The World War II Enlistment and Casualty Records data set contains individual-level information on soldiers who were drafted or volunteered for service in the U.S. armed forces during World War II. The repository consists of three files: The digitized list of fallen soldiers who served in the U.S. Army or Army Air Force by name, state, and county of residence (300,131 observations) The digitized list of fallen soldiers who served in the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard by name, state, and county of residence (65,507 observations) The World War II Army and Army Air Force Enlistment records which were merged with the list of fallen soldiers (8,293,187 observations)

Jutta worked in civil service in Stuttgart, specifically in Esslingen, from 1989 to 2018. After taking a break for three years due to the birth of her second son, Jutta was asked by the mayor to create programs for the visit of Jewish people who had previously lived in Esslingen. This experience marked her first involvement with hosting foreign individuals in Esslingen and caring for them. Following that exprience, her role involved leading the office of International relationships, focusing on town twinning and European programs. Working directly for the mayor, she coordinated various exchanges such as school, club, and youth exchanges, as well as collaborative European projects. Concerning the origins of town twinning, young people from different countries, despite being burdened by war-related differences, focused on building peace and unity. War was not a central theme in their discussions; instead, they emphasized the importance of living together harmoniously and the freedom to study and travel across Europe. They aspired to create a free world where people could live in peace and prosperity. There was a lack of education about the Holocaust and the experiences of Jewish people in schools. Many students reported not learning about it in their lessons, mirroring the experiences of Jutta's generation, where teachers avoided discussing it altogether. Even the Jutta's parents, who were teenagers during the war, were aware of the events but chose not to acknowledge them fully. Jutta draws a parallel to contemporary attitudes towards events such as the conflict in Ukraine. Jutta had discussions with town-twinning friends during the reunification of Germany. While she felt positive about the idea of a united Germany, their friends expressed anxiety about it. She struggled to understand their friends' concerns, but one friend mentioned historical apprehensions related to Germany's size and its past actions, particularly during the Second World War. The complexities and differing perspectives about the reunification of Germany were hard to understand for Jutta. She couldn’t understand why they were so anxious. Friends in a Cold Climate: After the Second World War a number of friendship ties were established between towns in Europe. Citizens, council-officials and church representatives were looking for peace and prosperity in a still fragmented Europe. After a visit of the Royal Mens Choir Schiedam to Esslingen in 1963, representatives of Esslingen asked Schiedam to take part in friendly exchanges involving citizens and officials. The connections expanded and in 1970, in Esslingen, a circle of friends was established tying the towns Esslingen, Schiedam, Udine (IT) Velenje (SL) Vienne (F) and Neath together. Each town of this so called “Verbund der Ringpartnerstädte” had to keep in touch with at least 2 towns within the wider network. Friends in a Cold Climate looks primarily through the eyes the citizen-participant. Their motivation for taking part may vary. For example, is there a certain engagement with the European project? Did parents instil in their children a a message of fraternisation stemming from their experiences in WWII? Or did the participants only see youth exchange only as an opportunity for a trip to a foreign country? This latter motivation of taking part for other than Euro-idealistic reasons should however not be regarded as tourist or consumer-led behaviour. Following Michel de Certeau, Friends in a Cold Climate regards citizen-participants as a producers rather than as a consumers. A participant may "put to use" the Town Twinning facilities of travel and activities in his or her own way, regardless of the activities programme. INTEGRATION OF WESTERN EUROPE AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR was driven by a broad movement aimed at peace, security and prosperity. Organised youth exchange between European cities formed an important part of that movement. This research focuses on young people who, from the 1960s onwards, participated in international exchanges organised by twinned towns, also called jumelage. Friends in a Cold Climate asks about the interactions between young people while taking into account the organisational structures on a municipal level, The project investigates the role of the ideology of a united West-Europe, individual desires for travel and freedom, the upcoming discourse about the Second World War and the influence of the prevalent “counterculture” of that period, thus shedding a light on the formative years of European integration.

Content

This dataset contains a curated table of WW2 aircrafts. It includes fighter planes, bombers, transport planes, blimps, research planes, prototypes and seaplanes.

Wikipedia Page Description

The List of aircraft of World War II includes all the aircraft used by those countries, which were at war during World War II from the period between their joining the conflict and the conflict ending for them. Aircraft developed but not used operationally in the war are in the prototypes section at the end. Prototypes for aircraft that entered service under a different design number are ignored in favour of the service version. The date the aircraft entered service, or was first flown if the service date is unknown or it did not enter service follows the name, followed by the country of origin and major wartime users. Aircraft used for multiple roles are generally only listed under their primary role unless specialized versions were built for other roles. Aircraft used by neutral countries such as Spain, Switzerland and Sweden or countries which did no significant fighting such as most of those in South America (except Brazil), are not included.

Source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II (retrieved May 19th 2019)

Heide was born in 1947 in Stuttgart, shortly after the war, when there wasn't much money and trips abroad weren't possible. However, a neighbor had a niece in France who couldn't speak a word of German, while she herself couldn't speak a word of French. Despite this, they played together during vacations, which was an unforgettable experience. She has a sister who is 16 years older. One day, her sister met a Dutch woman on the street who asked for directions. Her sister invited the woman home, and she became like a third daughter in the family. This was her first contact with other countries and cultures. When the adults were sitting at the table—her parents, uncle, aunt, the children had to leave because the adults were talking. Het father had volunteered for the war. Heide has have only seen photos of him on a horse, always saying that horses are very loyal comrades. She didn't know what he did in the war; it was never discussed. His youngest brother was also drafted into the Wehrmacht at 19. Her grandmother, was perhaps in the NSDAP, since people always said, "Here come your brown women again," referring to her women's group. Heide doesn’t know how her parents felt about Europe, but living with the French girl who always came in the summer and the Dutch woman , was just a normal thing. When she was 16, her mother suggested she worked as a counselor at a summer camp. She did this and enjoyed it a lot. At the camp, she met a group from a French partner city, which further sparked her interest in other cultures. After getting married and having a daughter, she began to think about what to do next when she turned 30. She was asked if she wanted to do some volunteer work with the city youth association, and this is how her engagement began. Otto Weinmann, one of the initiators, once said something along the lines of, "We need to reach out to other countries now." There were meetings of interested people, and from stories and photos, she knowsit started with France. In the beginning, it wasn't much; they were searching for a structure and looking for cities with a similar number of inhabitants. At that time, this was very much in demand because young people couldn't easily go on vacation. Of course, this has changed a lot. Additionally, the young people often didn't know where these connections came from or the political background behind them. She also remembers welcome parties where city officials were present. In one speech, it was emphasized how important these connections were and how crucial it was to carry them into the partner cities through the youth. In many encounters, people came closer simply through communicating, sharing stories, singing, and dancing, despite language barriers. There were also private conversations, but in the beginning, the young people primarily wanted to meet other young people. In Esslingen there was a working group for international affairs that not only met for the summer exchange, but also did a lot of other things together. Then there was the so-called roadmap conference. Once a year, delegates from the various parties met and thought about what could be done. The head of the Esllingen organization Otto Weinmann, was like the father of youth exchange for her. Friends in a Cold Climate: After the Second World War a number of friendship ties were established between towns in Europe. Citizens, council-officials and church representatives were looking for peace and prosperity in a still fragmented Europe. After a visit of the Royal Mens Choir Schiedam to Esslingen in 1963, representatives of Esslingen asked Schiedam to take part in friendly exchanges involving citizens and officials. The connections expanded and in 1970, in Esslingen, a circle of friends was established tying the towns Esslingen, Schiedam, Udine (IT) Velenje (SL) Vienne (F) and Neath together. Each town of this so called “Verbund der Ringpartnerstädte” had to keep in touch with at least 2 towns within the wider network. Friends in a Cold Climate looks primarily through the eyes the citizen-participant. Their motivation for taking part may vary. For example, is there a certain engagement with the European project? Did parents instil in their children a a message of fraternisation stemming from their experiences in WWII? Or did the participants only see youth exchange only as an opportunity for a trip to a foreign country? This latter motivation of taking part for other than Euro-idealistic reasons should however not be regarded as tourist or consumer-led behaviour. Following Michel de Certeau, Friends in a Cold Climate regards citizen-participants as a producers rather than as a consumers. A participant may "put to use" the Town Twinning facilities of travel and activities in his or her own way, regardless of the programme. Integration of West-Europe after the Second World War was driven by a broad movement aimed at peace, security and prosperity. Organised youth exchange between European cities formed an important part of that movement. This research focuses on young people who, from the 1960s onwards, participated in international exchanges organised by twinned towns, also called jumelage. Friends in a Cold Climate asks about the interactions between young people while taking into account the organisational structures on a municipal level, The project investigates the role of the ideology of a united West-Europe, individual desires for travel and freedom, the upcoming discourse about the Second World War and the influence of the prevalent “counterculture” of that period, thus shedding a light on the formative years of European integration.

NB This datasets has restricted access due to GDPR considerations. Anna visited Swansea University, Wales, a recently built institution. Photos of the visit were taken by a friend, not by her. The experience was unusual for them coming from a small city in Italy. They were intrigued by modern dances like the Twist, which she hadn't seen before. They were surprised also by boys with long hair. While they were familiar with the Beatles, Italy had not yet seen young people organizing themselves into musical groups like we observed during our visit. In Italy, this type of musical band trend emerged later, perhaps a year or two after our visit to Swansea. In 1966, there was a second exchange involving the Italian group. The Welsh family she stayed with owned a grocery shop. The living quarters were located on the first floor above the shop, situated on the street. During her third exchange in Esslingen, they were taken to Stuttgart airport were they visited an airplane to explore its interior. This was Anna’s first time being inside an airplane, and everything about it was new and exciting for her. For Anna, art and cultural experiences were more important than discussions about economy and work. However, the most important aspect of these exchanges wasn't the places they visited or the activities we did—it was the opportunity to be together with boys and girls from different nationalities. Building connections and sharing experiences with peers from diverse cultures, speaking different languages, was the most enjoyable and valuable part of the exchange for Anna. 50 years have passed, a long time, according to Anna. She has forgotten many facts but remembers feelings. Remembers the feeling of great fun. Anna remembers how surprised she was about many things different from what she had seen till that moment. Friends in a Cold Climate: After the Second World War a number of friendship ties were established between towns in Europe. Citizens, council-officials and church representatives were looking for peace and prosperity in a still fragmented Europe. After a visit of the Royal Mens Choir Schiedam to Esslingen in 1963, representatives of Esslingen asked Schiedam to take part in friendly exchanges involving citizens and officials. The connections expanded and in 1970, in Esslingen, a circle of friends was established tying the towns Esslingen, Schiedam, Udine (IT) Velenje (SL) Vienne (F) and Neath together. Each town of this so called “Verbund der Ringpartnerstädte” had to keep in touch with at least 2 towns within the wider network. Friends in a Cold Climate looks primarily through the eyes the citizen-participant. Their motivation for taking part may vary. For example, is there a certain engagement with the European project? Did parents instil in their children a a message of fraternisation stemming from their experiences in WWII? Or did the participants only see youth exchange only as an opportunity for a trip to a foreign country? This latter motivation of taking part for other than Euro-idealistic reasons should however not be regarded as tourist or consumer-led behaviour. Following Michel de Certeau, Friends in a Cold Climate regards citizen-participants as a producers rather than as a consumers. A participant may "put to use" the Town Twinning facilities of travel and activities in his or her own way, regardless of the programme. Integration of West-Europe after the Second World War was driven by a broad movement aimed at peace, security and prosperity. Organised youth exchange between European cities formed an important part of that movement. This research focuses on young people who, from the 1960s onwards, participated in international exchanges organised by twinned towns, also called jumelage. Friends in a Cold Climate asks about the interactions between young people while taking into account the organisational structures on a municipal level, The project investigates the role of the ideology of a united West-Europe, individual desires for travel and freedom, the upcoming discourse about the Second World War and the influence of the prevalent “counterculture” of that period, thus shedding a light on the formative years of European integration.

NB This is the second of two interviews with Connie Eggink. Due to GDPR considerations the interview and accompanying visual materials are not open to public review. In 1970, Connie Eggink led a Schiedam exchange program starting in Esslingen, Germany. Esslingen played a significant role in organizing the exchange, which involved three other cities: Schiedam, Norrköping, and for the first time, Velenje from Yugoslavia. Otto Weinmann, a key figure in the Stadtjungendring, was instrumental in involving Velenje and promoting the European idea. The Velenje group stood out for being older and carefully selected to represent their country during the Tito era. Despite language barriers, the Yugoslavian group was intriguing for the other participants. The exchange garnered attention from South German Radio, which conducted interviews discussing perspectives on European unity. In 1971, Connie's group traveled to Norrkoping, Sweden. They were invited to visit the Swedish Air Force, which was proud of its military equipment, showcasing their newly acquired F-13 aircraft. Connie was impressed by the presence of many women in the military, reflecting a more advanced state of gender equality compared to the Netherlands at the time. Concerns about the Iron Curtain were prevalent, with a collective desire to prevent intrusion from communist nations. The group expressed relief that countries behind the Iron Curtain were capable of defending themselves, though there was a reluctance for NATO involvement. Annually, a meeting convened in Esslingen where administrators from various regions gathered to arrange exchange programs, ensuring simultaneous involvement of three groups from three countries. Photographs from these meetings captured the stark contrast between Dutch representatives, characterized by their casual appearance with beards and long hair, and officials from France, Germany, Italy, and Sweden, who appeared more formal and well-groomed. These meetings involved decision-makers such as administrators, councilors, and mayors, who were keen on their cities participating. Despite diverse backgrounds, they shared a commitment to promoting peace, driven by their experiences of war and a determination to prevent its recurrence, marking the ethos of their generation. Connie was 18 or 19 when she joined the community. “You have grand ideas at that age. I've always been interested in languages; I found foreign languages fascinating at school. I've always tried to learn as many different languages as possible because it helps you understand other cultures and people.” Later on, she traveled extensively as a backpacker through South America, North Africa, and Africa to meet people and understand why they do what they do. She also pursued studies in psychology to seek understanding for what motivates people, why they act the way they do, why they stand opposed to each other instead of alongside. She had the idea for many years that youth exchanges did have an effect lasting 10 or 20 years. However, Connie thinks society has changed and that not much remains of what was created back then. She thinks the generations who are in their thirties now are not very concerned with this kind of thing anymore. (Project Friends in a Cold Climate 2023) Friends in a Cold Climate: After the Second World War a number of friendship ties were established between towns in Europe. Citizens, council-officials and church representatives were looking for peace and prosperity in a still fragmented Europe. After a visit of the Royal Mens Choir Schiedam to Esslingen in 1963, representatives of Esslingen asked Schiedam to take part in friendly exchanges involving citizens and officials. The connections expanded and in 1970, in Esslingen, a circle of friends was established tying the towns Esslingen, Schiedam, Udine (IT) Velenje (SL) Vienne (F) and Neath together. Each town of this so called “Verbund der Ringpartnerstädte” had to keep in touch with at least 2 towns within the wider network. Friends in a Cold Climate looks primarily through the eyes the citizen-participant. Their motivation for taking part may vary. For example, is there a certain engagement with the European project? Did parents instil in their children a a message of fraternisation stemming from their experiences in WWII? Or did the participants only see youth exchange only as an opportunity for a trip to a foreign country? This latter motivation of taking part for other than Euro-idealistic reasons should however not be regarded as tourist or consumer-led behaviour. Following Michel de Certeau, Friends in a Cold Climate regards citizen-participants as a producers rather than as a consumers. A participant may "put to use" the Town Twinning facilities of travel and activities in his or her own way, regardless of the programme. Integration of West-Europe after the Second World War was driven by a broad movement aimed at peace, security and prosperity. Organised youth exchange between European cities formed an important part of that movement. This research focuses on young people who, from the 1960s onwards, participated in international exchanges organised by twinned towns, also called jumelage. Friends in a Cold Climate asks about the interactions between young people while taking into account the organisational structures on a municipal level, The project investigates the role of the ideology of a united West-Europe, individual desires for travel and freedom, the upcoming discourse about the Second World War and the influence of the prevalent “counterculture” of that period, thus shedding a light on the formative years of European integration.

A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle that is used for transportation. Most definitions of cars say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people instead of goods.[1][2]

The year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the car, when German inventor Carl Benz patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen.[3][4][5] Cars became widely available during the 20th century. One of the first cars affordable by the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the US, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts.[6] In Europe and other parts of the world, demand for automobiles did not increase until after World War II.[6] The car is considered an essential part of the developed economy.

The source of dataset is ../input/cars-cars-2/Cars_India_dataset.csv The dataset contains the following columns. 0 Model object - Model of the cars 1 Maker object - Maker of cars 2 Type object - type of cars 3 Seats int64 - number of seats in cars 4 Displacement float64 - displacement of car 5 Length int64 - length of car 6 Width int64 - width of car 7 Height int64 - height of car 8 Wheelbase int64 - wheel base of car 9 No_of_Cylinders float64 - number of cylinders in car 10 Fuel object - type of fuel in car 11 Engine Type object - type of engime 12 Transmission object - transmission in car 13 Front Brake object - front break of car 14 Rear Brake object - rear break of car 15 Drive object - drive of car 16 Turning Radius float64 - turning radius of car 17 Fuel Tank Capacity float64 - fuel capacity of car 18 Boot Space float - boot space

HAN VAN DER HORST is a baby boomer born in 1949 into a Catholic working-class family, whose father himself had not had the opportunity to continue his studies. Han describes the environment and fears in which he grew up, focusing on the pursuit of educational opportunities in a changing time after World War II. Han took the bus every day for six years to a boys' college in Rotterdam. Due to his father's limited income, he could not afford a moped, which posed a problem in reaching girls' grammar schools. Han decides to study history at the University of Amsterdam, because of the city and the Provo movement. He was able to study in Amsterdam thanks to a study allowance consisting of a scholarship and interest-free loan. As a reward for his high school diploma, Han previously received the opportunity from his parents to participate in a youth exchange. Participation in the youth exchange cost one hundred and twenty-five guilders, which was now within the family's reach. The narrator chose Esslingen, Germany, because of his familiarity with the German language. He wondered if he would be singled out because of his origins. The exchange was mixed, which was unusual at the time. In 1967, at the age of 18, he went on a fourteen-day trip to Esslingen in Germany with a diverse group and then became host to his German host for a fortnight. Han took part in a youth exchange without much European thought, although such ideas were promoted in information leaflets and newspaper articles. They were received by the Esslingen municipal council and had organized daily excursions as part of Germany's reputation recovery. The narrator remembers speeches about friendship between peoples and European cooperation. They visited interesting places in the city and surroundings. Han van der Horst's father could not go into hiding during the war and had to go to Germany, where he did heavy physical work and experienced a bombing. It seems that during the youth changes after the Second World War, the war itself did not play a major role among the young people from Schiedam. Han indicates that Germans tended to apologize, but the Dutch did not like that. They had come to Germany to celebrate. After the exchange, the hosts and hostesses traveled back to the Netherlands with the narrator. Han's German host then stayed at the narrator's home in the flat for fourteen days. They also came into contact with groups from other cities, including a group from Sweden. After fourteen days the exchange came to an end, and Han van der Horst left for Amsterdam, although he did not yet live there and remained a railway student for three years. At that time, around 1970, European unity and the EEC (European Economic Community) were not prominent in everyday consciousness, especially for non-specialists. Han notes that the focus within his social circle, or "bubble", was mainly on broader themes such as international solidarity and the struggle for revolution. Han shared that interest with Giuliano from Udine, where he would participate in an exchange program the following year. Giuliano's parents knew each other from the resistance and were members of various left-wing political parties. Giuliano was friends with Anna, whose parents were liberal partisans. In essence, the Han says that personal experiences with youth exchanges, but especially world events, ultimately influenced his life and mentality. Han van der Horst says that he is not afraid of the unknown. This position is emphasized with an explicit "Point!". At the same time, he notes that nowadays, possibly due to factors such as the Internet, the fear of the unknown is actually increasing, and he considers this a dangerous trend.

The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, which lasted from March 24, 1999 until June 10, 1999, was the largest air campaign in Europe since the bombing of Britain and Germany in World War II. The air raids lasted for 78 days and hit 108 out of 160 municipalities, excluding Kosovo and Montenegro. The bombing was spread out and largely aimed at military barracks, industrial facilities, transportation networks, and communication lines. This repo provides a novel dataset with information on over 1,000 targets in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, including the date, location, target type, and fatalities. Included is also R code for the replication of my article "Strongmen Cry Too: The Effect of Aerial Bombing on Voting for The Incumbent in Competitive Autocracies" that was accepted for publication at Journal of Peace Research.

STANE BOROVNIK hails from Velenje, a small town with a labor-oriented community that gained significance after World War II when large coal deposits were discovered. The subsequent establishment of a coal mine spurred rapid growth, attracting young families and leading to a relatively higher standard of living compared to other areas in Slovenia and Yugoslavia. Despite the town's prosperity, access to public services, schools, and cultural amenities was somewhat limited. During the late 1960s, Stane attended elementary and high school amidst a cultural shift influenced by Western music, particularly rock, rock and roll, and jazz. Stane became interested in town twinning and youth exchange programs after witnessing German visitors in Velenje and hearing about Velenje youths visiting Esslingen. This led to Stane's involvement in coordinating international youth exchanges among twin towns, including Esslingen, Schiedam, Vienne, Neath, and Norrköping. Despite initial reluctance due to political affiliations, Stane agreed to lead the initiative under the condition of autonomy and sufficient resources. Stane's parents had contrasting experiences during World War II. Stane's mother, growing up on a farm near Velenje, found herself caught in a precarious situation, as her home served as a passageway for both partisans and Germans. Despite her initial confusion, she eventually sided with the partisans, working as a courier and engaging in underground activities. However, she was later caught by the Germans and imprisoned in Austria, facing false accusations of collaboration upon her release. Conversely, Stane's father, living on a mountain farm south of Velenje, had fewer encounters with German forces but steadfastly supported the partisans. His family provided assistance whenever possible, offering food and shelter to partisan fighters. Despite their support for the resistance, neither of Stane's parents were members of the communist party, and they harbored resentment towards the party's post-war treatment. Stane's family initially held negative perceptions of Germany, viewing it as a source of evil due to the wartime experiences and propaganda. Therefore, the idea of visiting Germany didn't hold much appeal to them, and they expressed displeasure when Stane returned from trips to Germany. However, as Stane continued to visit Germany and share their experiences, their family gradually softened their stance. They began to listen and learn about the realities of contemporary Germany, gaining a more nuanced understanding beyond the historical context. Over time, Stane's family became more receptive to the idea of visiting Germany and exploring its culture and society. The 1970s marked a period of flourishing for Europe, characterized by a sense of unity and increased mobility. Memories of war began to fade, and the concept of traveling across borders became more feasible, especially with the advent of air travel. Stane emphasizes the importance of viewing Europe as a united family, transcending political divisions.In organizing youth exchanges, Stane encouraged participants to focus on commonalities rather than political differences, urging them to refrain from engaging in political debates. By focusing on everyday life and human connections, the exchanges allowed participants to see that despite cultural nuances, people's lives were fundamentally similar across different European towns and cities. THE INTEGRATION OF WESTERN EUROPE AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR was driven by a broad movement aimed at peace, security and prosperity. Organized youth exchange between European cities formed an important part of that movement. This research focuses on young people who, from the 1960s onwards, participated in international exchanges organised by twinned towns, also called jumelage. Friends in a Cold Climate asks about the interactions between young people while taking into account the organisational structures on a municipal level, The project investigates the role of the ideology of a united West-Europe, individual desires for travel and freedom, the upcoming discourse about the Second World War and the influence of the prevalent “counterculture” of that period, thus shedding a light on the formative years of European integration. (2024-02-06) After the Second World War a number of friendship ties were established between towns in Europe. Citizens, council-officials and church representatives were looking for peace and prosperity in a still fragmented Europe. After a visit of the Royal Mens Choir Schiedam to Esslingen in 1963, representatives of Esslingen asked Schiedam to take part in friendly exchanges involving citizens and officials. The connections expanded and in 1970, in Esslingen, a circle of friends was established tying the towns Esslingen, Schiedam, Udine (IT) Velenje (SL) Vienne (F) and Neath together. Each town of this so called “Verbund der Ringpartnerstädte” had to keep in touch with at least 2 towns within the wider network. Friends in a Cold Climate looks primarily through the eyes the citizen-participant. Their motivation for taking part may vary. For example, is there a certain engagement with the European project? Did parents instil in their children a a message of fraternisation stemming from their experiences in WWII? Or did the participants only see youth exchange only as an opportunity for a trip to a foreign country? This latter motivation of taking part for other than Euro-idealistic reasons should however not be regarded as tourist or consumer-led behaviour. Following Michel de Certeau, Friends in a Cold Climate regards citizen-participants as a producers rather than as a consumers. A participant may "put to use" the Town Twinning facilities of travel and activities in his or her own way, regardless of the programme. The interviewee describes town twinning and youth exchanges that ranges from the period Yugoslavia was under leadership of Tito until the period when the Republic of Slovania became an independent country.

Jan worked for the municipality of Schiedam. He started his career in 1975 with the Public Works Department. He later moved internally to the mayor's office, which was part of the General Affairs department, General Affairs Secretariat. In this position he had to deal with "exchanges" and city twinning. As far as Schiedam was concerned, this was still in its infancy. It started with an exchange between the Royal Schiedams Men's Choir Orpheus and a choir in Esslingen. The mayor of Esslingen proposed that Schiedam should join a circle of partner cities. In the 1960s, this proposal was submitted to the municipality of Schiedam, but the then mayor rejected it due to the war history. Years later the request was made again and exchanges were slowly organized. The Schiedam Community Foundation was commissioned to develop this further, which resulted in several exchanges. It is doubtful to what extent Schiedam really thought about European unification. It seemed that people mainly enjoyed contacts with partner cities, without the deeper philosophy that cities like Esslingen had. They tried to transfer this philosophy to people who participated in exchanges, which was sometimes difficult. Initially, it mainly concerned young people, students, football clubs, choirs and dance clubs, who especially enjoyed going to Slovenia, for example, for a football tournament or to Esslingen for a singing performance. Schiedam left the circle of partner cities, just as Neath had done earlier. This happened during a difficult period in Schiedam, when the mayor retired in 2006 after 22 years of service. The new mayor, who took over, arbitrarily ended the partner city projects within a year, because he considered them unnecessary and expensive. This decision was made even though long-term contacts with people from partner cities still existed. Jan states that majors and officials come and go. Carefully built contacts often survive the period that an administrator is active, according to Jan. Although he was given another position within the municipality in 2008, he still receives New Year's cards from Vienne. Friends in a Cold Climate: After the Second World War a number of friendship ties were established between towns in Europe. Citizens, council-officials and church representatives were looking for peace and prosperity in a still fragmented Europe. After a visit of the Royal Mens Choir Schiedam to Esslingen in 1963, representatives of Esslingen asked Schiedam to take part in friendly exchanges involving citizens and officials. The connections expanded and in 1970, in Esslingen, a circle of friends was established tying the towns Esslingen, Schiedam, Udine (IT) Velenje (SL) Vienne (F) and Neath together. Each town of this so called “Verbund der Ringpartnerstädte” had to keep in touch with at least 2 towns within the wider network. Friends in a Cold Climate looks primarily through the eyes the citizen-participant. Their motivation for taking part may vary. For example, is there a certain engagement with the European project? Did parents instil in their children a a message of fraternisation stemming from their experiences in WWII? Or did the participants only see youth exchange only as an opportunity for a trip to a foreign country? This latter motivation of taking part for other than Euro-idealistic reasons should however not be regarded as tourist or consumer-led behaviour. Following Michel de Certeau, Friends in a Cold Climate regards citizen-participants as a producers rather than as a consumers. A participant may "put to use" the Town Twinning facilities of travel and activities in his or her own way, regardless of the programme. Integration of West-Europe after the Second World War was driven by a broad movement aimed at peace, security and prosperity. Organised youth exchange between European cities formed an important part of that movement. This research focuses on young people who, from the 1960s onwards, participated in international exchanges organised by twinned towns, also called jumelage. Friends in a Cold Climate asks about the interactions between young people while taking into account the organisational structures on a municipal level, The project investigates the role of the ideology of a united West-Europe, individual desires for travel and freedom, the upcoming discourse about the Second World War and the influence of the prevalent “counterculture” of that period, thus shedding a light on the formative years of European integration.

(This is the second interview with Jan Brouwer,former official with the municipality of Schiedam. In November 1990, Schiedam organized its first sister cities conference. Previously, Schiedam participated annually in various partner cities but was encouraged to host one themselves. They made it a significant event held in the auditorium of the Stedelijk Museum Schiedam, commemorated with a group photo in front of the museum. Schiedam had attendees from various cities and languages at the conference. While most spoke fluent English, Esslingen and Velenje needed simultaneous interpreters, which was very costly and took a significant part of our budget. Schiedam also experienced the impact of the war in Yugoslavia— Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia, etc. Slovenia, part of former Yugoslavia, is just below Austria and Italy. When the war broke out in the south, Schiedam took notice, especially due to the refugee crisis. Velenje asked for our help, and I took the initiative to start a relief effort. Slovenia also wanted to become an independent republic and asked for support from its partner cities. The council of Schiedam had reservations, expressing that while they valued the sister city relationships, deciding on international political matters was beyond their scope and should be handled by national politics. As a result, Schiedam distanced itself from this issue, unlike Esslingen, which did not. Eastern European countries were looking to establish close contacts with Dutch municipalities. However, Schiedam did not extend our contacts further into Eastern Europe. A significant highlight was when Schiedam, together with Vienne and the Polish city Piotrków (partnered with Esslingen), received the Etoile d'Or award from the Council of Europe. We were recognized for forming a network of partner cities and organizing several successful exchanges, which was unique compared to the more common bilateral partnerships. The award ceremony took place in a grand theater in Ferrara, Italy, with a beautiful, full audience. Jan explains that the successor of Mayor Scheeres, who had no interest in the sister city relationships instructed him to quickly remove the city signs. Mayor Scheeres, already retired, inquired about the signs, which had been taken down. Jan confirmed they were removed but secretly found two signs, now stored at the company that removed them. Taking and preserving these signs was seen as an act of resistance, though the succeeding mayor never knew they were taken. Otherwise, the speaker might have had a shorter tenure with the municipality. Friends in a Cold Climate: After the Second World War a number of friendship ties were established between towns in Europe. Citizens, council-officials and church representatives were looking for peace and prosperity in a still fragmented Europe. After a visit of the Royal Mens Choir Schiedam to Esslingen in 1963, representatives of Esslingen asked Schiedam to take part in friendly exchanges involving citizens and officials. The connections expanded and in 1970, in Esslingen, a circle of friends was established tying the towns Esslingen, Schiedam, Udine (IT) Velenje (SL) Vienne (F) and Neath together. Each town of this so called “Verbund der Ringpartnerstädte” had to keep in touch with at least 2 towns within the wider network. Friends in a Cold Climate looks primarily through the eyes the citizen-participant. Their motivation for taking part may vary. For example, is there a certain engagement with the European project? Did parents instil in their children a a message of fraternisation stemming from their experiences in WWII? Or did the participants only see youth exchange only as an opportunity for a trip to a foreign country? This latter motivation of taking part for other than Euro-idealistic reasons should however not be regarded as tourist or consumer-led behaviour. Following Michel de Certeau, Friends in a Cold Climate regards citizen-participants as a producers rather than as a consumers. A participant may "put to use" the Town Twinning facilities of travel and activities in his or her own way, regardless of the programme. The integration of West-Europe after the Second World War was driven by a broad movement aimed at peace, security and prosperity. Organised youth exchange between European cities formed an important part of that movement. This research focuses on young people who, from the 1960s onwards, participated in international exchanges organised by twinned towns, also called jumelage. Friends in a Cold Climate asks about the interactions between young people while taking into account the organisational structures on a municipal level, The project investigates the role of the ideology of a united West-Europe, individual desires for travel and freedom, the upcoming discourse about the Second World War and the influence of the prevalent “counterculture” of that period, thus shedding a light on the formative years of European integration.

Joop Daalmeijer studied theology in Nijmegen. In the sixties, this city was like Moscow on the Waal, filled with students taking over the roles of professors, leading lectures and seminars. It was challenging to focus on studying amidst the lively debates on various topics unrelated to his field. With limited finances, Joop had to push through, determined to graduate. Seeking a change from the chaotic revolutionairy climate in Nijmegen, Joop seized an opportunity to participate in an exchange program at the University of Tübingen in Germany, where he completed his studies and graduated. Joop was a self-described progressive Catholic who felt drawn to the Labour Party, though never officially joining except for a brief period. He transitioned into journalism. His focus during this period was on events in Latin America, particularly the rise of liberation theology, and the progressive movements within the Catholic Church, which faced opposition from conservative authorities. While climate issues were not a prominent concern at the time, the Cold War context significantly influenced their worldview. Joop’s father had been imprisoned during the war, after being captured in a raid (razzia) before 1944. However, the father managed to escape and return to the Netherlands. When the parents later traveled to Switzerland on holliday, they passed through Germany without hesitation, unlike others who avoided Germany by going through France. Despite his father's war experiences, he never conveyed any negativity towards Germans, especially evident during youth exchanges when he had no issues staying with German families, finding them on the whole to be kind people. Joop was part of the youth circle within the Foundation Schiedam Community, where they discussed policies and plans for the city's youth. One day, the director of the community suggested he join a youth exchange program to Esslingen, Germany, as a group leader. Embracing the opportunity, he participated in the program. Group leaders were tasked with giving speeches, often centered around the idea of the new Europe and its significance for the youth. They emphasized moving beyond the shadow of World War II towards a future of unity and cooperation. The German organizers, primarily members of the SPD, were dedicated to overcoming the past and fostering European solidarity. Their speeches stressed the importance of being good Europeans, transcending their German national identity. For some, going abroad wasn't financially feasible, but the opportunity arose by these exchanges. It was a chance to broaden horizons beyond their usual surroundings. Despite coming from a family with limited means, where vacations meant visiting relatives in Brabant, these exchanges provided the gateway for Joop to foreign lands. Such experiences shaped his worldview profoundly, fostering a deep sense of European identity. This perspective carried over into his career as a journalist, including his tenure as editor-in-chief at broadcaster Wereldomroep, where managing an international team required skills honed from those early days of international interaction during youth exchanges. It all began there, learning to navigate international relations and understanding the importance of unity and cooperation on a global scale. Friends in a Cold Climate: After the Second World War a number of friendship ties were established between towns in Europe. Citizens, council-officials and church representatives were looking for peace and prosperity in a still fragmented Europe. After a visit of the Royal Mens Choir Schiedam to Esslingen in 1963, representatives of Esslingen asked Schiedam to take part in friendly exchanges involving citizens and officials. The connections expanded and in 1970, in Esslingen, a circle of friends was established tying the towns Esslingen, Schiedam, Udine (IT) Velenje (SL) Vienne (F) and Neath together. Each town of this so called “Verbund der Ringpartnerstädte” had to keep in touch with at least 2 towns within the wider network. Friends in a Cold Climate looks primarily through the eyes the citizen-participant. Their motivation for taking part may vary. For example, is there a certain engagement with the European project? Did parents instil in their children a a message of fraternisation stemming from their experiences in WWII? Or did the participants only see youth exchange only as an opportunity for a trip to a foreign country? This latter motivation of taking part for other than Euro-idealistic reasons should however not be regarded as tourist or consumer-led behaviour. Following Michel de Certeau, Friends in a Cold Climate regards citizen-participants as a producers rather than as a consumers. A participant may "put to use" the Town Twinning facilities of travel and activities in his or her own way, regardless of the programme. Integration of West-Europe after the Second World War was driven by a broad movement aimed at peace, security and prosperity. Organised youth exchange between European cities formed an important part of that movement. This research focuses on young people who, from the 1960s onwards, participated in international exchanges organised by twinned towns, also called jumelage. Friends in a Cold Climate asks about the interactions between young people while taking into account the organisational structures on a municipal level, The project investigates the role of the ideology of a united West-Europe, individual desires for travel and freedom, the upcoming discourse about the Second World War and the influence of the prevalent “counterculture”.

The project ´Quality of Life and Well-being of Very Old People in NRW (NRW80+)´, which is funded by the Ministry of Innovation, Science and Research of North Rhine-Westphalia and carried out by the CERES research association at the University of Cologne, is intended to provide representative statements on the living conditions of very old people in North Rhine-Westphalia. The aim is to obtain comprehensive information about the environment in which very old people live or would like to live, what their social role is and how satisfied they are with their living situation. Housing situation: type of housing; full inpatient care in the case of residential accommodation; number of rooms; duration of living in this apartment/house/home; tenure (owner, main tenant, subtenant, rent-free); always in this apartment/house or lived in this flat/house; barrier-reduced living: thresholds over 2 cm; doors at least 80 cm wide; stairs with handrail or stair lift; doors of bath and WC open to the outside; suitability of the living environment on foot or in a wheelchair (walkability); residential attachment; trust in people in the neighbourhood (social cohesion). 2. Family situation: marital status; currently stable partnership; children present; number of children; number of living children; number of grandchildren and great grandchildren; household size; household composition: sex of up to three persons and their relationship to the respondent; pets. 3. Financial situation: sources of income; net household income; costs: amount of the monthly rent for warmth; amount of the monthly rent for cold or rent without additional costs; amount of the monthly additional costs; housing loans or mortgages to be paid off and their amount; monthly costs for the stay in the home; debts from loans; amount of debts; assets: amount of the total assets. 4. Dealing with old age: autonomy; experience of ageing (e.g. greater appreciation of relationships and other people, more attention to one´s own health, decrease in mental capacity, etc.); appreciation by others (being needed, being appreciated for services, being treated as a burden, being appreciated more than before). 5. Health: cognitive tests on mental health (repeat ten selected words in two passes, convert numbers, mention as many things as possible that you can buy in the supermarket in one minute, repeat numbers in reverse order, remember the ten words at the beginning of the cognitive test); self-assessment of health; assessment of pain level in the last four weeks; height in cm; weight in kg; weight loss in the last twelve months; multimorbidity: medical treatment due to selected diseases; existence of care level or degree of care; designation of care level or degree of care; additional care level 0 (limited everyday competence); care use: use of an outpatient care service; use of day care; private care; hours of private care per week; respondent cares privately for another person and hours per week; functional health with regard to various activities of daily life (eating, dressing and undressing, personal hygiene, walking, looking up from bed and lying down, being bedridden, bathing or showering, reaching the toilet in time, frequency of problems with bladder and bowel control, using the telephone, organising routes outside the walking range (trips by taxi or bus), buying food and clothing yourself, preparing your own meals, doing housework, taking medication, regulating financial matters); use of assistive devices (hearing aid, wheelchair, home emergency call system, private car); health literacy (knowledge and compliance). 6. Everyday life and lifestyle: importance and frequency of: time spent together with other people, physical activity, rest and time for oneself, in-depth study of a topic and creative activity; preferred music style; preferences regarding clothing and food; leisure activities in the last 12 months (e.g. sports, participation in a coffee circle or regulars´ table, visiting a café, restaurant or pub, travelling, voluntary work, etc.); frequency and place of the respective activities; religious community, club membership; political participation: party affiliation; participation in the last federal election. 7. Technology setting and technology use: technology use in the last 12 months (computer or laptop, internet, smartphone, regular mobile phone, tablet computer, fitness wristband) and frequency of use; technology setting: interest, difficulties in using modern digital devices, ease of everyday life with modern digital devices); purpose of internet use in the last three months (emails, looking for information on health topics, participating in social networks, buying or selling goods or services). 8. Social inclusion: called social network; for the four most important persons the following was asked: sex, their relationship to the respondent, frequency of contact and attachment to these persons; number of other persons in the social network (size of the social network); frequency of loneliness in the last week; social support: larger gifts given or larger gifts received; frequency of social support given or received by the respondent (e.g. helped other people with their tasks, received help with tasks and tasks, received consolation, received consolation); Generativity (importance of passing on one´s own experiences to younger people, passing on social values to younger people, being a role model for younger people); Integration into society: Anomie (coping with today´s social way of life, one´s own values fit less and less with the values of today´s society, lack of orientation due to rapidly changing society). 9. Hand grip force: agreement with hand grip test; right- or left-handed; writing hand; test value 1st measurement right and left; test value 2nd measurement right and left; deviations exist. 10. Value system: Individual value system (doing things in one´s own way (self-determination), being wealthy (power), avoiding dangers and safe environment (security), spending good time (hedonism), doing good for society (benevolence), getting achievements recognized (achievement), taking risks (stimulation), avoiding teasing others (conformity), caring for nature and the environment (universalism), respecting traditions (tradition); spirituality: Importance of a connection with God or a higher power, with people and with nature; frequency of connection with God or a higher power, with people and with nature; importance of institutionalizing one´s own beliefs, e.g. in church; ; frequency of the feeling of community in institutionalized forms; orientation to the guidelines of religious institutions; importance of being part of a large entity; frequency of the feeling of being part of a larger entity; importance of practicing religious practices such as Praying or meditating, frequency of religious practices; reconciled relationship with God; God as support; desire to leave everything behind to go to God; God is threatening and punishing; importance of faith or spirituality in one´s own life; attitude towards dying and death: acceptance of one´s own mortality; death as an incriminating thought; fear of dying; frequency of thoughts about death; will written; dispositions (living will, precautionary power of attorney, care-giving will, general power of attorney). 11. Interpersonal personality: tendency to quarrel, losing control, feeling irritated and harassed); external and internal controlling life (life in one´s own hands, success through effort, life is determined by others, plans thwarted by fate). 12. Well-being and life satisfaction: frequency of selected feelings in the last year (PANAS: enthusiastic, attentive, joyfully excited/expectant, stimulated, determined); depressiveness during the last 14 days (depressed, difficult to pick up, enjoy life, even if some things are difficult, brooding a lot); Valuation of Life-Scale (and a. optimistic, consider current life as useful, life determined by religious or moral principles, etc.); Meaning in Life-Scale (satisfaction with what has been achieved in the past, with the past at peace); general life satisfaction. 13. Critical life events: perceived burden of life events in general; generally most stressful event; current burden of events related to World War II; most stressful event related to World War II; current burden of events outside World War II; most stressful event outside World War II; most stressful event outside World War II; most stressful event outside World War II Interpersonal conflicts and emotional consequences (INDICATE): Frequency of conflicts with known persons (other person has become louder/ abusive towards the respondent (intimidation), has spoken about weaknesses or impairments of the respondent (shame), blamed for an event, paternalism: Ignoring the respondent´s opinion, has caused the respondent to renounce his or her wish or right, neglect: no support given, no time given, financial exploitation: property or possessions of the respondent used for own purposes, has been kept by the respondent, physical violence: firm or rough handling, physically rough or inconsiderate handling, custodial measures restriction of freedom of movement, medication given without consent, sexualised violence: offensive behaviour, sexual harassment). 14. Biography: caregiver in childhood up to the age of 16; social status of parents: employment and occupational status of father and mother when the interviewee was 15 years old; number of siblings; occupational biography of the interviewee: end of full-time employment; occupational status; special designation of occupational status; occupational biography of spouse: end of full-time employment; occupational status; special designation of occupational status; request to politicians to improve one´s own quality of life (open). Demography: sex; age; origin: country, place of residence 1949-1990; education: country of last school attendance; highest

Connie Eggink began working for the Stichting Schiedamse Gemeenschap (Foundation Schiedam Community) and the VVV Tourist Information Office, as they were combined. She was around the age of 19 and had to be knowledgeable about various cultural groups, including music, theater, literature, primarily focused on amateur arts. The Schiedam community was tasked with managing youth exchange programs, supported by the municipality. The community published a periodical that documented these activities. The first time Connie had to organize a youth exchange program, there was a group coming from the three foreign countries that needed to be provided with a cultural program. Over time, Connie attended several meetings in Esslingen, where Otto Weinmann was a driving force. He was likely the director there and was very passionate about European ideals and the European thought. His enthusiasm inspired all involved. Participants in the program were required to stay with a host family for two weeks, followed by another two weeks hosting the participant from the other country. During the day, there was a cultural program, while evenings often featured disco nights, facilitating a different form of bonding. Being together for four weeks, including meals with participants' parents, led sometimes to discussions about WWII. Connie’s parents had anti-German sentiments due to their experiences during The war. However, through the exchange program, they recognized its importance in preventing a recurrence of such events and became supportive. Despite these serious discussions, participants also formed romantic relationships during the program. In Velenje during the Tito era, Connie experienced a different culture with language barriers and dictatorial restrictions. Despite feeling a sense of freedom as foreigners, the locals perceived many restrictions as normal. The leader of the first group, a journalist, was involved in a mysterious car accident the following year, reflecting a potentially precarious environment. Connie initially admired WWII resistance as a young girl, but began questioning her own bravery when she became responsible for children. While not inclined towards large demonstrations, she advocates defending democracy to prevent history from repeating itself. Connie finds the current disregard for democratic principles unsettling and fear the consequences of such complacency. (Project Friends in a Cold Climate 2023) Friends in a Cold Climate: After the Second World War a number of friendship ties were established between towns in Europe. Citizens, council-officials and church representatives were looking for peace and prosperity in a still fragmented Europe. After a visit of the Royal Mens Choir Schiedam to Esslingen in 1963, representatives of Esslingen asked Schiedam to take part in friendly exchanges involving citizens and officials. The connections expanded and in 1970, in Esslingen, a circle of friends was established tying the towns Esslingen, Schiedam, Udine (IT) Velenje (SL) Vienne (F) and Neath together. Each town of this so called “Verbund der Ringpartnerstädte” had to keep in touch with at least 2 towns within the wider network. Friends in a Cold Climate looks primarily through the eyes the citizen-participant. Their motivation for taking part may vary. For example, is there a certain engagement with the European project? Did parents instil in their children a a message of fraternisation stemming from their experiences in WWII? Or did the participants only see youth exchange only as an opportunity for a trip to a foreign country? This latter motivation of taking part for other than Euro-idealistic reasons should however not be regarded as tourist or consumer-led behaviour. Following Michel de Certeau, Friends in a Cold Climate regards citizen-participants as a producers rather than as a consumers. A participant may "put to use" the Town Twinning facilities of travel and activities in his or her own way, regardless of the program.e Integration of West-Europe after the Second World War was driven by a broad movement aimed at peace, security and prosperity. Organised youth exchange between European cities formed an important part of that movement. This research focuses on young people who, from the 1960s onwards, participated in international exchanges organised by twinned towns, also called jumelage. Friends in a Cold Climate asks about the interactions between young people while taking into account the organisational structures on a municipal level, The project investigates the role of the ideology of a united West-Europe, individual desires for travel and freedom, the upcoming discourse about the Second World War and the influence of the prevalent “counterculture” of that period, thus shedding a light on the formative years of European integration.

The female interviewee, born in 1946 and with a Croat background, recalls the stories her father told her about his time in detention in WWII in the Jasenovac camp. She tells that she got married with a man with Serb background and explains that this never posed any problems in the family during Yugoslav times. She describes the growing suspicion towards her husband in the 1980s. She tells how her husband went missing during the war in the 1990s and how she found out that he was tortured and killed. She describes the burial of her husband during the war and about her fears to start a police investigation to find out what happened. The narrator tells about how people started disappearing during the war and about Operation Storm. She also tells that her husband until this day has not been recognized legally as a war victim and explains the legal battle she continues to fight. The narrator describes the hardship she is facing being a woman alone and lacking justice concerning the death of her husband.

Die Befragungsschwerpunkte dieses Eurobarometers sind:1. ) die persönliche und wirtschaftliche Lage des Befragten,2. ) seine Einstellung zur Entwicklungshilfe und3. ) die Einstellung zur EG. Themen: Zu 1. ) Bewertung der allgemeinen und persönlichen wirtschaftlichen Situation; Entwicklung der Lebenshaltungskosten; erwartete persönliche Entwicklung im kommenden Jahr und erwartete Streiks sowie internationale Konflikte; Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Weltkriegs; Einschätzung des Grads der Selbstbestimmung (Skalometer); Angst vor Arbeitsplatzverlust; Entwicklung der Arbeitslosigkeit im Wohnumfeld; Bewertung des Einflusses der Regierungspolitik auf die wirtschaftliche Situation, die Beschäftigungslage, die Preise und die finanzielle Situation des eigenen Haushalts; Beurteilung der Wirtschaftspolitik der Regierung; kompetenteste Partei zur Bewältigung der wirtschaftlichen Probleme; allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit; Zufriedenheit mit dem Funktionieren der Demokratie im Lande; eigene Meinungsführerschaft; Postmaterialismus; Wahlbeteiligungsabsicht; Einschätzung des eigenen sowie des nationalen Wohlstands; wichtigste gesellschaftspolitische Probleme; Einschätzung der zukünftigen politischen Probleme; Beurteilung der wirtschaftlichen, kulturellen und historischen Beziehungen zu ausgewählten Ländern der Erde. Zu 2. ) Interesse an den Problemen der Dritten Welt; Bewertung des Informationsumfangs über Entwicklungsländer in den Medien; Objektivität der Medieninformationen; Einstellung zur Entwicklungshilfe und Ursachen für die Probleme der Dritten Welt (Skala); präferierte Formen der Entwicklungshilfe; persönliche Erfahrung in der Dritten Welt; Anteil von Personen aus Entwicklungsländern im eigenen Land; Beurteilung der staatlichen Hilfen für diese Menschen; vermutete Bedeutung der Entwicklung der Entwicklungshilfeländer für das eigene Land; Kenntnis der Entwicklungshilfegeber und Einschätzung der effektvollsten Entwicklungshilfeorganisation; Länder, denen am ehesten Entwicklungshilfe gewährt werden sollte; Bereitschaft zum persönlichen Engagement in der Entwicklungshilfe; Einstellung zu einer Steigerung der Entwicklungshilfe, auch bei sinkendem Lebensstandard; Kenntnis und Bereitschaft zur Unterstützung von ausgewählten Entwicklungshilfeorganisationen. Zu 3. ) Einstellung zur Vereinigung Westeuropas; Einstellung zur Mitgliedschaft des Landes in der EG; Entwicklung des Einvernehmens zwischen den EG-Partnern; Zurkenntnisnahme von Medieninformationen über das Europaparlament; Rückerinnerung an den Nachrichteninhalt; Wahlbeteiligungsabsicht bei der nächsten Europawahl; die Bedeutung der Europawahl; tatsächlicher und gewünschter Einfluss des Europaparlaments; Vorstellungen über die Aufgaben und Ziele des Europaparlaments sowie Beurteilung der Bürgernähe der Europaparlamentarier; Häufigkeit politischer Diskussionen mit Freunden; Selbsteinschätzung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; Einstellung zum gesellschaftlichen Wandel; Parteiverbundenheit; Religiosität; Gefühl des Glücklichseins. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Konfession; Schulbildung; Alter bei Ende der Schulbildung; Berufstätigkeit; Betriebsgröße; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltszusammensetzung; Befragter ist Haushaltsvorstand; Charakteristika des Haushaltsvorstands; Befragter ist haushaltsführende Person; Wahlverhalten bei der letzten Bundestagswahl; Urbanisierungsgrad. The main survey focus areas of this Eurobarometer are: 1. Personal and economic situation of the respondent, 2. His attitude to foreign aid and 3. Attitude to the EC. Topics: 1. Evaluation of general and personal economic situation; development of cost of living; expected personal development in the coming year and expected strikes as well as international conflicts; probability of a world war; assessment of the degree of self-determination (scale); fear of loss of job; development of unemployment in residential surroundings; evaluation of influence of government policies on the economic situation, employment situation, prices and the financial situation of personal household; judgment on the economic policy of the government; most able party to deal with economic problems; general contentment with life; satisfaction with the functioning of democracy in the country; personal opinion leadership; postmaterialism; intent to participate in the election; assessment of personal as well as national prosperity; most important social-political problems; assessment of future political problems; judgment on economic, cultural and historical relations with selected countries of the world. 2. Interest in the problems of the third world; evaluation of extent of information about developing countries in the media; objectivity of media information; attitude to foreign aid and causes for the problems of the third world (scale); preferred forms of foreign aid; personal experience in the third world; proportion of persons from developing countries in one´s country; judgment on government aid for these people; assumed significance of development of foreign aid countries for one´s own country; knowledge about foreign aid providers and assessment of the most effective foreign aid organization; countries who soonest should be given foreign aid; readiness for personal involvement in foreign aid; attitude to an increase of foreign aid, even with decreasing standard of living; knowledge and willingness to support selected foreign aid organizations. 3. Attitude to the unification of Western Europe; attitude to membership of the country in the EC; development of agreement between EC partners; noticing media information about the European Parliament; memory of the news content; intent to participate in the next European Election; the significance of the European Election; actual and desired influence of the European Parliament; ideas about the tasks and objectives of the European Parliament as well as judgment on the populism of the European parliamentarians; frequency of political discussions with friends; self-assessment on a left-right continuum; attitude to social change; party allegiance; religiousness; feeling of being happy. Demography: age; sex; marital status; religious denomination; school education; age at conclusion of school; employment; company size; household income; household size; household composition; respondent is head of household; characteristics of head of household; respondent is person managing household; voting behavior at the last federal parliament election; degree of urbanization.

Politische Interessiertheit und Mediennutzung, Verbundenheit mitder DDR, Einstellungen zu militärischen Fragen, Organisationenund Bündnissen, eigene Verteidigungsbereitschaft und absolviertevormilitärische Ausbildung. Themen: Konstanter Teil: Interesse an DDR- bzw. Weltpolitik;Häufigkeit der Nutzung der DDR- und BRD-Medien (Skala);Präferierung der Position der West- bzw. Ostsender;Wahrheitsgehalt der politischen Informationen der West- bzw.Ostsender; Häufigkeit der Nutzung der Tageszeitungen; Häufigkeitpolitischer Gespräche mit verschiedenen Personenkreisen (Skala);Einstellung zum weltweiten Sieg des Sozialismus, zur Sowjetunion,zur marxistisch-leninistischen Weltanschauung; Stolz auf die DDR;Gefühl der Verbundenheit mit der DDR; Weltanschauung; Überzeugunganderer von der eigenen Weltanschauung; Bereitschaft zurVerteidigung der DDR und Gründe dafür bzw. dagegen (Skala);Selbsteinschätzung der Leistungen in der Ausbildung undhinsichtlich der gesellschaftlichen Aktivität; Einschätzung derKriegsgefahr angesichts der Existenz vonMassenvernichtungsmitteln, des militärischen Gleichgewichts, deraggressiven Pläne des Imperialismus; Einstellung zu militärischerHilfe für befreundete Länder; Einschätzung der Folgen desNATO-Raketenbeschlusses für die sozialistischen Länder; Charakterder Bundeswehr; Einschätzung der außenpolitischen Ziele der BRDhinsichtlich der Existenz des Sozialismus; Vergleich derAggressivität des BRD- und USA-Imperialismus; Einstellung zurMöglichkeit der deutsch-deutschen Vereinigung; Bereitschaft zurVerteidigung der DDR; Meinung zur Unbesiegbarkeit dersozialistischen Staatengemeinschaft und Gründe dafür; Haltung zurgegenseitigen militärischen Hilfe der Staaten des WarschauerVertrages; absolvierte Ausbildungsschritte in dervormilitärischen Ausbildung; Interesse an der vormilitärischenLaufbahnausbildung allgemein und an speziellenAusbildungszweigen; Durchlaufen der vormilitärischen Ausbildung;Teilnahme an sportlichen Wettkämpfen der FDJ und der GST;Bewertung des Nutzens der vormilitärischen Ausbildung; Haltungzur bedingungslosen Befehlsausführung; Wertung der Bedingungen imAusbildungslager (Skala); erreichte Ausbildungsleistungen; Besitzdes Leistungsabzeichens; Qualifikation im Wehrsport der GST;Einstellung zum Wehrdienst; präferierte Form des zu leistendenWehrdienstes; Gründe für bzw. gegen das Längerdienen in der NVA(Skala); erwartete persönliche Auswirkungen des Wehrdienstes;erwartete Schwierigkeiten durch Wehrdienst (Skala); Erwartungenan den Armeedienst (Skala); vermittelte Erfahrungen andererWehrdienstleistender; Haltung der Partnerin zum Wehrdienst;Abschlußnoten in der POS/EOS und Gesamtprädikat;Ausbildungsberuf; Leistungseinschätzung in der Berufsausbildung;Lehrjahr; Qualifikation und Tätigkeit von Vater und Mutter;Tätigkeit des Vaters bei der NVA oder anderen bewaffnetenOrganen; Existenz von Verwandten bzw. Bekannten in derBRD/Westberlin; Mitgliedschaft in gesellschaftlichenOrganisationen; Besitz des Sportabzeichens der DDR; Bogen I:Arbeitsmotivation (Skala); Einschätzung der Kriegsgefahr undUrsachen für weltpolitische Situation; Interesse anvormilitärischer Laufbahnausbildung und gewählte Ausbildungsform;Wertung unterschiedlicher Ausbildungsformen; Teilnahme ansportlichen Wettkämpfen (Skala); Kenntnisse zur vormilitärischenAusbildung; Teilnahme am Wehrsport der GST und Gründe dafür(Skala); Kenntnisse zu politischen, militärischen,geschichtlichen Ereignissen und Persönlichkeiten; Häufigkeit desLesens ausgewählter Zeitschriften (Skala); Gründe für das Lesender "Armeerundschau" (Skala); Bogen II: Lebensziele (Skala);eigene Fähigkeit zur politischen Argumentation (Skala);Einstellung zur Anerkennung der DDR-Staatsbürgerschaft durch dieBRD; Orientierung an der Meinung anderer bei Sachfragen (Skala);Existenz von Meinungsverschiedenheiten und Übereinstimmung zupolitschen Themen mit dem Vater; Bewertung des Verhältnisses zuVater und Mutter; Wertung vorgegebener Filme (Skala); Häufigkeitdes Besuchs kultureller Veranstaltungen (Skala); Einschätzung derKriegsgefahr und Ursachen für weltpolitische Situation; Teilnahmean GST-Mitgliederversammlungen; Erwartungen an den Wehr dienst;Zukunft im Ausbildungsberuf; präferierter Wohn- und Arbeitsort;Migrationsabsichten; Übernahme eines persönlichen Auftrags imKampfprogramm der FDJ; Meinung zum höchsten Alter fürMitgliedschaft in der FDJ; ehrenamtliche Funktionen der Eltern;persönliche Auswirkungen des Wehrdienstes (Skala). Degree of political interest and media usage, solidarity with the GDR, attitudes to military questions, organizations and alliances, personal defense preparedness and pre-military training completed. Topics: Constant part: interest in GDR or world politics; frequency of use of GDR and FRG media (scale); preference of position of West or East stations; truth content of political information of West or East stations; frequency of use of daily newspapers; frequency of political conversations with various groups of persons (scale); attitude to the world-wide victory of socialism, the Soviet Union, the Marxist-Leninist world view; pride in the GDR; feeling of solidarity with the GDR; world view; convincing others of one's own world view; willingness to defend the GDR and reasons for or against this (scale); self-assessment of achievements in training and regarding social activity; assessment of the danger of war in view of the existence of means of mass extermination, the military balance of power, aggressive plans of imperialism; attitude to military aid for friendly countries; assessment of the consequences of the NATO missile resolution for the socialist countries; character of the Federal German Armed Forces; assessment of foreign policy goals of the FRG regarding the existence of socialism; comparison of aggressiveness of FRG and USA imperialism; attitude to possibility of German-German unification; willingness to defend the GDR; opinion on the invincibility of the socialist community of nations and reasons for this; stand on mutual military aid of the states of the Warsaw Pact; training steps completed in pre-military training; interest in pre-military career training in general and in special training branches; completion of pre-military training; participation in athletic competitions of FDJ and GST; evaluation of benefit of pre-military training; stand on unconditionally carrying out orders; valuation of the conditions in training camp (scale); training achievements; possession of the achievement badge; qualification in the GST paramilitary; attitude to military service; preferred form of military service to be performed; reasons for or against serving longer in the NVA (scale); personal effects of military service expected; expected difficulties from military service (scale); expectations of army service (scale); experiences described by others performing military service; stand of partner on military service; final grades in POS/EOS and over-all grade; training occupation; achievement assessment in vocational training; apprentice year; qualification and activity of father and mother; activity of father in NVA or other armed organs; presence of relatives or acquaintances in the FRG/West Berlin; membership in social organizations; possession of sports certificate of the GDR. Questionnaire I: work motivation (scale); assessment of the danger of war and reasons for the world political situation; interest in pre-military career training and selected form of training; valuation of different forms of training; participation in athletic competitions (scale); knowledge about pre-military training; participation in GST paramilitary and reasons for this (scale); knowledge of political, military, historical events and personalities; frequency of reading selected magazines (scale); reasons for reading the "Armeerundschau" (scale). Questionnaire II: goals in life (scale); personal ability in political argumentation (scale); attitude to recognition of GDR citizenship by the FRG; orientation on the opinion of others with factual questions (scale); presence of differences of opinion and agreement on political topics with father; evaluation of relationship with father and mother; valuation of specified films (scale); frequency of attending cultural events (scale); assessment of the danger of war and reasons for world political situation; participation in GST member meetings; expectations of military service; future in training occupation; preferred place of residence and work; migration intents; acceptance of a personal task in the battle program of the FDJ; opinion on maximum age for membership in FDJ; honorary functions of parents; personal effects of military service (scale).

Dieser Eurobarometer enthält folgende Befragungsschwerpunkte: 1.)Allgemeine Einstellungen zu politischen und gesellschaftlichenFragen 2.)Einstellungen zu Europa 3.)Verkehrsmittelnutzung und Verkehrsregeln in Europa 4.)Beurteilung von Energieproblemen Themen: 1.)Politische und gesellschaftliche Einstellungen: AllgemeineAussichten für das nächste Jahr; erwartete Zu- oder Abnahme von Streiks;Friedensaussichten; Weltkriegsgefahr (Skalometer); Beurteilung derallgemeinen wirtschaftlichen Lage des Landes und der eigenenfinanziellen Situation; allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit; Zufriedenheitmit der Demokratie im Lande; eigene Meinungsführerschaft; Häufigkeitpolitischer Diskussionen; Kontakt zum Parlamentsabgeordneten;Postmaterialismus; Häufigkeit des Sehens von Nachrichtensendungen imFernsehen, des Lesens von Nachrichten in Tageszeitungen und des Hörensvon Informationssendungen im Radio; wichtigste Interessensgebiete;Nationalstolz; Gefühl, von Mächtigen ausgenutzt zu werden undausgeschlossen zu sein; Regierung kümmert sich nicht um die einfachenLeute, und Reiche werden reicher; Selbsteinschätzung auf einemLinks-Rechts-Kontinuum; Einstellung zu einem gesellschaftlichen Wandel;Unterstützung von Naturschutzverbänden, Ökologie-, Antiatomkraft- undFriedensbewegungen; Parteiverbundenheit; allgemeines Glücksgefühl;Präferenz für Wohnen auf dem Lande oder in der Stadt. 2.)Einstellungen zu Europa: Gefühl, Europabürger zu sein; Einschätzungder Entwicklung des Einvernehmens der Mitgliedsländer untereinander;Einstellung zur Vereinigung Westeuropas; Interesse an Problemen derEuropäischen Gemeinschaft und Einschätzung ihrer Bedeutung; empfundenesund gewünschtes Vorankommen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft und derVereinigung Westeuropas; Kenntnis der Europaflagge und Einstellung zudieser Flagge; Einstellung zum Auftreten der Landesmannschaft unter dereuropäischen und nationalen Flagge bei olympischen Spielen; Einstellungzu einer freien Wahl des Wohnortes innerhalb der EG; Einstellung zumKommunalwahlrecht von EG-Bürgern; positiver oder negativer Eindruck ausden letzten Medienveröffentlichungen über das Europäische Parlament; dieBedeutung der Rolle, die das Europäische Parlament zur Zeit spielt undin Zukunft spielen soll; Kontakte zu einem Mitglied des EuropäischenParlaments; Einstellung zur Landesmitgliedschaft in der EG; Vorteile desLandes durch die Mitgliedschaft; Bereiche mit besonderen Vorteilen;Bedauern über ein Scheitern der EG und wirtschaftliche Konsequenzeneines Rückzugs des Landes aus der EG. 3.)Verkehrsmittelnutzung und Verkehrsregeln in Europa:Nutzungshäufigkeit von Motorrad oder Mofa; Dauer desFührerscheinbesitzes; häufigst genutztes Verkehrsmittel; Besuch einesEG-Landes in den letzten zwei Jahren; empfundene Störungen durchunterschiedliche Verkehrsregeln; Häufigkeit des Nicht-Anlegens vonSicherheitsgurten, des Übertretens von Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzungen unddes Fahrens unter Alkoholeinfluss; Bedeutung dieser Übertretungen alsUnfallursache; Verkehrsvorschriften, die europaweit vereinheitlicht undstärker überwacht werden sollten; Einstellung zurGeschwindigkeitsbegrenzung auf Autobahnen; präferierteHöchstgeschwindigkeiten auf Autobahnen, Landstraßen und in geschlossenenOrtschaften; allgemeine Einstellung zu einer Vereinheitlichung vonVerkehrsregeln in der EG; eigene Verwicklung in einen Unfall;Familienangehörige oder Freunde als Opfer von Verkehrsunfällen. 4.)Beurteilung von Energieproblemen: Beurteilung der derzeitigen undzukünftigen Energiesituation als Problem; Lösungsalternativen fürzukünftige Energieprobleme; wichtigste, zuverlässigste undumweltschonendste Energieart der Zukunft; Beurteilung der jüngsten undder zukünftigen Entwicklung der Benzinpreise; Industrieanlagen mit demgrößten Risiko; Einstellung zur Atomenergieforschung; Einstellung zumAtomstrom (Skala); Atomkraftwerksbau oder Reduktion desElektrizitätsverbrauchs; Beurteilung der Gefahren der Atomkraft;Selbsteinschätzung der Informiertheit über die Arbeitsweise vonAtomkraftwerken; Kenntnis des Atomkraftwerksunfalls in der Sowjetunionund Gefühl der persönlichen Gefährdung; ausreichende Vorbereitungdeutscher Behörden auf einen Atomkraftwerksunfall; Besitz langlebigerWirtschaftsgüter; Moped- und PKW-Besitz; Zentralheizung. Indizes: Kognitive und politische Mobilität; Postmaterialismus;Typologie der politischen Orientierung; EG-Unterstützung. In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wurde zusätzlich gefragt:Assoziationen zur Europäischen Gemeinschaft. In Frankreich, Italien, Spanien und Portugal wurde zusätzlich gefragt:Bekanntheit einer Fahrradtour in Südeuropa; Bekanntheit der Tour del´avenir; Einstellung zu einer finanziellen Unterstützung vonSportveranstaltungen durch die Europäische Gemeinschaft. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Kinderzahl; Alter derKinder (klassiert); Konfession; Religiosität; Schulbildung; beruflichePosition; Berufstätigkeit; Betriebsgröße; Haushaltseinkommen;Haushaltsgröße; Befragter ist Haushaltsvorstand; Charakteristika desHaushaltsvorstands; Parteipräferenz (Sonntagsfrage); Wahlverhalten beider letzten Bundestagswahl; Ortsgröße; Alter bei Schul- bzw.Universitätsabschluss; Anzahl der Personen im Haushalt mit 15 Jahren undälter. Interviewerrating: Interviewdatum. This Eurobarometer contains the following main survey focus: 1. General attitudes to political and social questions 2. Attitudes to Europe 3. Use of various means of transport and traffic regulations in Europe 4. Judgement on energy problems Topics: 1. Political and social attitudes: general prospects for thenext year; expected increase or decrease in strikes; prospects forpeace; danger of world war (scale); judgement on the general economicsituation of the country and of one´s own financial situation; generalcontentment with life; satisfaction with democracy in the country;personal opinion leadership; frequency of political discussions;contact with representatives in parliament; postmaterialism; frequencyof watching news broadcasts on television, reading news in dailynewspapers and listening to information broadcasts on the radio; mostimportant areas of interest; national pride; feeling of of beingexploited by the powerful and being excluded; government does notconcern itself with the ordinary people and the rich become richer;self-assessment on a left-right continuum; attitude to social change;support of nature protection associations, ecology, anti-nuclear powerand peace movements; party allegiance; general feeling of happiness;preference for living in the country or in the city. 2. Attitudes to Europe: feeling of being a citizen of Europe;assessment of the development of harmony among the member countries;attitude to unification of Western Europe; interest in problems of theEuropean Community and assessment of their significance; attitude toappearance of the national team under the European and national flag atthe Olympic Games; attitude to free selection of place of residencewithin the EC; attitude to the right to vote in municipal elections forEC citizens; positive or negative impression from the last mediapublications about the European Parliament; the significance of therole played by the European Parliament at the moment and that it shouldhave in the future; contacts with a member of the European Parliament;attitude to membership of the country in the EC; advantages for thecountry from membership; areas with particular advantages; regret at afailure of the EC and economic consequences of a withdrawal of thecountry from the EC. 3. Use of various means of transport and traffic regulations inEurope: frequency of use of motorcycle or motor-assisted bicycle;length of possession of drivers license; most frequently used means oftransport; visit to an EC country in the last two years; perceiveddisturbances from different traffic regulations; frequency of not usingseat belts, exceeding speed limits and driving under the influence ofalcohol; significance of these offenses as cause of accidents; trafficregulations that should be made uniform Europe-wide and more stronglyenforced; attitude to speed limits on freeways; preferred maximum speedlimits on freeways, highways and in built-up areas; general attitude tostandardization of traffic regulations in the EC; personal involvementin an accident; family members or friends as victim of trafficaccidents. 4. Judgement on energy problems: judgement on current and futureenergy situation as a problem; alternative solutions for future energyproblems; most important, most reliable and most environmentallyfriendly type of energy for the future; judgement on the latest andfuture development of gasoline prices; industrial facilities with thegreatest risk; attitude to research on nuclear energy; attitude tonuclear power (scale); construction of nuclear power plants orreduction of electricity consumption; judgement on the dangers ofnuclear power; self-assessment of extent to which informed about theway nuclear power plants work; knowledge about the nuclear power plantaccident in the Soviet Union and feeling of personal jeopardy; adequatepreparation of German authorities for a nuclear power plant accident;possession of durable economic goods; possession of moped and car;central heating. Indices: cognitive and political mobility; postmaterialism; typeologyof political orientation; EC support. The following question was posed in the Federal Republic of Germany:associations with the European Community. The following questions were additionally posed in France, Italy,Spain and Portugal: familiarity of a bicycle tour in Southern Europe;familiarity of the Tour de l´avenir; attitude to financial support ofsporting events by the European Community. Demography: age; sex; marital status; number of children; ages ofchildren (classified); religious denomination; religiousness; schooleducation; occupational position; employment; company size; householdincome; size of

De geïnterviewde werd geboren op 28 augustus 1926 en groeide op in Schiedam. In deze plaats heeft hij gezien hoe de joodse overburen werden weggehaald. Hij vertelt voornamelijk over de periode in Duitsland waar hij sinds december 1944 werkzaam was vanwege de Arbeitseinsatz. Gedurende zijn werkzaamheden in de buurt van Müchen kwam hij in aanraking met joodse dwangarbeiders uit Dachau. Hij heeft gezien hoe erg deze mensen er aan toe waren en vertelt welk werk ze moesten doen. Hij beschrijft tevens het moment waarop joodse gevangenen gedwongen werden een medegevangene dood te schoppen. Verder gaat hij in op de bevrijding en vertelt hij over zijn vriendschap met een joodse jongen, die de oorlog overleefd bleek te hebben.The interviewee was born on 28 August, 1926 and grew up in Schiedam. There, he saw how his Jewish neighbours over the road were deported. He talks predominantly about the period in Germany, where he worked from December 1944 onward for the Arbeitseinsatz. During his work there in the Munich area he met Jewish forced labourers from Dachau concentration camp. He saw in what a bad state these people were in and talks about the work they were forced to do. He also describes the moment when Jewish prisoners were forced to kick a fellow prisoner to death. He also talks about the liberation and talks about his friendship with a Jewish man, who turned out to have survived the war. Date Submitted: 2010-04-01 Van dit interview zijn eveneens uitgebreide samenvattingen met tijd-codes beschikbaar in zowel het Nederlands als Engels. Zie de Inleiding voor een snel overzicht van de gehele collectie en de contactgegevens. Er zijn tevens verschillende bestanden bijgevoegd betreffende het project en dit specifieke interview.Besides the transcript there is an extensive summary available of the interview in both Dutch and English with time-codes inserted. See the Introduction for a quick overview of the entire collection and the contact details. There are also several documents and reports available concerning the project and this particular interview. Bystander Memories bevat in totaal 59 interviews met Nederlandse niet-joodse ooggetuigen van de jodenvervolging. Deze interviews vormen een onderdeel van een project uitgevoerd door het United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Oral History Department, waar het valt onder de 'Europe Interview Projects: Interviews with Witnesses, Collaborators, and Perpetrators'. Naast de Nederlandse interviews zijn er ook interviews gemaakt in het (Wit)Russisch, Grieks, Macedonisch, Pools, Oekraiens, Servisch, Ests, Lets, Litouws, Moldavisch, Frans, Duits, Roemeens. De aantallen interviews per land variëren sterk. Het project is in 1996 begonnen en loopt nog steeds, zie website USHMM: http://www.ushmm.org/research/collections/oralhistory/Since 1996, United States Holocaust memorial Museum's (USHMM) Department of Oral History has conducted a documentation project to collect the testimonies of individuals who were not direct victims of the Holocaust. These interviews are with witnesses, collaborators, and perpetrators. In ten years, over 600 interviews have been conducted in the following European countries: Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania, the Ukraine, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Serbia. These interviews serve not only as corroboration of what Jewish victims and survivors report in their interviews and memoirs, they also create a broader understanding of the tragic events of World War II by adding the perspectives of non-Jewish populations. The Dutch interviews are accessible at DANS for scientific research only.