Net migration reached its lowest level in 1950 (-52,800) when the number of migrants arriving in the country was estimated at eight thousand, compared to around 61,000 people departing. In 2023, there were more inflows than outflows, resulting in a net migration of nearly 7,000 people. Foreign migration of population For several years Poland has been witnessing a positive balance of migration. The number of immigrants reached 16.7 thousand, while emigration reached 9.9 thousand in 2023. The main directions of permanent emigration are Germany and the United Kingdom. Immigrants coming to Poland to live permanently are mostly returning Polish emigrants. Hence the most significant number of people came from the United Kingdom and Germany. Much larger is the scale of migration for temporary residence. There has been an increase in the number of immigrants temporarily staying in Poland in recent years. The number of economic immigrants is growing, especially Ukrainian citizens interested in taking up temporary employment. There is also a noticeable increase in the number of foreigners interested in continuing their education at Polish universities. The analysis of migration trends indicates that Poland is transforming from a typical emigration country into an emigration and immigration country. Internal migration of the population The period from 2017 to 2019 saw an increased number of internal movements. However, due to the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the number of internal migrants fell to 385 thousand in 2020. As a result of internal migration, rural areas gained residents. The balance of migration for rural areas amounted to nearly 40 thousand people. In Mazowieckie, Pomorskie, Małopolskie, Dolnośląskie, and Wielkopolskie region, the inflow of population was greater than the outflow. Therefore, internal migrations caused an increase in the population of those voivodeships. The remaining voivodeships recorded a decrease. The most significant population loss in 2020 was experienced by Lubelskie and Śląskie voivodeships - this trend has been maintained for several years.

UK residents by broad country of birth and citizenship groups, broken down by UK country, local authority, unitary authority, metropolitan and London boroughs, and counties. Estimates from the Annual Population Survey.

The number of immigrants in Poland reached nearly 17,000 in 2023 and increased by seven percent compared to the previous year. Population in Poland Since 2010, the population of Poland has been decreasing year by year. In 2022, Poland’s society was about 900,000 lower than in 2012. This result is influenced by birth and death rates, as well as migration rate. Many factors are contributing to these rates. For birth rates, the number of women of reproductive age, changing attitudes toward having many children at a young age, household income, and government incentives such as the 500+ program must be considered. Regarding the death rate, it is necessary to consider the age and number of seniors, as well as medical progress. Therefore, it is estimated that Poland’s population will decrease to slightly over 29.5 million in 2100. Migration in Poland In 1950, Poland had the lowest net migration level, amounting to -52,600, where more than 61,000 chose to emigrate, and only about 8,000 decided to immigrate to Poland. In contrast, net migration in 2023 has reached 6,800 people, which means more people decided to live in Poland than to leave it. That year, the most Poles who decided to emigrate moved to Ukraine, Germany, and the United Kingdom. By comparison, Poland also had the most significant number of immigrants from Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and Germany.

Bilingual (EN-UK) COVID-19-related corpus acquired from the portal (https://www.gov.pl/) of the Polish Government (8th May 2020)

In 2020/21 there were approximately 696,000 Polish nationals living in the United Kingdom, the highest non-British population at this time. Indian and Irish were the joint second-largest nationalities at approximately 370,000 people.

The majority of immigrants in Poland in 2023 were from Ukraine (40,000), a decrease of 14 percent compared to the previous year. Immigration to Poland for different reasons In 2022, nearly 14,000 people immigrated to Poland for permanent residence, of which most came from Ukraine, the UK, and Germany, respectively. Furthermore, the majority of immigrants for temporary stay in Poland in 2022 were from Ukraine (46,000 immigrants), a decrease of 1.5 percent compared to the previous year. In 2023, most Ukrainian citizens chose Poland as a place for economic emigration. The main reason for that choice was geographical and cultural proximity. Nearly every second respondent valued the low language barrier, and for every third person, the motivation was earnings. Poles attitudes toward Russia’s war with Ukraine In 2022, most Poles had a negative attitude toward Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Poles’ biggest concerns about the Russia-Ukraine war were the military threats from Russia and the impact of the war on the condition of the Polish economy. After the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Poles proved their support for Ukrainians. One of the most common forms of support for refugees fleeing the Russia-Ukraine war to Poland was to provide blankets, food, and hygiene items. Four out of 10 Poles donated money to a charity fundraiser and volunteered in organizations.

United Kingdom Imports from Poland was US$19.95 Billion during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. United Kingdom Imports from Poland - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on March of 2025.

The study in three coal mining regions: Lower Silesia, Upper Silesia and Lublin (each N=500) was conducted using Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI). The questionnaire includes the block of questions concerning mine water awareness, climate change and local/place attachment. The survey online took 15 to 20 minutes and was prepared after in-depth pilot research among participants with different education level from the mining regions. We used the uninformed approach to the survey, so there were no additional questions nor requirements for participants prior to the survey. Since the mine water energy extraction is a technical issue that is neither well known nor commonly used in the narratives of Poles, we tested survey questions with pilot cognitive interviews to remove the technical language and reduce the number of replies without understanding. The interviews were conducted with 10 participants in July 2020 and due to the pilot's recommendations and results, we implemented additional changes in the final version of the questionnaire. Specifically, some questions were simplified and the background information on mine water extraction was simplified and shortened The survey CAWI was completed by adult people aged 18-65 (N=1500) between 14-19 August 2020 by Kantar Research Agency. The sample was constructed using KANTAR’s internet panel profiled for the basic demographics, such as gender, age, and the town size. Particular attention paid to the quality of the panel is reflected in its structure. Kantar’s internet panel reflects the profile of the Polish population of Internet users in terms of its participants’ demographic characteristics. The sample from each region was 500 respondents and among the full sample (N=1500) we reached only 192 people who chose to call “mining areas” as best description of the area where they live. Although the three voivodships were chosen due to its mining industry the selected sample covers the region in general in which mining communities are statically not fully represented. We also asked about the subjective perception of the area respondents live in, which we further analysed with spatial distribution. The dataset was created within SECURe project (Subsurface Evaluation of CCS and Unconventional Risks) - https://www.securegeoenergy.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 764531

Poland Exports of tin to United Kingdom was US$11.66 Million during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. Poland Exports of tin to United Kingdom - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on March of 2025.

The Borzęcin natural gas reservoir has been producing gas since the 1970s. The natural gas reservoir is located in the Zielona Góra basin, in the Polish part of the European Permian Basin. The reservoir is within the Rotligend sandstones and Zechstein carbonates and is capped by the Zechstein evaporites. Gas generation is proposed to be from the Carboniferous organic deposits with later migration into the Permian In May 2019, 2 wells at the Borcezin site were sampled for methane gas analyses. The following analyses were conducted: - Gas composition (C1-C5, CO2, N2, H2S, Ar) and and stable isotope analyses (methane δ13C and δD, CO2 δ13C, δ15N) - Methane clumped isotope analyses (Δ13CD and ΔDD) The dataset was created within SECURe project (Subsurface Evaluation of CCS and Unconventional Risks) - https://www.securegeoenergy.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 764531

In 2019, there were approximately 302,020 British citizens living in Spain, with a further 293,061 in Ireland and 176,672 in France. By comparison, there were only 604 British people living in Slovenia, the fewest of any European Union member state. As a member of the European Union, British citizens had the right to live and work in any EU member state. Although these rights were lost for most British citizens after the UK left the EU in 2020, Britons already living in EU states were able to largely retain their previous rights of residence. EU citizens living in the UK EU citizens living in the UK face the same dilemma that British nationals did regarding their legal status after Brexit. In the same year, there were 902,000 Polish citizens, 404,000 Romanians, and 322,000 people from the Republic of Ireland living in the UK in that year, along with almost 2 million EU citizens from the other 24 EU member states. To retain their rights after Brexit, EU citizens living in the UK were able to apply for the EU settlement scheme. As of March 2024, there have been around 7.9 million applications to this scheme, with Romanian and Polish nationals the most common nationality at 1.71 million applications, and 1.23 million applications respectively. Is support for Brexit waning in 2024? As of May 2024, the share of people in the UK who think leaving the EU was the wrong decision stood at 55 percent, compared with 31 percent who think it was the correct choice. In general, support for Brexit has gradually eroded since April 2021, when 46 percent of people supported Brexit, compared with 43 percent who regretted it. What people think Britain's relationship with the EU should be is, however, still unclear. A survey from November 2023 indicated that just 31 percent thought the UK should rejoin the EU, with a further 11 percent supporting rejoining the single market, but not the EU. Only ten percent of respondents were satisfied with the current relationship, while nine percent wished to reduce ties even further.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

This is a qualitative data collection. Patterns of migration and changing gender relations are reshaping fatherhood across family and historical generations. This is a study of two under researched groups who migrated in different historical periods - first generation Polish families and second generation Irish families. It also includes white British families. This comparative study focuses on fatherhood in 30 chains of biologically related men: grandfathers who form the oldest generation, fathers who form the middle generation, and sons aged 5 to 18 who form the youngest generation.

The data collection addresses a number of key research questions:

• how do men from different generations and 'ethnic' groups understand fatherhood and 'do' fathering?
• how is fatherhood changing?
• what are the influences of migration on fatherhood?
• how is fatherhood transmitted, what is transmitted intergenerationally, and through which processes?

The data collection thereby contributes to theoretical debates about fatherhood and family processes, and to policy concerns about migration and, in the context of increased longevity, intergenerational transfers and relations. The study adopts a biographical approach in order to understand family history and the transmission of family memory and to take account of space, historical time, life course time and current time.

Further information about the project and links to publications are available on the ESRC Fathers across three family generations in Polish, Irish and UK origin white families award webpage and Institute of Education Fathers across three family generations project webpage.

This data collection is under embargo until October 2014, at the request of the depositor.


Main Topics:

The content of the adult data set was generated via life story interviews conducted with grandfathers and their adult sons who were fathers using the Biographic Interpretive Interview method (Wengraf, 2000). This was followed by a semi-structured interview – sometimes at a second sitting with the fathers - concerning the central foci of the study including the experience of migration, relations between fathers and sons when they were growing up and in adulthood; the impact of employment on fatherhood; the experience of being a father and fathering practices; transmission from older generation and transmission to younger generation; intergenerational transfers; forms of support in the families and contact with other family members. The grandsons aged 5 to 11 were offered a range of activity sheets to help focus the discussion which they could draw on or fill in with words; and visuals which they could tick or apply stickers to. The older young people were interviewed via a semi-structured set of questions which began with a focus on their own lives.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. This research project, conducted jointly by the Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) at the University of Oxford, and the Trades Union Congress (TUC), surveyed Polish and Lithuanian nationals working in the UK who had requested TUC leaflets on employment rights and the role of trades unions. The survey explored the kinds of difficulties experienced by Polish and Lithuanian workers in the UK labour market, and their potential for joining trades unions. More specifically, it addressed:who is a member of or wants to join a trades union and why?what are the obstacles to joining a trades union?where are prospective union members working?what are the kinds of difficulties that Polish and Lithuanian workers in the UK face in their employment relations and conditions?Further information about the project may be found in the documentation, and more generally, on the Compas Labour Markets web page. Purposive selection/case studies Volunteer sample Questionnaire sent to Workers Registration Scheme participants who had requested TUC leaflet Postal survey Self-completion

This project on scientific mobility was jointly funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council, under the Science in Society Programme, and the Anglo-German Foundation. The study explored the relationship between highly-skilled, scientific migration and the transfer of knowledge within the European Union. It considered the effects of these forms of mobility on the individuals concerned (in terms of their career progression and well-being) and on the selected countries (in terms of scientific development and capacity). It addressed the following questions: - Who is moving (what are the characteristics of migrants)? - Why are they moving (what motivates and shapes mobility)? - How are they moving (how long are they staying; how frequently are they moving; are they returning)? - What relationship exists between these forms of human mobility and the distribution of scientific knowledge and expertise (can highly skilled mobility generate forms of ‘disembodied’ knowledge transfer)? - What would happen if they did not move (would scientists continue to work productively in scientific research in the sending countries and would receiving countries suffer as a result)? The study examined the movement of natural scientists between two ‘receiving’ locations - the UK and Germany - and two ‘sending’ locations - Bulgaria and Poland - and involved a range of approaches including literature review, legal and policy analysis and face-to-face interviews (n=89) with key informants and mobile scientists in the four locations. 91 interviews with Polish and Bulgarian scientists undertaken as part of the MOBEX project.

In 2020, there were estimated to be 406,000 non-British nationals living in Scotland. This represented about 8% of Scotland’s population. Of all non-British nationals, 61% were EU nationals (247,000) and 39% were non-EU nationals (159,000). Prior to 2010, the populations of EU and non-EU nationals living in Scotland were similar. Since 2010, the population of EU nationals has consistently been higher than the population of non-EU nationals. Polish was the most common non-British nationality in Scotland in 2020, with 92,000 nationals (23% of the total non-British population). The council areas with the largest proportion of residents with a non-British nationality were Aberdeen City (20%), City of Edinburgh (19%), and Glasgow City (12%).

This MSc dissertation investigated first-language attrition in the Polish speech of an adult Polish native speaker who has been living in Scotland for eight years. The hypotheses of the study assumed that the subject would display attrition in the areas of interface: anaphora, pronoun mapping, strong and weak personal pronouns, as well as possessive and possessive-reflexive pronouns. The subject performed 4 test for this analysis: (1) story-retelling task to retell a well-known story (2) written grammatical tests (3) verbal fluency tasks (4) personal history retelling. The data for tests 1-3 are provided here. The data for test (4) has not made public. See the attached README file for more details.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

This is a qualitative data collection. The project targeted three-generation families living in corresponding sets of geographically contiguous border communities on the border between the EU and some of its Eastern and Southern neighbours, in the case of this dataset on the border between the German town of Guben and the Polish town of Gubin. The communities on which the research focussed on have undergone major socio-political, highly conflictual changes during the lifetimes of all but their youngest citizens. Today they are associated at the public level with the aims of creating a socially inclusive, tolerant, cohesive and economically prosperous united Europe.
The research proposed to gain comparative and in-depth insights into the nature of potentially conflicting identities which people from different nations, ethnicities, generations and genders construct and negotiate in relation and possibly in contrast and opposition to the official spheres of politics, and to recommend policies that would further social cohesion between such communities at local, national and in particular at the European level.

The largest number of immigrants in Germany were from Ukraine, as of 2023. The top three origin countries were rounded up by Romania and Turkey. Immigrants are defined as having left a country, which may be their home country, to permanently reside in another. Upon arriving, immigrants do not hold the citizenship of the country they move to. Immigration in the EU All three aforementioned countries are members of the European Union, which means their citizens have freedom of movement between EU member states. In practice, this means that citizens of any EU member country may relocate between them to live and work there. Unrestricted by visas or residence permits, the search for university courses, jobs, retirement options, and places to live seems to be defined by an enormous amount of choice. However, even in this freedom of movement scheme, immigration may be hampered by bureaucratic hurdles or financial challenges. Prosperity with a question mark While Germany continues to be an attractive destination for foreigners both in and outside the European Union, as well as asylum applicants, it remains to be seen how current events might influence these patterns, whether the number of immigrants arriving from certain countries will shift. Europe’s largest economy is suffering. Climbing inflation levels in the last few months, as well as remaining difficulties from the ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic are affecting global economic development. Ultimately, future immigrants may face the fact of moving from one struggling economy to another.

This paper examines the political attributes of emigrants and how their departure affects the electoral outcomes in their home countries. I argue that emigrants are different from those who remain in their political preferences as well as economic profiles, such that large-scale emigration changes the distribution of voters in sending countries. Emigration can also directly affect the policy preferences of individuals who stay in their home countries. I test these arguments in seven Central and Eastern European countries, using individual-level surveys and region-level data on emigration and elections. To address potential endogeneity issues, I use instrumental variable analysis, leveraging the surge of Polish emigration to the UK after the EU enlargement. I find that emigrants from Central and Eastern Europe tend to be younger, highly educated, and politically more progressive and that the vote shares of far-right parties are larger in regions with higher emigration rates. Also, I find that exposure to large-scale emigration affects the vote choices of individuals who remain behind.

This dataset provides values for INTEREST RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.