berries. Disturbing reports of bumble bee population declines in Europe have recently spilled over into North America, fueling environmental and economic concerns of global decline. However, the evidence for large-scale range reductions across North America is lacking. Many reports of decline are unpublished, and the few published studies are limited to independent local surveys in northern California/southern Oregon, Ontario, Canada, and Illinois. Furthermore, causal factors leading to the alleged decline of bumble bee populations in North America remain speculative. One compelling but untested hypothesis for the cause of decline in the United States entails the spread of a putatively introduced pathogen, Nosema bombi, which is an obligate intracellular microsporidian parasite found commonly in bumble bees throughout Europe but largely unstudied in North America. Pathogenic effects of N. bombi may vary depending on the host species and reproductive caste and include reductions in colony growth and individual life span and fitness. Population genetic factors could also play a role in Bombus population decline. For instance, small effective population sizes and reduced gene flow among fragmented habitats can result in losses of genetic diversity with negative consequences, and the detrimental impacts of these genetic factors can be especially intensified in bees. Population genetic studies of Bombus are rare worldwide. A single study in the United States identified lower genetic diversity and elevated genetic differentiation (FST) among Illinois populations of the putatively declining B. pensylvanicus relative to those of a codistributed stable species. Similar patterns have been observed in comparative studies of some European species, but most investigations have been geographically restricted and based on limited sampling within and among populations. Although the investigations to date have provided important information on the increasing rarity of some bumble bee species in local populations, the different survey protocols and limited geographic scope of these studies cannot fully capture the general patterns necessary to evaluate the underlying processes or overall gravity of declines. Furthermore, valid tests of the N. bombi hypothesis and its risk to populations across North America call for data on its geographic distribution and infection prevalence among species. Likewise, testing the general importance of population genetic factors in bumble bee decline requires genetic comparisons derived from sampling of multiple stable and declining populations on a large geographic scale. From such range-wide comparisons, we provide incontrovertible evidence that multiple Bombus species have experienced sharp population declines at the national level. We also show that declining populations are associated with both high N. bombi infection levels and low genetic diversity. This data was used in the paper "Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees" published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of United States of America. For more information about this dataset contact: Sydney A. Cameron: scameron@life.illinois.edu James Strange: James.Strange@ars.usda.gov Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Data from: Patterns of Widespread Decline in North American Bumble Bees (Data Dictionary). File Name: meta.xmlResource Description: This is an XML data dictionary for Data from: Patterns of Widespread Decline in North American Bumble Bees.Resource Title: Patterns of Widespread Decline in North American Bumble Bees (DWC Archive). File Name: occurrence.csvResource Description: File modified to remove fields with no recorded values.Resource Title: Patterns of Widespread Decline in North American Bumble Bees (DWC Archive). File Name: dwca-usda-ars-patternsofwidespreaddecline-bumblebees-v1.1.zipResource Description: Data from: Patterns of Widespread Decline in North American Bumble Bees -- this is a Darwin Core Archive file. The Darwin Core Archive is a zip file that contains three documents.

The occurrence data is stored in the occurrence.txt file. The metadata that describes the columns of this document is called meta.xml. This document is also the data dictionary for this dataset. The metadata that describes the dataset, including author and contact information for this dataset is called eml.xml.

Find the data files at https://bison.usgs.gov/ipt/resource?r=usda-ars-patternsofwidespreaddecline-bumblebees

Number of population by gender and age recorded in the latest census in Milan and in 43 other European and US cities with a population of more than 700,000 inhabitants. The data has been harmonized from two international sources: * a) Eurostat - Census hub 2011 * b) US Census Bureau - American fact finder. For some cities the data is provided in rounded form, for this reason the total population may differ from the sum by gender and age.

How many people use social media?

              Social media usage is one of the most popular online activities. In 2024, over five billion people were using social media worldwide, a number projected to increase to over six billion in 2028.

              Who uses social media?
              Social networking is one of the most popular digital activities worldwide and it is no surprise that social networking penetration across all regions is constantly increasing. As of January 2023, the global social media usage rate stood at 59 percent. This figure is anticipated to grow as lesser developed digital markets catch up with other regions
              when it comes to infrastructure development and the availability of cheap mobile devices. In fact, most of social media’s global growth is driven by the increasing usage of mobile devices. Mobile-first market Eastern Asia topped the global ranking of mobile social networking penetration, followed by established digital powerhouses such as the Americas and Northern Europe.

              How much time do people spend on social media?
              Social media is an integral part of daily internet usage. On average, internet users spend 151 minutes per day on social media and messaging apps, an increase of 40 minutes since 2015. On average, internet users in Latin America had the highest average time spent per day on social media.

              What are the most popular social media platforms?
              Market leader Facebook was the first social network to surpass one billion registered accounts and currently boasts approximately 2.9 billion monthly active users, making it the most popular social network worldwide. In June 2023, the top social media apps in the Apple App Store included mobile messaging apps WhatsApp and Telegram Messenger, as well as the ever-popular app version of Facebook.

This dataset provides values for RETIREMENT AGE MEN reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Attitude to problems of international policy and the USA-image of the Germans. Topics: Satisfaction with standard of living; contentment with life; attitude to France, USA, Soviet Union, China, Italy and Great Britain; judgement on foreign policy; assessment of the desire for peace and the military strength of the two superpowers; judgement on the US-American and Soviet relation in international matters; trust in the political capabilities of the USA; assessment of the capability of the Soviet Union and America in the areas of economy, culture, science, space research, education and nuclear weapons; judgement on the importance of landing on the moon; attitude to a united Europe; judgement on world population growth and the population development in the FRG; attitude to a birth control program in the FRG and in developing countries; current politician idols in Europe and the rest of the world; trust in the alliance partners; attitude to disarmament, the NATO, nuclear weapons tests, the UN, the admission of China into the United Nations and the Vietnam war; assessment of the race problems in the USA; attitude to American private investments in the FRG; naming groups and organizations in the FRG that are too influential; membership in a trade union; party preference; religiousness. Demography: age (classified); sex; occupation; state. Interviewer rating: willingness of respondent to cooperate; difficulties in answering questions; length of interview; presence of another person; number of contact attempts; social class of respondent; city size; date of interview. Einstellung zu Problemen der internationalen Politik und das USA-Image der Deutschen. Themen: Zufriedenheit mit dem Lebensstandard; Lebenszufriedenheit Einstellung zu Frankreich, USA, Sowjetunion, China, Italien und Großbritannien; Beurteilung der Außenpolitik; Einschätzung der Friedensabsicht und der militärischen Stärke der beiden Supermächte; Beurteilung des US-amerikanischen und sowjetischen Verhältnis in internationalen Angelegenheiten; Vertrauen in die politischen Fähigkeiten der USA; Einschätzung der Leistungsfähigkeit der Sowjetunion und Amerikas auf den Gebieten der Wirtschaft, Kultur, Wissenschaft, Weltraumforschung, Bildung und der Atomwaffen; Beurteilung der Wichtigkeit einer Mondlandung; Einstellung zu einem vereinten Europa; Beurteilung des Weltbevölkerungszuwachses und der Bevölkerungsentwicklung in der BRD; Einstellung zu einem Geburtenkontrollprogramm in der BRD und in Entwicklungsländern; gegenwärtige Politiker-Idole in Europa und der übrigen Welt; Vertrauen in die Bündnispartner; Einstellung zur Abrüstung, zur NATO, zu Atomwaffenversuchen, zur UNO, zur Aufnahme Chinas in die Vereinten Nationen und zum Vietnamkrieg; Einschätzung der Rassenprobleme in den USA; Einstellung zu amerikanischen Privatinvestitionen in der BRD; Nennung von zu einflußreichen Gruppen und Organisationen in der BRD; Mitgliedschaft in einer Gewerkschaft; Parteipräferenz; Religiosität. Demographie: Alter (klassiert); Geschlecht; Beruf; Bundesland. Interviewerrating: Kooperationsbereitschaft des Befragten; Interviewdauer; Anwesenheit einer anderen Person; Anzahl der Kontaktversuche; Schichtzugehörigkeit des Befragten; Ortsgröße; Interviewdatum.

European Union Imports from United States was US$355.76 Billion during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. European Union Imports from United States - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on October of 2025.

This dataset provides values for INTEREST RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

This starter data kit collects extracts from global, open datasets relating to climate hazards and infrastructure systems.

These extracts are derived from global datasets which have been clipped to the national scale (or subnational, in cases where national boundaries have been split, generally to separate outlying islands or non-contiguous regions), using Natural Earth (2023) boundaries, and is not meant to express an opinion about borders, territory or sovereignty.

Human-induced climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of climate and weather extremes. This is causing widespread, adverse impacts to societies, economies and infrastructures. Climate risk analysis is essential to inform policy decisions aimed at reducing risk. Yet, access to data is often a barrier, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Data are often scattered, hard to find, in formats that are difficult to use or requiring considerable technical expertise. Nevertheless, there are global, open datasets which provide some information about climate hazards, society, infrastructure and the economy. This "data starter kit" aims to kickstart the process and act as a starting point for further model development and scenario analysis.

Hazards:

• coastal and river flooding (Ward et al, 2020; Baugh et al, 2024)
• extreme heat and drought (Russell et al 2023, derived from Lange et al, 2020)
• tropical cyclone wind speeds (Russell 2022, derived from Bloemendaal et al 2020 and Bloemendaal et al 2022)

Exposure:

• population (Schiavina et al, 2023)
• built-up area (Pesaresi et al, 2023)
• roads (OpenStreetMap, 2025)
• railways (OpenStreetMap, 2025)
• power plants (Global Energy Observatory et al, 2018)
• power transmission lines (Arderne et al, 2020)

Contextual information:

• elevation (European Union and ESA, 2021)
• land-use and land cover (Copernicus Climate Change Service and Climate Data Store, 2019)
• administrative boundaries from geoBoundaries (Runfola et al., 2020)

The spatial intersection of hazard and exposure datasets is a first step to analyse vulnerability and risk to infrastructure and people.

To learn more about related concepts, there is a free short course available through the Open University on Infrastructure and Climate Resilience. This overview of the course has more details.

These Python libraries may be a useful place to start analysis of the data in the packages produced by this workflow:

• snkit helps clean network data
• nismod-snail is designed to help implement infrastructure exposure, damage and risk calculations

The open-gira repository contains a larger workflow for global-scale open-data infrastructure risk and resilience analysis.

For a more developed example, some of these datasets were key inputs to a regional climate risk assessment of current and future flooding risks to transport networks in East Africa, which has a related online visualisation tool at https://east-africa.infrastructureresilience.org/ and is described in detail in Hickford et al (2023).

References

• Arderne, Christopher, Nicolas, Claire, Zorn, Conrad, & Koks, Elco E. (2020). Data from: Predictive mapping of the global power system using open data [Dataset]. In Nature Scientific Data (1.1.1, Vol. 7, Number Article 19). Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3628142
• Baugh, Calum; Colonese, Juan; D'Angelo, Claudia; Dottori, Francesco; Neal, Jeffrey; Prudhomme, Christel; Salamon, Peter (2024): Global river flood hazard maps. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [Dataset] PID: data.europa.eu/89h/jrc-floods-floodmapgl_rp50y-tif
• Bloemendaal, Nadia; de Moel, H. (Hans); Muis, S; Haigh, I.D. (Ivan); Aerts, J.C.J.H. (Jeroen) (2020): STORM tropical cyclone wind speed return periods. 4TU.ResearchData. [Dataset]. DOI: 10.4121/12705164.v3
• Bloemendaal, Nadia; de Moel, Hans; Dullaart, Job; Haarsma, R.J. (Reindert); Haigh, I.D. (Ivan); Martinez, Andrew B.; et al. (2022): STORM climate change tropical cyclone wind speed return periods. 4TU.ResearchData. [Dataset]. DOI: 10.4121/14510817.v3
• Copernicus Climate Change Service, Climate Data Store, (2019): Land cover classification gridded maps from 1992 to present derived from satellite observation. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). DOI: 10.24381/cds.006f2c9a (Accessed on 09-AUG-2024)
• Copernicus DEM - Global Digital Elevation Model (2021) DOI: 10.5270/ESA-c5d3d65 (produced using Copernicus WorldDEM™-90 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014-2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved)
• Global Energy Observatory, Google, KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Enipedia, World Resources Institute. (2018) Global Power Plant Database. Published on Resource Watch and Google Earth Engine; resourcewatch.org/
• Hickford et al (2023) Decision support systems for resilient strategic transport networks in low-income countries – Final Report. Available online: https://transport-links.com/hvt-publications/final-report-decision-support-systems-for-resilient-strategic-transport-networks-in-low-income-countries
• Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Geiger, T., Zhao, F., Vega, I., Veldkamp, T., et al. (2020). Projecting exposure to extreme climate impact events across six event categories and three spatial scales. Earth's Future, 8, e2020EF001616. DOI: 10.1029/2020EF001616
• Natural Earth (2023) Admin 0 Map Units, v5.1.1. [Dataset] Available online: www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-cultural-vectors/10m-admin-0-details
• OpenStreetMap contributors, Russell T., Thomas F., nismod/datapkg contributors (2025) Road and Rail networks derived from OpenStreetMap. [Dataset] Available at global.infrastructureresilience.org
• Pesaresi M., Politis P. (2023): GHS-BUILT-S R2023A - GHS built-up surface grid, derived from Sentinel2 composite and Landsat, multitemporal (1975-2030) European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) PID: data.europa.eu/89h/9f06f36f-4b11-47ec-abb0-4f8b7b1d72ea, doi:10.2905/9F06F36F-4B11-47EC-ABB0-4F8B7B1D72EA
• Runfola D, Anderson A, Baier H, Crittenden M, Dowker E, Fuhrig S, et al. (2020) geoBoundaries: A global database of political administrative boundaries. PLoS ONE 15(4): e0231866. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231866.
• Russell, T., Nicholas, C., & Bernhofen, M. (2023). Annual probability of extreme heat and drought events, derived from Lange et al 2020 (Version 2) [Dataset]. Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8147088
• Schiavina M., Freire S., Carioli A., MacManus K. (2023): GHS-POP R2023A - GHS population grid multitemporal (1975-2030). European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) PID: data.europa.eu/89h/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe, doi:10.2905/2FF68A52-5B5B-4A22-8F40-C41DA8332CFE
• Ward, P.J., H.C. Winsemius, S. Kuzma, M.F.P. Bierkens, A. Bouwman, H. de Moel, A. Díaz Loaiza, et al. (2020) Aqueduct Floods Methodology. Technical Note. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute. Available online at: www.wri.org/publication/aqueduct-floods-methodology.

The data presented in this data project were collected in the context of two H2020 research projects: ‘Enhanced migration measures from a multidimensional perspective’(HumMingBird) and ‘Crises as opportunities: Towards a level telling field on migration and a new narrative of successful integration’(OPPORTUNITIES). The current survey was fielded to investigate the dynamic interplay between media representations of different migrant groups and the governmental and societal (re)actions to immigration. With these data, we provide more insight into these societal reactions by investigating attitudes rooted in values and worldviews. Through an online survey, we collected quantitative data on attitudes towards: Immigrants, Refugees, Muslims, Hispanics, Venezuelans News Media Consumption Trust in News Media and Societal Institutions Frequency and Valence of Intergroup Contact Realistic and Symbolic Intergroup Threat Right-wing Authoritarianism Social Dominance Orientation Political Efficacy Personality Characteristics Perceived COVID-threat, and Socio-demographic Characteristics For the adult population aged 25 to 65 in seven European countries: Austria Belgium Germany Hungary Italy Spain Sweden And for ages ranged from 18 to 65 for: United States of America Colombia The survey in the United States and Colombia was identical to the one in the European countries, although a few extra questions regarding COVID-19 and some region-specific migrant groups (e.g. Venezuelans) were added. We collected the data in cooperation with Bilendi, a Belgian polling agency, and selected the methodology for its cost-effectiveness in cross-country research. Respondents received an e-mail asking them to participate in a survey without specifying the subject matter, which was essential to avoid priming. Three weeks of fieldwork in May and June of 2021 resulted in a dataset of 13,645 respondents (a little over 1500 per country). Sample weights are included in the dataset and can be applied to ensure that the sample is representative for gender and age in each country. The cooperation rate ranged between 12% and 31%, in line with similar online data collections. Probability Web-based interview

This dataset provides values for CORONAVIRUS DEATHS reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Beurteilung von Sicherheitsfragen. Ost-West-Vergleich. Themen: Zufriedenheit mit dem Lebensstandard; Einstellung zu Frankreich, Großbritannien, Italien, USA, UdSSR, Rotchina, Westdeutschland; präferierte Ost-West-Orientierung des eigenen Landes und Übereinstimmung der Landesinteressen mit den Interessen ausgewählter Länder; Beurteilung der Friedensbemühungen Amerikas, der Sowjetunion und Rotchinas; Beurteilung der Außenpolitik der USA und der UdSSR; Vertrauen in die außenpolitischen Fähigkeiten der USA; mächtigstes Land der Erde, derzeit und zukünftig; Vergleich der USA mit der UdSSR bezüglich der militärischen und wirtschaftlichen Stärke, der Atomwaffen und auf den Gebieten Kultur, Wissenschaft, Weltraumforschung, Bildung sowie der wirtschaftlichen Aussichten für den Durchschnittsbürger; Bedeutung einer Mondlandung; Sowjetbürger oder Amerikaner als erster auf dem Mond; vermutete Bedeutung der Weltraumforschung für die militärische Entwicklung; Einstellung zu einem vereinten Europa und zu einem Beitritt Großbritanniens zum Gemeinsamen Markt; präferierte Beziehung eines vereinten Europas zu den Vereinigten Staaten; gerechter Anteil an den angenehmen Dingen des Lebens; fehlende Anstrengung oder Schicksal als Gründe für Armut; allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit; perzipierte Zuwachsrate der Bevölkerung im Lande und Präferenz für Bevölkerungszuwachs; Einstellung zu einem Anwachsen der Weltbevölkerung; präferierte Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung einer Überbevölkerung; Einstellung zu einem Geburtenkontrollprogramm in den Entwicklungsländern und im eigenen Lande; gegenwärtige Politikeridole in Europa und in der übrigen Welt; Einstellung zur Abrüstung; Vertrauen in die Bündnispartner; Bekanntheitsgrad der Nato und Einschätzung ihrer derzeitigen Stärke; Einstellung zu einer europäischen Atomstreitmacht; gewünschte und eingeschätzte Loyalität der Amerikaner gegenüber den Nato-Bündnispartnern; Einschätzung der Entwicklung der UNO; gleiches Mitspracherecht für alle UNO-Mitglieder; gewünschte Verteilung der UNO-Finanzlasten; Einstellung zu einer Aufnahme Rotchinas in die Vereinten Nationen; Kenntnisse über Kämpfe in Vietnam; Einstellung zum Vietnamkrieg; Einstellung zum Verhalten Amerikas, Rotchinas und der Sowjetunion in diesem Konflikt; Einstellung zum Rückzug amerikanischer Truppen aus Vietnam und präferierte Haltung des eigenen Landes in diesem Konflikt und im Falle eines Konfliktes mit Rotchina; Beurteilung der Behandlung von Farbigen in Großbritannien, Amerika und der Sowjetunion; Beurteilung der amerikanischen Bundesregierung und der amerikanischen Bevölkerung in bezug auf die Gleichberechtigung für Neger; Bekanntheitsgrad der chinesischen Atombombenversuche; Auswirkungen dieses Versuchs auf die militärische Stärke Rotchinas; Einstellung zu amerikanischen Privatinvestitionen in der Bundesrepublik; einflußreichste Gruppen und Organisationen im Lande; Parteipräferenz; Religiosität. Interviewerrating: Schichtzugehörigkeit des Befragten. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Anzahl der Kontaktversuche; Interviewdatum. Opinion on questions concerning security policy. East-West comparison. Topics: Satisfaction with the standard of living; attitude to France, Great Britain, Italy, USA, USSR, Red China and West Germany; preferred East-West-orientation of one´s own country and correspondence of national interests with the interests of selected countries; judgement on the American, Soviet and Red Chinese peace efforts; judgement on the foreign policy of the USA and the USSR; trust in the foreign policy capabilities of the USA; the most powerful country in the world, currently and in the future; comparison of the USA with the USSR concerning economic and military strength, nuclear weapons and the areas of culture, science, space research, education as well as the economic prospects for the average citizen; significance of a landing on the moon; Soviet citizen or American as first on the moon; assumed significance of space research for military development; attitude to a united Europe and Great Britain´s joining the Common Market; preferred relation of a united Europe to the United States; fair share of the pleasant things of life; lack of effort or fate as reasons for poverty; general contentment with life; perceived growth rate of the country´s population and preference for population growth; attitude to the growth of the population of the world; preferred measures against over-population; attitude to a birth control program in the developing countries and in one´s own country; present politician idols in Europe and in the rest of the world; attitude to disarmament; trust in the alliance partners; degree of familiarity with the NATO and assessment of its present strength; attitude to a European nuclear force; desired and estimated loyalty of the Americans to the NATO alliance partners; evaluation of the development of the UN; equal voice for all members of the UN; desired distribution of the UN financial burdens; attitude to an acceptance of Red China in the United Nations; knowledge about battles in Vietnam; attitude to the Vietnam war; attitude to the behavior of America, Red China and the Soviet Union in this conflict; attitude to the withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam and preferred attitude of one´s own country in this conflict and in case of a conflict with Red China; opinion on the treatment of colored people in Great Britain, America and the Soviet Union; judgement on the American Federal Government and on the American population regarding the equality of Negros; degree of familiarity with the Chinese nuclear tests; effects of this test on the military strength of Red China; attitude to American private investments in the Federal Republic; the most influential groups and organizations in the country; party preference; religiousness. Interviewer rating: social class of respondent. Additionally encoded were: number of contact attempts; date of interview.

Background: Typically, African healthcare providers use immunological reference intervals adopted from Europe and the United States (US). This may be inappropriate in a setting with many differences including exposure to different environmental stimuli and pathogens. We compared immunological reference intervals for children from Europe and the US with South African children to explore whether healthy children living in settings with high rates of infectious diseases have different baseline immunological parameters.Methodology: Blood was taken from 381 HIV-uninfected children aged between 2 weeks and 13 years of age from a Child Wellness Clinic in an informal settlement in Cape Town to establish local hematological and lymphocyte reference intervals for South African children. Flow-cytometry quantified percentage and absolute counts of the B-cells, NK-cells, and T-cells including activated, naïve, and memory subsets. These parameters were compared to three separate studies of healthy children in Europe and the US.Results: Increased activated T-cells, and natural killer cells were seen in the younger age-groups. The main finding across all age-groups was that the ratio of naïve/memory CD4 and CD8 T-cells reached a 1:1 ratio around the first decade of life in healthy South African children, far earlier than in resource-rich countries, where it occurs around the fourth decade of life.Conclusions: This is the largest data set to date describing healthy children from an African environment. These data have been used to create local reference intervals for South African children. The dramatic decline in the naïve/memory ratio of both CD4 and CD8 T-cells alongside increased activation markers may indicate that South African children are exposed to a wider range of environmental pathogens in early life than in resource-rich countries. These marked differences illustrate that reference intervals should be relevant to the population they serve. The implications for the developing pediatric immune system requires further investigation.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. To provide information on the effect of travel publicity material and attitudes of visitors to the USA towards their experiences. Main Topics: Attitudinal/Behavioural Questions Publicity and information material: what first interested respondent in considering a trip to the USA (e.g. travel movie, television), views on USTS, promotional material (i.e. whether text informative, whether illustrations appealing, whether additional material needed, and if so, what kind), where travel posters and advertisements were seen, whether they were the product of the USTS. The appeal of such material is recorded (i.e. whether they stimulated interest in a trip to USA), whether respondent has actually recently read an article, heard or seen a radio or television programme on travel to or within the USA; finally, whether respondent plans to visit the USA in the next 12 months. The second part of the survey is concerned with the attitudes towards their trips of those respondents who have already visited the USA. Information includes: approximate date and length of most recent visit, whether this was first trip, main purpose of trip (7 categories), total expenditure incurred, whether it was an inclusive tour, number of other people in party, who organised the trip (11 categories), whether travel arrangements were made through a travel agent, modes of inter-city transportation used (6 categories), public accommodation used. Attitudinal data include: degrees of satisfaction with the 99 day - dollar 99 unlimited bus travel plan (if used), degree of satisfaction with the special local service airline fare (if used), degree of enjoyment of USA visit (4 point scale). Respondents are asked to state their general opinion, according to a 3 point scale for both quality and price, on public accommodation used and food eaten in public eating places. They are also asked to state what sightseeing highlighted their trip, and the things they least liked and most liked about the USA. Background Variables Occupation, magazine and newspaper readership, whether a holiday or business trip has been taken outside the UK within the last 12 months, and, if so, countries visited.

The data consist of transcripts of interviews with 19 individuals from Brazil and 5 individuals from Colombia, who are all involved in Black and Indigenous activist organisations or in state agencies that are charged with promoting anti-racism and/or human rights. Each transcript begins with a paragraph giving contextual informationLatin America has often been held up as a region where racism is less of a problem than in regions such as the United States or Europe. Because most people are 'mestizos' (mixed race) and mixture is often seen as the essence of national identity, clear racial boundaries are blurred, resulting in comparatively low levels of racial segregation and a traditionally low public profile for issues of race. In Europe and the United States, the racial mixture and interaction across racial boundaries, which are typical of Latin America and are becoming more visible elsewhere, are heralded by some observers as leading towards a 'post-racial' reality, where anti-racism and multiculturalism - seen in this view as divisive policies that accentuate social differences - become unnecessary. Critics point out that mixture is not an antidote to racial inequality and racism in Latin America: they all coexist. This severely qualifies claims that mixture can lead to a 'post-racial' era. This project will investigate anti-racist practices and ideologies in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico. The project will contribute to conceptualising and addressing problems of racism, racial inequality and anti-racism in the region. We also propose that Latin America presents new opportunities for thinking about racism and anti-racism in a 'post-racial' world. Understanding how racism and anti-racism are conceived and practised in Latin America - in contexts in which mixture is pervasive - can help us to understand how to think about racism and anti-racism in other regions of the world, where notions of race have been changing in some respects towards Latin American patterns. It is also crucial to show the variety of ways in which mixture operates and co-exists with racism in Latin America - a region that is far from homogeneous. Research teams in each country, working with a range of organisations concerned with racism and discrimination, will explore how the organisations conceptualise and address key problems, which are becoming more salient in other regions, which confront similar scenarios. First, how to practice anti-racism when most people are mixed and when they may deny the importance of race and racism and themselves be both victims and the perpetrators of racism. Second, how to conceptualise and practice anti-racism when 'culture' seems to be the dominant discourse for talking about difference, but when physical difference (skin colour, hair type, etc.) remain powerful but often unacknowledged signs that move people to discriminate. Third, how to understand racism and combat it when race and class coincide to a great extent and make it easy to deny that race and racism are important factors. Fourth, how to make sure anti-racism addresses gender difference effectively, in a context in which mixture between white men and non-white women has been seen as the founding act of the nation. Fifth, how to pursue anti-racism when it is often claimed that there is little overt racist violence and that this is evidence of racial tolerance. We will explore how these elements structure - and may constrain - ideas about (anti-)racism within institutions, organisations and everyday practice. Our project will work with organisations in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico - countries that capture a good range of the region's diversity - to explore how racism and anti-racism are conceptualised and addressed in state and non-state circles, in legislation and the media, and in a variety of campaigns and projects. We aim to strengthen anti-racist practice in Latin America by feeding back our findings and by helping build networks; and to provide useful insights for understanding racism and anti-racism within and outside the region. The project carried out research in four countries, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Mexico. We started by scoping out a broad range of organizations and individuals who were working in a direct or indirect fashion to challenge racism and racial inequality. We then selected seventeen case studies (over a third of which were Indigenous), with which we worked in depth, while also touching on about twenty other cases in a less intensive way. The cases were selected in order to include both Black and Indigenous organisations and cases, and to include a range of cases from government bodies to grassroots activist movements, plus some legal processes in which a variety of actors and organizations were involved. Our methods were mainly ethnography and interviews, undertaken principally by the four postdoctoral researchers, each of whom worked in one country. Some interviews were done with the assistance of a research assistant hired in the country. The interviews were conducted mostly in 2017, with some in 2018, in localities appropriate to the case study, such as an organization’s offices, an individual’s residence, or an agreed neutral location (e.g. a café, a village square, a classroom). Some interviews were informal conservations, but most were at least semi-structured. Common interview guides were not used, as each interview was specific to the case in question. Many interviews were audio-recorded (some were video-recorded) and selected interviews were transcribed in full or in part. Files with the original audio recordings and the transcripts are stored on a secure server in the University of Manchester. The files uploaded here are a selection of the transcribed interviews.

Einstellungen zur europäischen Union und zum isländischen EU-Beitritt. Themen: Einstellungen zur Beziehung zwischen der EU und Island (Skala: Vertrautheit mit der EU, Isländer und EU-Bürger besitzen ähnliche Wertauffassungen, positive Einschätzung der isländischen Beteiligung am Schengener Abkommen, Island folgt der europäischen Gesetzgebung ohne eigene Entscheidungsgewalt, Island sollte der EU beitreten, die Euro-Einführung in Island würde zur Stärkung der Wirtschaft beitragen); erwartete Veränderungen nach einem EU-Beitritt von Island (isländische Bürger werden von der EU-Regionalpolitik profitieren, Senkung der Lebensmittelpreise, Verbesserung in der Tourismusbranche, Schädigung der isländischen Fischereiwirtschaft, Isländisch wird eine der offiziellen Sprachen in der EU, Walfangverbot, Beibehaltung der isländischen Pässe, Beibehaltung der Kontrolle über die eigenen natürlichen Ressourcen); Länder, die als Vorbild für Island dienen; Land, dem der Befragte sich meisten verbunden fühlt; höheres Verbundenheitsgefühl zur EU oder den USA; eigene Auslandsreisen; Nennung der bereisten Länder; Gründe für fehlende Auslandsreisen; präferierte mediale Informationsquellen; Rezeption ausländischer Medien; Hauptgrund gegen die Rezeption ausländischer Medien; Herkunftsland der genutzten Medien. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Staatsangehörigkeit; Alter bei Beendigung der Ausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Stellung; Region; Urbanisierungsgrad; Besitz eines Mobiltelefons; Festnetztelefon im Haushalt; Anzahl der Personen ab 15 Jahren im Haushalt (Haushaltsgröße). Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Interviewmodus (Mobiltelefon oder Festnetz); Gewichtungsfaktor. Attitudes towards the European Union and towards Iceland’s accession to the EU. Topics: attitudes towards the relation of the EU and Iceland (scale: familiarity with the European Union, sharing of the same values, Iceland’s participation in the Schengen Agreement is positive, Iceland follows much of the EU’s legislation without participating in decision making, Iceland should be part of the EU, adoption of the euro will support Iceland’s economy); expected impact of Iceland’s accession to the EU (Iceland’s citizens will profit from EU support for regional development, decrease in food prices, more competition between Icelandic food producers and those from other EU countries, increase in tourism, harming of Iceland’s interests by the EU’s fishery policy, Icelandic becoming an official language of the EU, prohibition of whaling, possibility to keep the Icelandic passport, possibility to keep national control of own natural resources); countries that could serve as a model for Iceland; country to which the respondent feels the closest to; stronger feeling of attachment towards the EU or towards the US; travels outside Iceland in the past five years; travels to selected countries in the past five years; main reason for not traveling outside Iceland in the past five years; preferred source of information about current affairs; reception of foreign media; frequency of the reception of foreign media; main reason for not consuming foreign media; country of origin of the consumed media. Demography: age; sex; nationality; age at end of education; occupation; professional position; region; type of community; own a mobile phone and fixed (landline) phone; household composition and household size. Additionally coded was: type of phone line; weighting factor. Telephone interview: CATI Wohnbevölkerung im Alter ab 15 Jahren (nationale Wohnbevölkerung und Bürger aller Mitgliedsstaaten der EU,die ihren Wohnsitz in Island haben und der Landessprache mächtig sind um den Fragebogen beantworten zu können) Population of Iceland aged 15 years and over. The survey covers the national population of citizens as well as the population of citizens of all the European Union Member States that are residents in Iceland and have a sufficient command of the national language to answer the questionnaire. Wahrscheinlichkeitsauswahl: Mehrstufige Zufallsauswahl

During a 2024 survey, 77 percent of respondents from Nigeria stated that they used social media as a source of news. In comparison, just 23 percent of Japanese respondents said the same. Large portions of social media users around the world admit that they do not trust social platforms either as media sources or as a way to get news, and yet they continue to access such networks on a daily basis.

              Social media: trust and consumption

              Despite the majority of adults surveyed in each country reporting that they used social networks to keep up to date with news and current affairs, a 2018 study showed that social media is the least trusted news source in the world. Less than 35 percent of adults in Europe considered social networks to be trustworthy in this respect, yet more than 50 percent of adults in Portugal, Poland, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Slovakia and Croatia said that they got their news on social media.

              What is clear is that we live in an era where social media is such an enormous part of daily life that consumers will still use it in spite of their doubts or reservations. Concerns about fake news and propaganda on social media have not stopped billions of users accessing their favorite networks on a daily basis.
              Most Millennials in the United States use social media for news every day, and younger consumers in European countries are much more likely to use social networks for national political news than their older peers.
              Like it or not, reading news on social is fast becoming the norm for younger generations, and this form of news consumption will likely increase further regardless of whether consumers fully trust their chosen network or not.