This data set was produced in complement to GLW published by Gilbert et al. (2018) to contain the latest subnational pig distribution data to available to date (November 2018) in support of the risk assessment of the ongoing African Swine Fever epidemics. GLW v3 dataset are organised around a pivot year, 2010 for GLW v3, which correspond to the median year of the subnational data set. In this release, the latest sub-national data sets have been integrated with a particular focus on Asia, with, for example, new data from China (2015) and Indonesia (2017), and much higher or more recent data for other countries such as Thailand or Vietnam. All country totals have been standardized to match the 2015 FAOSTAT numbers, in order to be as close a possible to the present pig stock. Please go through the 1_Pg_2015_Metadata.html file for more information about this dataset.

This dataset contains the most up to date version of GLW 4 for the reference year 2020 for the following species: buffalo, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and chicken. The individual species datasets are available at global extent and 5 minutes of arc resolution (approx. 10 km at the equator).

The fourth version of GLW, compared to the previous ones, reflects the most recently compiled and harmonized subnational livestock distribution data and much more detailed metadata.

The layers contain the density of animals per km², with weight estimated by the Random Forest model. The livestock species modelled include: buffaloes, cattle, chickens, goats, pigs and sheep.

All datasets are licensed through a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

• Global distribution data for cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens and ducks in 2010

• Income Disparities and the Global Distribution of Intensively Farmed Chicken and Pigs

• Using Random Forest to Improve the Downscaling of Global Livestock Census Data

Data publication: 2024-07-15

Supplemental Information:

Unit: head/pixel or birds/pixel

Data type: Float64

No data value: No data

Spatial resolution: Approximately 10km (0.08333 degrees)

Spatial extent: World

Spatial Reference System (SRS): EPSG:4326 - WGS84 - Geographic Coordinate System (lat/long)

Contact points:

Resource Contact: Dominik Wisser (FAO-NSAL)

Metadata Contact: Giuseppina Cinardi (FAO-NSAL)

Data lineage:

Recommentations on data representation

The standard lat/long visualisation of the global raster datasets tends to visually over-represent animal densities in pixels located in northern latitudes as they cover a much lower surface on earth than those close to the equator. Thus, altough the data files are distributed in lat/long, we recommend the use of an equal-area projection for a proper representation of densities of our livestock data.

Resource constraints:

Public-use data under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO license.

Online resources:

Buffalo: metadata

Chicken: metadata

Cattle: metadata

Goats: metadata

Pigs: metadata

Sheep: metadata

Data for download: All species density

Data for download: Buffalo density

Data for download: Chicken density

Data for download: Cattle density

Data for download: Goats density

Data for download: Pigs density

Data for download: Sheep density

A spatially disaggregated global livestock dataset containing information on biomass use, production, feed efficiency, excretion, and greenhouse gas emissions for 28 world regions, 8 livestock …Show full descriptionA spatially disaggregated global livestock dataset containing information on biomass use, production, feed efficiency, excretion, and greenhouse gas emissions for 28 world regions, 8 livestock production systems, 4 animal species (cattle, small ruminants, pigs, and poultry), and 3 livestock products (milk, meat, and eggs) for the year 2000. The dataset highlights: (i) feed efficiency as a key driver of productivity, resource use, and greenhouse gas emission intensities, with vast differences between production systems and animal products; (ii) the importance of grasslands as a global resource, supplying almost 50% of biomass for animals while continuing to be at the epicentre of land conversion processes; and (iii) the importance of mixed crop–livestock systems, producing the greater part of animal production (over 60%) in both the developed and the developing world. These data provide critical information for developing targeted, sustainable solutions for the livestock sector and its widely ranging contribution to the global food system. The metadata and files (if any) are available to the public.

Wild pigs (Sus scrofa), also known as wild swine, feral pigs, or feral hogs, are one of the most widespread and successful invasive species around the world. Wild pigs have been linked to extensive and costly agricultural damage and present a serious threat to plant and animal communities due to their rooting behavior and omnivorous diet. We modeled the current distribution of wild pigs in the United States to better understand the physiological and ecological factors that may determine their invasive potential and to guide future study and eradication efforts. Using national-scale wild pig occurrence data reported between 1982 and 2012 by wildlife management professionals, we estimated the probability of wild pig occurrence across the United States using a logistic discrimination function and environmental covariates hypothesized to influence the distribution of the species. Our results suggest the distribution of wild pigs in the U.S. was most strongly limited by cold temperatures and availability of water, and that they were most likely to occur where potential home ranges had higher habitat heterogeneity, providing access to multiple key resources including water, forage, and cover. High probability of occurrence was also associated with frequent high temperatures, up to a high threshold. However, this pattern is driven by pigs' historic distribution in warm climates of the southern U.S. Further study of pigs' ability to persist in cold northern climates is needed to better understand whether low temperatures actually limit their distribution. Our model highlights areas at risk of invasion as those with habitat conditions similar to those found in pigs' current range that are also near current populations. This study provides a macro-scale approach to generalist species distribution modeling that is applicable to other generalist and invasive species.

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease affecting all suids including wild boar. As the disease can damage commercial pig production and its circulation can threaten international trade, understanding the risks produced by free-living wild boar (as a wildlife reservoir) is important to ensure proportionate policies to exclude the disease, as well as an effective contingency response. The recent spread of the virus into Western Europe has produced concerns in many stakeholders including pig producers and national governments. Unlike in mainland Europe, where wild boar are widespread, in Britain, free-living populations have only recently re-established, and whilst these are still relatively small and isolated, they may provide a sufficient reservoir capable of sustaining disease and may thus present a continual source of infection risk to domestic pigs. This study focuses on one component of the risk produced by wild boar, specifically the distribution and persistence of virus in a landscape produced by the natural circulation of disease within wild boar. We used a spatial individual-based model run across a representation of a real landscape to explore the epidemiological consequences of an introduction of ASF into the Forest of Dean, currently hosting the largest population of wild boar in England. We explore various scenarios including variations in the prophylactic management of boar, as well as variations in reactive management (contingency response) following the detection of disease to evaluate their value in reducing this specific risk (presence of ASF virus of wild boar origin in the landscape). The abundance and distribution of wild boar is predicted to increase across our study extent over the next 20 years. Outbreaks of ASF are not predicted to be self-sustaining, with the median time to disease “burn-out” (no new infections) being 14 weeks. Carcass removal, as a tool in a package of reactive management, was of limited value in reducing the duration of outbreaks in this study. We suggest that useful predictions of some of the risks produced by ASF might be possible using only the distribution of the boar, rather than more difficult abundance or density measures.

This archeozoological study concerns the animal remains that were found during excavations of settlements dating from Roman times in Nijmegen and its surroundings. The aim of the study was to acquire detailed information about the animals, in particular as regards their function.Faunal remains from the following settlements were included in the study: native farmsteads in Ewijk and Heteren, the villa in Druten, civilian settlements in Nijmegen, military forts (castella) in Nijmegen and Meinerswijk and a camp village, belonging to such a fort, in Kesteren, the mid-Roman legionary camp (castra) and the camp village surrounding it (canabae legionis) in Nijmegen. In addition an investigation was made of animal bones found in the Gallo-Roman temples in Eist and a fourth-century cemetery in Nijmegen.The mammal species that were represented can be divided into three groups. The first group consists of farm animals that were eaten: cattle, sheep, goat and pig. The second group consists of wild animals: aurochs, elk, red deer, roe deer, wild boar and hare. Also these animals were eaten, in view of the butchery marks that are present on the bones. In addition shed antlers were collected incidentally for the purpose of making particular objects out of them. The third group is formed by horse and dog, domesticated animals that were not eaten. If we compare the first two groups it is clear that the hunting of larger game animals was of very little significance for the pattern of meat consumption. Within the group of farm animals the most important meat-providing species is cattle. Pig and sheep/goat come in second and third place in turn. Relatively high percentages of pig can be associated on the one. hand with the better facilities for grazing pigs on the Pleistocene soils, and on the other hand with the military or Roman character of settlements. Higher percentages of sheep/goat can be associated especially with an environment suitable for sheep in the Holocene area. The remains of birds and fish come for the most part from only a few sieve-samples. The data obtained for these groups will therefore be very incomplete. The most common species among the poultry is the domestic fowl. At some sites also goose, duck and pigeon were found. Concerning these last three species it is not certain whether the remains found represent domesticated or wild forms. The remains that were found of crane, cormorant and long-eared owl certainly came from wild birds. Fishing was also practised, and the species caught include pike, rudd, orfe or chub, perch, allis shad or twaite shad, eel, salmon and catfish. An exotic fish is represented by the find, dating from the fourth century, of a vertebra of the genus Sphyraena, a kind of barracuda, that only occurs in warm seas. This specimen probably arrived here as a fish product, in the liquamen or allée, or as salted fish. At a few sites remains of oysters and whelks were found, which must have been brought inland from the coast.The data on cattle, sheep/goat and pig present a picture of an agrarian economy based on mixed farming with the emphasis on agriculture. Cattle were not kept primarily for milk production, nor primarily as a source of meat, despite the fact that beef was the kind of meat most frequently eaten. Rather they were kept in the first place as a source of traction power and of manure for agricultural purposes. In addition smaller numbers of pigs and sheep were kept for their meat, and in the case of sheep also for the supply of wool and milk (cheese). Also the production of manure for fertilizing the soil will have played a role in keeping these smaller farm animals. Agricultural products were much more important than meat for the diet of the local inhabitants. It is even questionable whether meat formed part of the daily menu. Horses were kept as pack animals, for riding or as a supply of traction power. Cattle, sheep and horses were skinned for their hides. The bones were used only incidentally for the purpose of making particular objects.The fact that in the first and second century the size of cattle increases considerably can be explained by the development of improved exploitation techniques as a result of the availability of Roman know-how with regard to agriculture. This could have involved better nutrition and better treatment of the animals and the use of a more refined breeding regime with native cattle with the aim of obtaining more traction power. Large cattle were probably imported as well.A description of the individual settlements and the bone material found there is given in chapter 3. The bone refuse of the early Roman castellum (Nijmegen la) appeared to have been removed intentionally away from the fortification. Most of this material was found outside the castellum in the neighbourhood of the western entrance. Also in the settlement on the Valkhof (Nijmegen Ib-c) the bone refuse is concentrated in a few places: more than half the material was found in three refuse pits. In terms of the composition the material from these refuse pits did not differ from the bone material found elsewhere. As for the two associated settlements, the mid-Roman canabae legionis and the castra, there was no evidence of any differences between them relating to the incidence of slaughtering animals and the consumption of meat. The finds of indisputably primary butchery refuse indicate that cattle were brought into the camp on the hoof and were ultimately slaughtered there. In certain places in the canabae bone concentrations were found that are indicative of specialization in meat processing. In the western canabae the smoking of shoulders of beef probably took place. In the eastern canabae skulls of cattle were processed for the production of a kind of brawn. These meat products may have been intended for the inhabitants of the army camp. In the large fourth-century defensive ditch in Nijmegen the Ijone material was found mostly concentrated at one spot. It is likely that after the ditch had lost its defensive function it was used as a rubbish dump. The concentration of the material could indicate that at that spot a road ran up to the ditch; alternatively there may have been a bridge over the ditch here. The bone finds from the fourth-century cemetery come from meals for the dead, provided on dishes or plates at the time of burial, to sustain the deceased during the journey to the next world. The meat for the dead consisted mainly of pork and chicken, while the meat diet of the living consisted mainly of beef. Comparison with other settlements and cemeteries from Roman times shows that this was a general phenomenon. If we take into consideration the information given by the epicurean cookery book of Apicius, then we must conclude that the dead were provided with a more sumptuous meal than that to which the living were accustomed to eating. A remarkable feature of the castellum of Meinerswijk is that no bones of horses were found there. Carcasses of animals that were not eaten were usually buried outside the settlement, however, as was also the case in Kesteren; for example. At the entrance of each of the two most important buildings (i and 11) of the villa in Druten (II) two horse skeletons were found. These skeletons probably represent foundation sacrifices. In contrast to Druten III, in Druten II there is a distinct difference in the bone material found in the pars urbana and the pars rustica of the settlement. The presence of foundation sacrifices, the predominance of pig over sheep/goat, and the greater species diversity in the pars urbana can be associated with the higher status of the occupants in this part of the villa. The deviating age of the cattle found at the temples in Eist can be associated with the function of cattle as sacrificial animals as proposed by Bogaers (1955). The fact that the cattle from the period before the temples were built show the same pattern of age at the time of slaughter provides support for the view that this site was already a place of cultic significance before the building of the temples. The find of a unique combination of the skulls of a pig, a sheep and an ox, bearing in mind the sex and size of the animals they came from, provides an extra argument for regarding these bones as the remains of a suovetaurilia sacrifice.The function of animals kept in the Eastern River Area in Roman times was to a great extent conscerned with agriculture. They provided traction power and manure. In addition they were a source of meat, for both the living and the dead, and were used as sacrificial offerings. Hides and wool were made use of, and occasionally bone was used as a raw material for making particular objects.

This dataset describes habitat suitability for feral pig breeding and persistence in northern Australia during the wet season. It is the result of a spatially-explicit, resource-based and regional-scale habitat model that integrated expert knowledge on feral pig breeding requirements and home range movements as well as seasonal variability in environmental conditions.\r \r The modelled habitat suitability index (HSI) can theoretically range between 0 and 100, with higher values indicating better habitat quality for feral pig breeding. Due to modelling methods and assumptions, HSI values in this dataset effectively range between 11 and 81. They can be broadly classified as follows: HSI ≥ 60 = highly suitable habitat; HSI ≥ 40 = moderately suitable habitat; HSI < 40 = unsuitable habitat.\r \r Predicted habitat suitability should not be confused with actual feral pig occurrence. Individuals may be sighted at any time in unsuitable breeding habitat. Conversely, suitable breeding habitat may remain unoccupied. While there is a link between habitat suitability and population density, this may not always be straightforward (i.e. comparable habitat may carry vastly different actual or potential densities depending on the nature and quality of available resources).\r \r Feral pig habitat suitability in northern Australia was modelled for two seasonal scenarios. The wet season scenario captured favourable conditions during the late wet season, when resources required by feral pigs are generally abundant and widely distributed across the region. It was developed using spatial proxies averaged across two months (March/April) over five years (2010 to 2014). Seasonal model results were validated against four independent distributional data sets.\r \r Underlying model parameters were elicited from experts. This dataset represents results from an expert-averaged model run. The model contained a variable "Disturbance stress" for which no spatial proxies were available. In this dataset, we assumed a uniformly “high” intensity and frequency of control activities, which likely overestimated disturbance and may undervalue habitat suitability in situations where there is actually little management.\r \r A detailed description of modelling methods and assumptions is provided in Froese et al. 2017 (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177018).

Organic pig production differs in many ways from conventional production of pigs, e.g., in antibiotic use, herd structure, feeding regimes, access to outdoor areas and space allowance per pig. This study investigated if these differences result in a lower occurrence of antibiotic resistance in organic slaughter pigs in Denmark, France, Italy and Sweden. Samples were taken from the colon content and/or faeces and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ten antibiotics were determined in isolates of Escherichia coli. In addition, the proportion of tetracycline (TET) resistant E. coli in colon content and/or faeces from individual pigs was determined. In all four countries the percentage resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides or trimethoprim was significantly lower in E. coli from organic pigs. In France and Italy, the percentage of isolates resistant to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid or gentamicin was also significantly lower in the E. coli from organic pigs. Resistance to cefotaxime, was not found in any country. The percentage of E. coli isolates resistant to TET as well as the proportion of TET-resistant E. coli was significantly lower in organic than in conventional pigs, except in Sweden where TET-resistance was equally low in both production types. There were also differences between countries within production type in the percentage resistance to individual antibiotics as well as the proportion of TET-resistant E. coli with lower median proportions in Sweden and Denmark compared to France and Italy. The study shows that in each of the four countries resistance in intestinal E. coli was less common in organic than in conventional pigs, but that there were also large differences in resistance between countries within each production type, indicating that both country- and production-specific factors influence the occurrence of resistance.

China Farm Price: Live Pig data was reported at 15.090 RMB/kg in 23 Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 15.050 RMB/kg for 16 Apr 2025. China Farm Price: Live Pig data is updated daily, averaging 15.230 RMB/kg from Jan 2009 (Median) to 23 Apr 2025, with 811 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 39.800 RMB/kg in 30 Oct 2019 and a record low of 9.680 RMB/kg in 07 Apr 2010. China Farm Price: Live Pig data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Development and Reform Commission. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Agriculture Sector – Table CN.RID: Livestock Breeding Condition.