Abstract

The L2 Voter and Demographic Dataset includes demographic and voter history tables for all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The dataset is built from publicly available government records about voter registration and election participation. These records indicate whether a person voted in an election or not, but they do not record whom that person voted for. Voter registration and election participation data are augmented by demographic information from outside data sources.

The L2 Voter and Demographic Dataset is current as of April 7 2025.

Methodology

To create this file, L2 processes registered voter data on an ongoing basis for all 50 states and the District of Columbia, with refreshes of the underlying state voter data typically at least every six months and refreshes of telephone numbers and National Change of Address processing approximately every 30 to 60 days. These data are standardized and enhanced with propriety commercial data and modeling codes and consist of approximately 185,000,000 records nationwide.

Usage

For each state, there are two available tables: demographic and voter history. The demographic and voter tables can be joined on the LALVOTERIDvariable. One can also use the LALVOTERIDvariable to link the L2 Voter and Demographic Dataset with the L2 Consumer Dataset.

In addition, the LALVOTERIDvariable can be used to validate the state. For example, let's look at the LALVOTERID = LALCA3169443. The characters in the fourth and fifth positions of this identifier are 'CA' (California). The second way to validate the state is by using the RESIDENCE_ADDRESSES_STATEvariable, which should have a value of 'CA' (California).

The date appended to each table name represents when the data was last updated. These dates will differ state by state because states update their voter files at different cadences.

The demographic files use 698 consistent variables. For more information about these variables, see 2025-01-10-VM2-File-Layout.xlsx.

The voter history files have different variables depending on the state. The ***2025-04-07-L2-Voter-Dictionaries.tar.gz file contains .csv data dictionaries for each state's demographic and voter files. While the demographic file data dictionaries should mirror the 2025-01-10-VM2-File-Layout.xlsx*** file, the voter file data dictionaries will be unique to each state.

***2025-01-10-National-File-Notes.pdf ***contains L2 Voter and Demographic Dataset ("National File") release notes from 2018 to 2025.

***2025-04-07-L2-Voter-Fill-Rate.tar.gz ***contains .tab files tracking the percent of non-null values for any given field.

Bulk Data Access

Data access is required to view this section.

DataMapping Tool

Data access is required to view this section.

This table contains data on the percent of adults (18 years or older) who are registered voters and the percent of adults who voted in general elections, for California, its regions, counties, cities/towns, and census tracts. Data is from the Statewide Database, University of California Berkeley Law, and the California Secretary of State, Elections Division. The table is part of a series of indicators in the Healthy Communities Data and Indicators Project of the Office of Health Equity. Political participation can be associated with the health of a community through two possible mechanisms: through the implementation of social policies or as an indirect measure of social capital. Disparities in political participation across socioeconomic groups can influence political outcomes and the resulting policies could have an impact on the opportunities available to the poor to live a healthy life. Lower representation of poorer voters could result in reductions of social programs aimed toward supporting disadvantaged groups. Although there is no direct evidentiary connection between voter registration or participation and health, there is evidence that populations with higher levels of political participation also have greater social capital. Social capital is defined as resources accessed by individuals or groups through social networks that provide a mutual benefit. Several studies have shown a positive association between social capital and lower mortality rates, and higher self- assessed health ratings. There is also evidence of a cycle where lower levels of political participation are associated with poor self-reported health, and poor self-reported health hinders political participation. More information about the data table and a data dictionary can be found in the About/Attachments section.

Electoral registrations for parliamentary and local government elections as recorded in electoral registers for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Some racial and ethnic categories are suppressed to avoid misleading estimates when the relative standard error exceeds 30%. Margins of error are estimated at the 90% confidence level.

Data Source: Current Population Survey (CPS) Voting Supplement, 2020

Why This Matters

Voting is one of the primary ways residents can have their voices heard by the government. By voting for elected officials and on ballot initiatives, residents help decide the future of their community.

For much of our nation’s history, non-white residents were explicitly prohibited from voting or discriminated against in the voting process. It was not until the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that the Federal Government enacted voting rights protections for Black voters and voters of color.

Nationally, BIPOC citizens and especially Hispanic and Asian citizens have consistently lower voter turnout rates and voter registration rates. While local DC efforts have been taken to remove these barriers, restrictive voter ID requirements and the disenfranchisement of incarcerated and returning residents act as institutionally racist barriers to voting in many jurisdictions.

The District's Response

The DC Board of Elections has lowered the barriers to participate in local elections through online voter registration, same day registration, voting by mail, and non-ID proof of residence.

Unlike in many states, incarcerated and returning residents in D.C. never lose the right to vote. Since 2024, DC has also extended the right to vote in local elections to residents of the District who are not citizens of the U.S.

Although DC residents pay federal taxes and can vote in the presidential election, the District does not have full representation in Congress. Efforts to advocate for DC statehood aim to remedy this.

What are the opinions of American registered voters about election fraud and types of election fraud as we head into the final stages of the 2024 Presidential election? In this paper we use data from an online national survey of 2,211 U.S. registered voters interviewed between June 26 - July 3, 2024. Respondents were asked how common they thought that ten different types of election fraud might be in the U.S. In our analysis, we show that substantial proportions of U.S. registered voters believe that these types of election fraud are common. Our multivariate analysis shows that partisanship correlates strongly with endorsement of types of election fraud, with Republicans consistently more likely to state that types of election fraud are common, even when we control for a wide variety of other factors. We also find that conspiratorial thinking is strongly correlated with belief in the occurrence of types of election fraud, even when we control for partisanship. Our results reported in this paper provide important data regarding how American registered voters perceive the prevalence of types of election fraud, just months before the 2024 Presidential election.

The table RI-Demographic-2025-03-13 is part of the dataset L2 Voter and Demographic Dataset, available at https://stanford.redivis.com/datasets/t6qv-ad1vt3wqf. It contains 765115 rows across 698 variables.

The table CT-Demographic-2025-03-14 is part of the dataset L2 Voter and Demographic Dataset, available at https://stanford.redivis.com/datasets/t6qv-ad1vt3wqf. It contains 2414160 rows across 698 variables.

This repository contains code, data, and information to produce the results presented in "Replication Data for: Not a Teammate and Not a Fan: Probing the Identities of Unaffiliated Registered Voters," by M.V. (Trey) Hood III, Seth C. McKee, Enrijeta Shino, and Daniel A. Smith. (2025-02-11) (2024-02-11)

Results of the first round of the 2024 parliamentary elections in the 3rd constituency of Loire-Atlantique.

The votes obtained by each candidate shall be specified. The following shall also be provided: the number of registered voters, the number of voters, invalid ballots and ballots cast. The number of proxies and the name of the polling station are only available for the Nantes polling stations.

The 2024 Election Precincts dataset contains boundary information for election precincts within Montgomery County, Texas, for the year 2024. These precincts are established by the Montgomery County Elections Administration for the purpose of conducting elections, voter registration, and election administration. This dataset includes precinct names, boundaries, and other relevant attributes necessary for election management and analysis.Data Fields Included:Precinct Name (Text)Precinct Number (Integer)This dataset is sourced from the Montgomery County Elections.Data source: Montgomery County Elections

The table ND-Demographic-2025-02-28 is part of the dataset L2 Voter and Demographic Dataset, available at https://stanford.redivis.com/datasets/t6qv-ad1vt3wqf. It contains 944264 rows across 698 variables.

The data provide the results of the first round of the general elections, which took place on Sunday, June 30, 2024, for the polling stations in Angers of the sixth constituency of Maine-et-Loire. The results are provided by polling station in Angers: associated spatial dataset. The results give the number of votes obtained per candidate. Note: count of votes cast per candidate. The following shall also be provided: the number of registered voters, the number of voters, invalid ballots and ballots cast. The file to be downloaded for export complies with the EIREL nomenclature for the automated sending of electoral results; plus a column with the geographical contour of the corresponding polling station and another column for the polling station location. The order of presentation of candidates respects the order provided for the automated sending of election results. For more information, see dedicated website of the Ministry of the Interior.

The table OH-Demographic-2025-03-30 is part of the dataset L2 Voter and Demographic Dataset, available at https://stanford.redivis.com/datasets/t6qv-ad1vt3wqf. It contains 7838364 rows across 698 variables.

The table HI-Voter-History-2025-03-20 is part of the dataset L2 Voter and Demographic Dataset, available at https://stanford.redivis.com/datasets/t6qv-ad1vt3wqf. It contains 809569 rows across 143 variables.

The data provide the results of the second round of the general elections, which took place on Sunday, July 7, 2024, for the polling stations in Angers of the first constituency of Maine-et-Loire. The results are provided by polling station in Angers: associated spatial dataset. The results give the number of votes obtained per candidate. Note: count of votes cast per candidate. The following shall also be provided: the number of registered voters, the number of voters, invalid ballots and ballots cast. The file to be downloaded for export complies with the EIREL nomenclature for the automated sending of electoral results; plus a column with the geographical contour of the corresponding polling station and another column for the polling station location. The order of presentation of candidates respects the order provided for the automated sending of election results. For more information, see dedicated website of the Ministry of the Interior.

Persons eligible to vote in the 2024 European Parliament elections by category of voters - dedicated data collection

Following the establishment of the Single Electoral Register (REU), INSEE proposed a methodology, as well as the associated source code, to reconstruct a proposal for the geographical contours of the polling stations. However, the dataset itself has not been published.

Here is a version based on their code, based on the IGN Admin Express municipal split, preserving the default settings proposed by INSEE. The generation code has been published here: https://codeberg.org/cedricr/bureau-vote-insee

Note that the Etalab department and the [data.gouv.fr] team (http://data.gouv.fr/) proposed an alternative methodology, and published their result.

Update 2024/07/11 - Addition of Mayotte - Addition of the constituency of the offices, based on the results of the first round of the 2022 legislative elections (https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/datasets/elections-legislatives-des-12-et-19-June-2022-results-definitifs-du-premier-tour/)

This data set is a spatial representation of polling locations within Monmouth County for the year 2024. Polling location data has been provided by the Monmouth County Board of Elections who got it from the Statewide Voter Registration System (SVRS)..Updates continue to be made as necessary.

This data set consists of all Fulton County Election results from April 2012 to present. Included with each record is the race, candidate, precinct, number of election day votes, number of absentee by mail votes, number of advance in person votes, number of provisional votes, total number of votes, name of election, and date of election. This data set is updated after each election.

The table KY-Demographic-2025-02-25 is part of the dataset L2 Voter and Demographic Dataset, available at https://stanford.redivis.com/datasets/t6qv-ad1vt3wqf. It contains 6424892 rows across 698 variables.