This graph shows the Percentage of households led by a female householder with no spouse present with own children under 18 years living in the household in the U.S. in 2021, by state. In 2021, about 4.24 percent of Californian households were single mother households with at least one child.

Additional information on single mother households and poverty in the United States

For most single mothers a constant battle persists between finding the time and energy to raise their children and the demands of working to supply an income to house and feed their families. The pressures of a single income and the high costs of childcare mean that the risk of poverty for these families is a tragic reality. Comparison of the overall United States poverty rate since 1990 with that of the poverty rate for families with a female householder shows that poverty is much more prevalent in the latter. In 2021, while the overall rate was at 11.6 percent, the rate of poverty for single mother families was 23 percent. Moreover, the degree of fluctuation tends to be lower for single female household families, suggesting the rate of poverty for these groups is less affected by economic conditions.

The sharp rise in the number of children living with a single mother or single father in the United States from 1970 to 2022 suggests more must be done to ensure that families in such situations are able to avoid poverty. Moreover, attention should also be placed on overall racial income inequality given the higher rate of poverty for Hispanic single mother families than their white or Asian counterparts.

This dataset includes number of births to unmarried women by age group in the United States since 1940. Methods for collecting information on marital status changed over the reporting period and have been documented in: • Ventura SJ, Bachrach CA. Nonmarital childbearing in the United States, 1940–99. National vital statistics reports; vol 48 no 16. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2000. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr48/nvs48_16.pdf. • National Center for Health Statistics. User guide to the 2013 natality public use file. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2014. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/VitalStatsOnline.htm. SOURCES CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, birth data (see http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/births.htm); public-use data files (see http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/Vitalstatsonline.htm); and CDC WONDER (see http://wonder.cdc.gov/). REFERENCES Curtin SC, Ventura SJ, Martinez GM. Recent declines in nonmarital childbearing in the United States. NCHS data brief, no 162. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2014. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db162.pdf. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJK, et al. Births: Final data for 2015. National vital statistics reports; vol 66 no 1. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2017. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf.

This dataset includes birth rates for unmarried women by age group, race, and Hispanic origin in the United States since 1970.

Methods for collecting information on marital status changed over the reporting period and have been documented in:

• Ventura SJ, Bachrach CA. Nonmarital childbearing in the United States, 1940–99. National vital statistics reports; vol 48 no 16. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2000. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr48/nvs48_16.pdf. • National Center for Health Statistics. User guide to the 2013 natality public use file. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2014. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/VitalStatsOnline.htm.

National data on births by Hispanics origin exclude data for Louisiana, New Hampshire, and Oklahoma in 1989; for New Hampshire and Oklahoma in 1990; for New Hampshire in 1991 and 1992. Information on reporting Hispanic origin is detailed in the Technical Appendix for the 1999 public-use natality data file (see (ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Dataset_Documentation/DVS/natality/Nat1999doc.pdf.)

All birth data by race before 1980 are based on race of the child. Starting in 1980, birth data by race are based on race of the mother.

This dataset is about books. It has 3 rows and is filtered where the book subjects is Single-parent families-Great Britain-Statistics. It features 9 columns including author, publication date, language, and book publisher.

The dataset contains the number of single-parent families by professional status, gender of the parent and number of children. The data was collected through the 15th general population and housing census, carried out by ISTAT in 2011. For further information see www.istat.it This dataset was released by the municipality of Milan.

Dataset population: Lone-parent households with dependent children where the lone parent is aged 16 to 74

Economic activity

Economic activity relates to whether or not a person who was aged 16 and over was working or looking for work in the week before census. Rather than a simple indicator of whether or not someone was currently in employment, it provides a measure of whether or not a person was an active participant in the labour market.

A person's economic activity is derived from their 'activity last week'. This is an indicator of their status or availability for employment - whether employed, unemployed, or their status if not employed and not seeking employment. Additional information included in the economic activity classification is also derived from information about the number of hours a person works and their type of employment - whether employed or self-employed.

The census concept of economic activity is compatible with the standard for economic status defined by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). It is one of a number of definitions used internationally to produce accurate and comparable statistics on employment, unemployment and economic status.

Lone-parent households with dependent children where the lone parent is aged 16 to 74

In most tables, the term 'lone-parent household' is used to describe a household that comprises a lone parent family and no other person. In the alternative household type variable, a lone-parent household is defined as a household that contains at least one lone-parent family but does not contain any married, same-sex civil partnership or cohabiting couples.

A count of the dependent children living in a household. A dependent child is a person aged 0 to 15 in a household (whether or not in a family) or aged 16 to 18 in full-time education and living in a family with his or her parent(s) or grandparent(s). It does not include any children who have a spouse, partner or child living in the household.

Sex

The classification of a person as either male or female.

Analysis of ‘Inhabitants — households (MD2.4e) 2018 from district, single-parent households, number of children ’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/4747 on 17 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Inhabitants — households (MD2.4e) 2018 from district, single-parent households, number of children

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Dataset from Immigration and Checkpoints Authority. For more information, visit https://data.gov.sg/datasets/d_9df8d9f4545fa651b4be4614b4762f4c/view

Analysis of ‘Inhabitants — households (MD2.4e) 2014 from district, single-parent households, number of children ’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/4739 on 16 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Inhabitants — households (MD2.4e) 2014 from district, single-parent households, number of children

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Dataset population: Households

Lone-parent households with dependent children where the lone parent is aged 16 to 74

In most tables, the term 'lone-parent household' is used to describe a household that comprises a lone parent family and no other person. In the alternative household type variable, a lone-parent household is defined as a household that contains at least one lone-parent family but does not contain any married, same-sex civil partnership or cohabiting couples.

A count of the dependent children living in a household. A dependent child is a person aged 0 to 15 in a household (whether or not in a family) or aged 16 to 18 in full-time education and living in a family with his or her parent(s) or grandparent(s). It does not include any children who have a spouse, partner or child living in the household.

This dataset is focused on offering census tract level estimates for the number of uninsured noninstitutionalized civilians, the number of single-parent households with children under 18 and for the number of noninstitutionalized civilians with a disability. The dataset contains data for all US census tracts; the estimates were made using data collected from 2010 to 2014.

Employment rate of parents living with dependent children as a couple or lone parent by age of the youngest child in the UK.

SCA47 - Children Living in a Single Parent Family Unit. Published by Central Statistics Office. Available under the license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY-4.0).Children Living in a Single Parent Family Unit...

Families of tax filers; Single-earner and dual-earner census families by number of children (final T1 Family File; T1FF).

Analysis of ‘Population — Households (MD2.3.3) 2015 (OD_Population): ex district, single-parent household type’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/4445 on 15 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Population — Households (MD2.3.3) 2015 (OD_Population): ex district, single-parent household type

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Analysis of ‘Population — Households (MD2.3.3) 2017 (OD_Population): ex district, single-parent household type’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/4704 on 16 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Population — Households (MD2.3.3) 2017 (OD_Population): ex district, single-parent household type

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

This dataset provides expenditures on Children by Families provides estimates of the cost of raising children from birth through age 17 for major budgetary components.

Parenting with Anxiety was a randomised controlled trial of a web-based intervention for parents with anxiety difficulties, aimed at preventing anxiety in offspring. Two datasets have been prepared for sharing: pwa_parents_share.dta contains the data recorded from parents who took part in the study. pwa_cores_share.dta contains data provided by an additional adult, as nominated by the index parent. A single dataset has not been prepared as the datasets come from different database exports. Full exports were provided for the final SWAT analyses and final full analyses but the SWAT analyses occurred before data collection was complete for the parents. Hence the co-respondent dataset was derived from a database export on 11th May 2023 and the parent dataset was derived from the final database export on 8th June 2023. The sharable datasets represent the datasets that were used for each of the respective analyses. Datasets were saved in Stata format (.dta). This format was chosen as it was the format used for analyses, retains metadata (e.g. variable and category labels), and can be opened directly in SPSS, SAS or R (using the haven package). More information about preparation of the datasets is found in pwa_dataset_preparation.pdf

Background: Anxiety is the most common childhood mental health condition and is associated with impaired child outcomes, including increased risk of mental health difficulties in adulthood. Anxiety runs in families: when a parent has anxiety, their child has a 50% higher chance of developing it themselves. Environmental factors are predominant in the intergenerational transmission of anxiety and, of these, parenting processes play a major role. Interventions that target parents to support them to limit the impact of any anxiogenic parenting behaviors are associated with reduced anxiety in their children. A brief UK-based group intervention delivered to parents within the UK National Health Service led to a 16% reduction in children meeting the criteria for an anxiety disorder. However, this intervention is not widely accessible. To widen access, a 9-module web-based version of this intervention has been developed. This course comprises psychoeducation and home practice delivered through text, video, animations, and practice tasks.

Objective: This study seeks to evaluate the feasibility of delivering this web-based intervention and assess its effectiveness in reducing child anxiety symptoms.

Methods: This is the protocol for a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a community sample of 1754 parents with self-identified high levels of anxiety with a child aged 2-11 years. Parents in the intervention arm will receive access to the web-based course, which they undertake at a self-determined rate. The control arm receives no intervention. Follow-up data collection is at months 6 and months 9-21. Intention-to-treat analysis will be conducted on outcomes including child anxiety, child mental health symptoms, and well-being; parental anxiety and well-being; and parenting behaviors.

Results: Funding was received in April 2020, and recruitment started in February 2021, ending in October 2022. A total of 1350 participants were recruited as of May 2022. Trial outcomes are pending publication in late 2024.

Conclusions: The results of this RCT will provide evidence on the utility of a web-based course in preventing intergenerational transmission of anxiety and increase the understanding of familial anxiety.

Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04755933; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04755933

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/40707

JMIR Res Protoc 2022;11(11):e40707