Union membership has been declining since 1983, and reached a historic low in 2024. There was a slight rise in 2020, but this has been attributed to union members being less likely to lose their jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2024, the rate of union membership declined again to 9.9 percent. Despite this constant decline, the number of workers represented by a union increased in 2023.

This study utilizes time-series data from 1897-2005 to explore the positive and negative effects of rivalry between labor unions. Utilizing econometric factors, it also investigates how competition from rival union federations and independent unions affects union density. Variables include counts of pro-labor and pro-management unfair labor practice cases adjudicated by the National Labor Relations Board, competitor union membership ratio and number ratio, the annual percentage change in union density, and the percentage change in the density of AFL/AFL-CIO membership. Other variables include the percentage of United States House members who belong to the Democratic Party, the percentage of popular votes in presidential elections that favored Socialist or Communist parties, core employment and unemployment, the consumer price index (CPI), and the labor union historical periods: Western Labor Union (WLU), Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Trade Union Unity League (TUUL), Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), and Change to Win (CTW).

Graph and download economic data for Employment Cost Index: Wages and salaries for Private industry workers in All union workers (CIU2020000000510I) from Q1 2001 to Q1 2025 about ECI, salaries, workers, private industries, wages, private, industry, and USA.

The Current Population Survey (CPS) is a sample survey of the population 16 years of age and over. The survey is conducted each month by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics and provides comprehensive data on the labor force, the employed, and the unemployed, classified by such characteristics as age, sex, race, family relationship, marital status, occupation, and industry attachment. The information is collected by trained interviewers from a sample of about 60,000 households located in 754 sample areas. These areas are chosen to represent all counties and independent cities in the United States, with coverage in 50 States and the District of Columbia. The data collected are based on the activity or status reported for the calendar week including the 12th of the month. Union data are available for all workers, members of unions and represented by unions, with data available by age, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, sex, occupation, industry, state, and full- or part-time status. Median weekly earnings data are also available for members of unions, represented by unions and non-union with data available by age, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, sex, occupation, industry and full- or part-time status.

Labor unions, or trade unions as they are known in Europe, are organizations formed by workers in order to represent their collective interests, particularly in relation to wages and working conditions. Historically, labor unions emerged during the industrial revolution of the nineteenth century to represent the interests of industrial workers, who flocked to work in factories, mines, and other growing manufacturing enterprises. In most high-income countries, labor unions reached their peak during the post-WWII period, when governments mediated between the interests of labor unions and the owners of capital. With the economic crises of the 1970s, however, the labor movement suffered historic defeats in Europe and North America, with union density declining rapidly in many countries due to a host of pro-market and anti-union policies which have come to be referred to as 'neoliberalism'. Labor unions today In the twenty-first century, labor unions have retreated from their key role in national economic decisions in many countries, as globalization has lowered barriers to movement of labor, enabled 'off-shoring' jobs to lower wage countries, and promoted the lowering of labor standards in order to pursue cost competitiveness. In spite of this trend, certain regions still showcase high levels of union density and retain their traditions of unions being involved in determining economic policy. Notably, the Nordic countries make up five of the top six most unionized countries, with Iceland in first place being followed by Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and then Norway.

Other notable trends among the top placed countries are states which have had a historical relationship with communism (often a key driver of the labor movement), such as Cuba, Vietnam, China, and Kazakhstan. In the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, labor unions and the wider labor movement has become more prominent, as workers have sought to fight for health & safety conditions in the workplace, as well as to combat high inflation related to the pandemic.

Just before the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 Union states had approximately five times as many factories as the Confederacy, and ten times the amount of factory workers. This level of industrialization is reflective of the economies at the time, with the Confederate and Border states depending more heavily on agriculture for their economic output, whereas the more industrialized cities of the northern states had many more factories. This also ties in with the issue of slavery at the time, which was arguably the most influential factor in the cessation of the southern states. The rural farm owners of the south depended on slave labor to maintain their output, and did not have large concentrations of population to pull workers from, whereas the factory owners of the north had a large supply of workers from more urbanized areas.

The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset.

CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module.

Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA:

Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors;election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election

Demography: age; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; current employment status; main occupation; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; occupation of chief wage earner and of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; race; ethnicity; region of residence; rural or urban residence

Survey variables: respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the previous election; satisfaction with the democratic process in the country; last election was conducted fairly; form of questionnaire (long or short); party identification; intensity of party identification; political parties care what people think; political parties are necessary; recall of candidates from the last election (name, gender and party); number of candidates correctly named; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of the state of the economy in the country; assessment of economic development in the country; degree of improvement or deterioration of economy; politicians know what people think; contact with a member of parliament or congress during the past twelve months; attitude towards selected statements: it makes a difference who is in power and who people vote for; people express their political opinion; self-assessment on a left-right-scale; assessment of parties and political leaders on a left-right-scale; political information items

DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA:

number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district

MACRO-LEVEL DATA:

founding year of parties; ideological families of parties; international organization the parties belong to; left-right position of parties assigned by experts; election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; most salient factors in the election; head of state (regime type); if multiple rounds: selection of head of state; direct election of head of state and process of direct election; threshold for first-round victory; procedure for candidate selection at final round; simple majority or absolute majority for 2nd round victory; year of presidential election (before or after this legislative election); process if indirect election of head of state; head of government (president or prime minister); selection of prime minister; number of elected legislative chambers; for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; number of primary districts; number of seats; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; compulsory voting; votes cast; voting procedure; electoral formula; party threshold; parties can run joint lists; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement; types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; ally party support; constitu...

Labor unions, also known as trade unions, reached their peak in the advanced industrial countries of the G7 and Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD) in the late twentieth century; since the 1980s however, their memberships have declined drastically, in some countries by as much as 50 percent. The labor movement arose in the nineteenth century to represent workers' interests in collective bargaining and to protests against poor wages and work conditions. From their peak in the twentieth century, unions have declined to represent much smaller numbers of workers today, in many countries being active mainly among public sector workers, such as in the United States. The rise and fall of union power In their rise during the twentieth century, labor unions were tightly connected to political parties of social democratic or socialist bent, while also being connected with Christian democrats in some continental European countries. As these parties came to power in the post-WWII period, unions were institutionalized into a system of social partnership with employers and the government in many countries. This agreement minimized labor disputes, while focusing on increasing productivity, which led to a period of unprecedented economic growth. As this system ran up against intractable economic problems in the 1970s, however, parties came to power who pursued a 'neoliberal' agenda of liberalization of the labor market and the privatization of nationalized companies. Since the late 1970s, these policies have caused union membership to decline drastically, as unions could engage in the same level of collective bargaining in a more interconnected and globalized international economy.

“The labor union mobilization of workforce which began again in the 1880s, still under the coalition hostile environment of the Socialist Law, did not take place in a continuous growth process in which various professional groups and regions in Germany participated equally… Size and location of factories, the degree of industrialization of a regions and the legal constitution had a significant impact on the opportunities for expansion of labor union federations… In general it can be stated that the main mass of the free trade union members concentrated in medium and large cities. In major urban areas more permanent solidarity relations between the workers developed at the workplace and in private contexts than in rural areas. The old royal residence, the industrial and trade cities in which since 1848-49 the socialist workers movement had taken root, and where during the 19th century founded and rapidly growing centers of the metal, coal and chemical industry became the centers of the labor union movement. … Huge cities were places where the modern industrial capitalism and with it the antagonism between capital and labor emerged most clearly.” (Schönhoven, a. cit., p. 347ff).An investigation on the regional distribution of Labor unions in the German Empire cannot be grounded on the comprehensive Selection of data of the general commission of German trade unions neither on individual union associations because those sources do not contain data suitable for territorial level of federal states. The present investigation from Klaus Schönhoven is therefore based on a contemporary survey by Walter Troeltsch and Paul Hirschfeld (1905/1908) and on overviews of the distribution of labor unions by states and regions that the statistical office of the German Empire published on1911, 1912, 1913 and 1918.Much more incomplete than for free labor union is the data material for the two other labor union federation, the federation of Christian labor unions and the federation of deer and the Hirsch-Dunker trade associations. The general commission published data on membership of those two concurrence organizations on a regular basis, but they did not order the data after regional criteria. Data tables in HISTAT:A. Degree of organizationA.01 Regional spread of free labor unions in the German Empire (1896-1918)A.02a Regional degree of organization of free labor unions in the German Empire (1896-1911)A.02b Regional degree of organization of free labor unions in the German Empire (1896-1911)A.03 Regional spread and degree of organization in larger territorial units (1896-1911)A.04a Regional spread and degree of organization of free labor unions in Prussia (1896-1911)A.04b Regional spread and degree of organization of free labor unions in Prussia (1896-1911)B. MembersB.01 Distribution of members of free labor unions by size of the community (1896-1918)B.02a Members and degree of organization of free labor unions in German big cities with 200 000 or more inhabitants (1903-1911)B.02b Members and degree of organization of free labor unions in German big cities with 200 000 or more inhabitants (1903-1911)

This dataset covers ballots 255-60, and 262-63, spanning January, March, May, July, September-October, and December 1957. The dataset contains the data resulting from these polls in ASCII. The ballots are as follows: 255 - January This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians mainly on current events and news issues. Some of this poll's question were also intended to ascertain respondents' political opinions. Respondents were asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic and social variables as well. Topics of interest include: alcohol consumption; beer sales in grocery stores; beverage consumption; Canadian Arts Council; car ownership; federal election; government funding for art; immigration policy; interesting things done by people; New Years resolutions; the most important world event; preferred political parties; predictions for 1957; prohibition of alcohol; railway workers strike; public utilities strike; television ownership; temperament; union membership; voting behaviour; and winter vacations. Basic demographics variables are also included. 256 - March This Gallup poll seeks to obtain the views of Canadians on current issues of national importance. Included are questions on labour unions, religion, and activities people do and feel should be allowed on Sundays. Respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic, and social variables. Topics of interest include: belief in the New Testament; car ownership; the federal election; the ideal number of children; labour union criticisms; whether newspapers should be allowed on Sunday; old age pension amounts; whether organized sports should be allowed on Sunday; preferred political parties; physical exam requirements to be able to drive a vehicle; religious influence; Sunday activities; whether theatres should be allowed to be open on Sunday; union membership; the influence of the United Nations, and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. 257 - May This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians on issues of importance to the government and to the country. Included are questions regarding voting patterns and elections, America's influence over Canada, and travelling habits of Canadians. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: the 35 hour work week; America's influence over Canada; the church's refusal to wed divorcees; the cost of taking a trip; the federal election; foreign policy; preferred political parties; the purpose of taking a trip; tax cuts; union membership; transportation used to take a trip; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. 258 - May This Gallup poll aims to collect the opinions of Canadians on issues of importance to the country and to the government. This survey focuses on mostly political topics, such as elections and voting, and the influence of the United States over Canada. Respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic, and social variables. Topics of interest include: American investment in Canada, the American lifestyle; Canada's dependence on the United States, the federal election; financial dependence on the United States; government policy; how hard people work; religious services; Sunday school; union membership; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. 259 - July This Gallup poll seeks to collect the opinions of Canadians. The majority of questions either deal directly with politics or the Federal election that was held in the month before this poll. Questions also inquire about voting patterns and issues that affect how respondents vote. Respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic, and social variables. Topics of interest include: whether respondents have been in a small boat recently; car ownership; Dr. Salk's polio vaccination; government priorities; John Diefenbaker; Louis St. Laurent; preferred political party; predictions and opinions for the next federal election; Progressive Conservative party; the Queen's visit to Ottawa; reactions to the federal election results; smoking habits and quitting; swimming ability; union membership; voting behaviour; and why the Conservatives won the federal election. Basic demographics variables are also included. 260 - September: first sample with 1223 respondents This Gallup poll is interested in collecting Canadians' opinions. The predominant subject of the survey questions is politics, including everything from the Queen to nuclear weapons testing and fallout. There were also questions asked to help group the respondents according to geographic, demographic, and social variables. Topics of interest include: A-bomb testing; American television programs; awareness of cabinet ministers; the British Commonwealth as a trading partner; Canadian television programmes; car ownership; federal elections; Governor General preference; H-bomb testing; inflation and high prices; job-type preference; John Diefenbaker's performance as Prime Minister; Louis St. Laurent's successor; nuclear weapons and fallout; performance of the advisors to the Queen; Russia's foreign policy objectives; speeches given by the Queen; television ownership; union membership; the United States as a trading partner; and voting behaviours. Basic demographics variables are also included. 260-c2 - September: same as above; second sample with 952 respondents 262 - October This Gallup poll seeks to collect the opinions of Canadians on important political issues, both in Canada and abroad. The major political issues discussed within Canada include prices, defence and unemployment, although lighter issues such as advertising and how spare time is spent are also discussed. Respondents were also asked questions so that they could be classified according to geographic, demographic and social variables. Basic demographics variables are also included. 263 - December This Gallup poll seeks to collect the opinions of Canadians on important political issues, both in Canada and abroad. The major political issues discussed within Canada include prices, defence and unemployment, although lighter issues such as advertising and how spare time is spent are also discussed. Respondents were also asked questions so that they could be classified according to geographic, demographic and social variables. The topics of interest include: whether advertisements are believable or not; the Arab Israeli conflict in Palestine; car ownership; the Conservative party; defense policy; the federal election; government control of schools; how spare time is spent; John Diefenbaker's performance as Prime Minister; the number of jobs held by respondents; preferred political parties; price trends; Unemployment rates; union membership; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. The codebook for this dataset is available through the UBC Library catalogue, with call number HN110.Z9 P84.

TagX Web Browsing Clickstream Data: Unveiling Digital Behavior Across North America and EU Unique Insights into Online User Behavior TagX Web Browsing clickstream Data offers an unparalleled window into the digital lives of 1 million users across North America and the European Union. This comprehensive dataset stands out in the market due to its breadth, depth, and stringent compliance with data protection regulations. What Makes Our Data Unique?

Extensive Geographic Coverage: Spanning two major markets, our data provides a holistic view of web browsing patterns in developed economies. Large User Base: With 300K active users, our dataset offers statistically significant insights across various demographics and user segments. GDPR and CCPA Compliance: We prioritize user privacy and data protection, ensuring that our data collection and processing methods adhere to the strictest regulatory standards. Real-time Updates: Our clickstream data is continuously refreshed, providing up-to-the-minute insights into evolving online trends and user behaviors. Granular Data Points: We capture a wide array of metrics, including time spent on websites, click patterns, search queries, and user journey flows.

Data Sourcing: Ethical and Transparent Our web browsing clickstream data is sourced through a network of partnered websites and applications. Users explicitly opt-in to data collection, ensuring transparency and consent. We employ advanced anonymization techniques to protect individual privacy while maintaining the integrity and value of the aggregated data. Key aspects of our data sourcing process include:

Voluntary user participation through clear opt-in mechanisms Regular audits of data collection methods to ensure ongoing compliance Collaboration with privacy experts to implement best practices in data anonymization Continuous monitoring of regulatory landscapes to adapt our processes as needed

Primary Use Cases and Verticals TagX Web Browsing clickstream Data serves a multitude of industries and use cases, including but not limited to:

Digital Marketing and Advertising:

Audience segmentation and targeting Campaign performance optimization Competitor analysis and benchmarking

E-commerce and Retail:

Customer journey mapping Product recommendation enhancements Cart abandonment analysis

Media and Entertainment:

Content consumption trends Audience engagement metrics Cross-platform user behavior analysis

Financial Services:

Risk assessment based on online behavior Fraud detection through anomaly identification Investment trend analysis

Technology and Software:

User experience optimization Feature adoption tracking Competitive intelligence

Market Research and Consulting:

Consumer behavior studies Industry trend analysis Digital transformation strategies

Integration with Broader Data Offering TagX Web Browsing clickstream Data is a cornerstone of our comprehensive digital intelligence suite. It seamlessly integrates with our other data products to provide a 360-degree view of online user behavior:

Social Media Engagement Data: Combine clickstream insights with social media interactions for a holistic understanding of digital footprints. Mobile App Usage Data: Cross-reference web browsing patterns with mobile app usage to map the complete digital journey. Purchase Intent Signals: Enrich clickstream data with purchase intent indicators to power predictive analytics and targeted marketing efforts. Demographic Overlays: Enhance web browsing data with demographic information for more precise audience segmentation and targeting.

By leveraging these complementary datasets, businesses can unlock deeper insights and drive more impactful strategies across their digital initiatives. Data Quality and Scale We pride ourselves on delivering high-quality, reliable data at scale:

Rigorous Data Cleaning: Advanced algorithms filter out bot traffic, VPNs, and other non-human interactions. Regular Quality Checks: Our data science team conducts ongoing audits to ensure data accuracy and consistency. Scalable Infrastructure: Our robust data processing pipeline can handle billions of daily events, ensuring comprehensive coverage. Historical Data Availability: Access up to 24 months of historical data for trend analysis and longitudinal studies. Customizable Data Feeds: Tailor the data delivery to your specific needs, from raw clickstream events to aggregated insights.

Empowering Data-Driven Decision Making In today's digital-first world, understanding online user behavior is crucial for businesses across all sectors. TagX Web Browsing clickstream Data empowers organizations to make informed decisions, optimize their digital strategies, and stay ahead of the competition. Whether you're a marketer looking to refine your targeting, a product manager seeking to enhance user experience, or a researcher exploring digital trends, our cli...

This study sought to examine community policing from a street-level officer's point of view. Active community police officers and sheriff's deputies from law enforcement agencies were interviewed about their opinions, experiences with, and attitudes toward community policing. For the study 90 rank-and-file community policing officers from 30 law enforcement agencies throughout the United States were selected to participate in a 40- to 60-minute telephone interview. The survey was comprised of six sections, providing information on: (1) demographics, including the race, gender, age, job title, highest level of education, and union membership of each respondent, (2) a description of the community policing program and daily tasks, with questions regarding the size of the neighborhood in terms of geography and population, work with citizens and community leaders, patrol methods, activities with youth/juveniles, traditional police duties, and agency and supervisor support of community policing, (3) interaction between community policing and non-community policing officers, (4) hours, safety, and job satisfaction, (5) police training, and (6) perceived effectiveness of community policing.

The Candidate Countries Eurobarometer (CCEB) series, first conducted in 2001, gathers information from the countries applying to become members of the European Union (EU) in a way that allows direct comparison with the standard Eurobarometer series carried out in the existing EU countries. The CCEB provides decision-makers and the European public with opinion data on the similarities and differences between the EU and candidate countries. The CCEB continuously tracks support for EU membership in each country and records changes in attitudes related to European issues in the candidate countries. This round of the CCEB survey was conducted between November 20th and December 24th, 2003, in the 13 candidate countries: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Turkey. This survey queried respondents on the following: (1) identities and values, (2) financial services and consumer protection, and (3) time use. For the first major area of focus, identities and values, respondents were asked to define what is most important to them, in addition to their personal values and those values which best represent their country, the EU, the United States, and the Arab world. Respondents provided their opinion on statements pertaining to socio-political issues, selected activities with which they were involved, and determined whether they would be willing to learn an additional foreign language and the main motivation for doing so. In addition, the survey asked respondents to identify which topics they were interested, including politics, economics, arts and culture, music, sports, and lifestyles, and to which countries they felt the closest. For the second major area of focus, financial services, respondents were queried on their top three financial priorities, their thoughts about finances and financial services, and ownership of a financial account, investment, or loan. The survey queried respondents about their use of the phone and the Internet in financial transactions, obtaining a financial account, investment, loan, or other service from the EU in the past, and whether they would consider doing so in the next five years. Additional questions asked respondents about the obstacles which prevent the use of financial services anywhere in the EU, the means of payment used and preferred for an important purchase, their use of an electronic purse, as well as their opinion on the ease of carrying out eight particular activities with the banks and insurance companies, and their expectations about the advice provided by their financial institutions. Finally, respondents were asked about the harmonization of their respective countries' consumer protection standards with the EU's standards. For the third major area of focus, time use, respondents were queried about the number of hours they or their partner spent on paid or voluntary work, child care and household tasks, and attending courses, studying or training. Respondents also answered questions on whether they plan to reduce the number of hours they work, what they intend to do with the extra free time, the preferred duration of the reduction of working hours, and how the reduction in hours would be executed. Respondents provided their opinions on work before retirement, and identified their expected and desired retirement age, work and monetary expectations, and future plans when considering retirement. Answers regarding respondent satisfaction with the hours they spend on life style, health, household, and family related activities were also recorded. The survey also asked respondents about their ability to participate in continuing education, whether they had completed a training course, the number of hours they were involved in for the last course taken, and as to who paid and whether they received time off for the course. In addition, respondents examined the importance and availability of employee benefits at work, whether they had taken any of these benefits in the past 12 months, their satisfaction with these benefits, as well as the ability to partake in employee benefits, and who should pay for these benefits. Respondents identified the activities that had the most impact on their time, their satisfaction with different aspects of life, and expressed their opinion on the importance of making money, w

The American Time Use Survey (ATUS) collects information on how people living in the United States spend their time. Data collected in this study measured the amount of time that people spent doing various activities in 2008, such as paid work, child care, religious activities, volunteering, and socializing. Respondents were interviewed once about how they spent their time on the previous day including where they were and whom they were with. Part 1, Respondent and Activity Summary File, contains demographic information about respondents and a summary of the total amount of time they spent doing each activity that day. Part 2, Roster File, contains information about household members and non-household children under the age of 18. Part 3, Activity File, includes additional information on activities in which respondents participated, including the location of each activity and the total time spent on secondary child care. Part 4, Who File, includes data on who was present during each activity. Part 5, ATUS-CPS 2008 File, contains demographic and occupational data on respondents and members of their household collected during their participation in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Parts 6-9 contain supplemental data files that can be used for further analysis of the data. Part 6, Case History File, contains information about the interview process. Part 7, Call History File, gives information about each call attempt. Part 8, Trips File, provides information about the number, duration, and purpose of overnight trips away from home for two or more nights in a row in a given reference month. Part 9, ATUS 2008 Replicate Weights File, contains base weights, replicate base weights, and replicate final weights for each case that was selected to be interviewed for the ATUS. The Eating and Health (EH) Module collected data to analyze (1) the relationships among time use patterns and eating patterns, nutrition, and obesity, and (2) food and nutrition assistance programs, and grocery shopping and meal preparation. The Eating and Health Module contained four files, parts 10-13. Part 10, EH Respondent File, contains information about (1) EH respondents, including variables about grocery shopping and meal preparation, food stamp participation, general health, height, and weight, and (2) household income. Part 11, EH Activity File, contains information on respondents' secondary eating and secondary drinking of beverages. Part 12, EH Child File, contains information on children (under age 19) in respondent households who ate a breakfast or lunch in the previous week that was prepared and served at a school, day care, Head Start center, or summer day program. Part 13, EH Replicate Weights File, contains the 160 replicate final weights that can be used to calculate standard errors and variances for EH Module estimates. Note that the EH Replicate Weights file contains records only for those cases that completed EH Module interviews. Demographic variables include sex, age, race, ethnicity, marital status, education level, income, employment status, occupation, citizenship status, country of origin, labor union membership of household members, and household composition.

This data collection investigates the relationship between men's work and personality, and provides information regarding work, parenting practices, orientation toward work and society in general, and values. Work-related variables describe the place and conditions of employment, including the degree of supervision, placement within the workplace hierarchy, and the complexity of work with people, data, and things. Respondents also were questioned regarding job satisfaction, expectations for the future, job security, union membership and activities, and preferred occupation. Additionally, respondents provided self-evaluations of job and career performance, the importance and prestige of their jobs, and a complete work history for all jobs held for six months or more. Respondents who were parents at the time of the interview were queried regarding parenting practices and parental values, including methods of child discipline and reinforcement employed, and the level of educational achievement and future occupation preferred for their children. In addition, respondents were asked to select the most and least desirable qualities for their children from a prepared list of attributes. Respondents also were questioned regarding social orientation and self-concept. To measure social orientation, respondents were asked to state the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with statements indicating authoritarian or nonauthoritarian tendencies, different criteria of morality and amorality, trustfulness and distrustfulness, and statements indicating receptivity or resistance to change. Self-concept was examined by questions concerning self-confidence and diffidence, self-depreciation and self-endorsement, anxiety, fatalistic and accountable attributions of responsibility, and the conformity or independence of their ideas. Respondents also were asked to select the values most and least desired for themselves. Background information collected for respondents and their families includes household composition, metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area of residence, marital status and duration of marriage, education, ethnicity, religion, country of birth and year of immigration, wife's age and employment status, grandparents' occupations, and parents' country of birth, occupation, education, and age when the respondent was born. Also recorded were the number of brothers and sisters the respondent grew up with, the occupation of each sibling, whether the respondent lived with his parents and what his parents' occupations were when he was 16, the age and education level of each child living in the respondent's household, and the respondent's social class self-placement.

This special topic poll, conducted April 30 to May 6, 1996, is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. This poll sought Americans' views on the most important problems facing the United States, their local communities and their own families. Respondents rated the public schools, crime, and drug problems at the national and local levels, their level of optimism about their own future and that of the country, and the reasons they felt that way. Respondents were asked whether they were better off financially than their parents were at their age, whether they expected their own children to be better off financially than they were, and whether the American Dream was still possible for most people. Respondents then compared their expectations about life to their actual experiences in areas such as job security, financial earnings, employment benefits, job opportunities, health care benefits, retirement savings, and leisure time. A series of questions asked whether the United States was in a long-term economic and moral decline, whether the country's main problems were caused more by a lack of economic opportunity or a lack of morality, and whether the United States was still the best country in the world. Additional topics covered immigration policy and the extent to which respondents trusted the federal, state, and local governments. Demographic variables included respondents' sex, age, race, education level, marital status, household income, political party affiliation, political philosophy, voter registration and participation history, labor union membership, the presence of children in the household, whether these children attended a public school, and the employment status of respondents and their spouses. telephone interviewThe data available for download are not weighted and users will need to weight the data prior to analysis.The data collection was produced by Chilton Research Services of Radnor, PA. Original reports using these data may be found via the ABC News Polling Unit Website.According to the data collection instrument, code 3 in the variable Q909 (Education Level) included respondents who answered that they had attended a technical school.The original data file contained four records per case and was reformatted into a data file with one record per case. To protect respondent confidentiality, respondent names were removed from the data file.The CASEID variable was created for use with online analysis. The data contain a weight variable (WEIGHT) that should be used in analyzing the data. This poll consists of "standard" national representative samples of the adult population with sample balancing of sex, race, age, and education. Households were selected by random-digit dialing. Within households, the respondent selected was the adult living in the household who last had a birthday and who was at home at the time of interview. Persons aged 18 and over living in households with telephones in the contiguous 48 United States. Datasets: DS1: ABC News Listening to America Poll, May 1996

Abstract

In 2011, the EU-SILC instrument covered all EU Member States plus Iceland, Turkey, Norway, Switzerland and Croatia. EU-SILC has become the EU reference source for comparative statistics on income distribution and social exclusion at European level, particularly in the context of the "Program of Community action to encourage cooperation between Member States to combat social exclusion" and for producing structural indicators on social cohesion for the annual spring report to the European Council. The first priority is to be given to the delivery of comparable, timely and high quality cross-sectional data.

There are two types of datasets: 1) Cross-sectional data pertaining to fixed time periods, with variables on income, poverty, social exclusion and living conditions. 2) Longitudinal data pertaining to individual-level changes over time, observed periodically - usually over four years.

Social exclusion and housing-condition information is collected at household level. Income at a detailed component level is collected at personal level, with some components included in the "Household" section. Labor, education and health observations only apply to persons aged 16 and over. EU-SILC was established to provide data on structural indicators of social cohesion (at-risk-of-poverty rate, S80/S20 and gender pay gap) and to provide relevant data for the two 'open methods of coordination' in the field of social inclusion and pensions in Europe.

The 5th version 2011 Cross-Sectional User Database as released in July 2015 is documented here.

Geographic coverage

The survey covers following countries: Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Spain; Ireland; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Hungary; Malta; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Slovenia; Slovakia; Sweden; United Kingdom; Iceland; Norway; Turkey; Switzerland

Small parts of the national territory amounting to no more than 2% of the national population and the national territories listed below may be excluded from EU-SILC: France - French Overseas Departments and territories; Netherlands - The West Frisian Islands with the exception of Texel; Ireland - All offshore islands with the exception of Achill, Bull, Cruit, Gorumna, Inishnee, Lettermore, Lettermullan and Valentia; United Kingdom - Scotland north of the Caledonian Canal, the Scilly Islands.

Analysis unit

• Households;
• Individuals 16 years and older.

Universe

The survey covered all household members over 16 years old. Persons living in collective households and in institutions are generally excluded from the target population.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

On the basis of various statistical and practical considerations and the precision requirements for the most critical variables, the minimum effective sample sizes to be achieved were defined. Sample size for the longitudinal component refers, for any pair of consecutive years, to the number of households successfully interviewed in the first year in which all or at least a majority of the household members aged 16 or over are successfully interviewed in both the years.

For the cross-sectional component, the plans are to achieve the minimum effective sample size of around 131.000 households in the EU as a whole (137.000 including Iceland and Norway). The allocation of the EU sample among countries represents a compromise between two objectives: the production of results at the level of individual countries, and production for the EU as a whole. Requirements for the longitudinal data will be less important. For this component, an effective sample size of around 98.000 households (103.000 including Iceland and Norway) is planned.

Member States using registers for income and other data may use a sample of persons (selected respondents) rather than a sample of complete households in the interview survey. The minimum effective sample size in terms of the number of persons aged 16 or over to be interviewed in detail is in this case taken as 75 % of the figures shown in columns 3 and 4 of the table I, for the cross-sectional and longitudinal components respectively.

The reference is to the effective sample size, which is the size required if the survey were based on simple random sampling (design effect in relation to the 'risk of poverty rate' variable = 1.0). The actual sample sizes will have to be larger to the extent that the design effects exceed 1.0 and to compensate for all kinds of non-response. Furthermore, the sample size refers to the number of valid households which are households for which, and for all members of which, all or nearly all the required information has been obtained. For countries with a sample of persons design, information on income and other data shall be collected for the household of each selected respondent and for all its members.

At the beginning, a cross-sectional representative sample of households is selected. It is divided into say 4 sub-samples, each by itself representative of the whole population and similar in structure to the whole sample. One sub-sample is purely cross-sectional and is not followed up after the first round. Respondents in the second sub-sample are requested to participate in the panel for 2 years, in the third sub-sample for 3 years, and in the fourth for 4 years. From year 2 onwards, one new panel is introduced each year, with request for participation for 4 years. In any one year, the sample consists of 4 sub-samples, which together constitute the cross-sectional sample. In year 1 they are all new samples; in all subsequent years, only one is new sample. In year 2, three are panels in the second year; in year 3, one is a panel in the second year and two in the third year; in subsequent years, one is a panel for the second year, one for the third year, and one for the fourth (final) year.

According to the Commission Regulation on sampling and tracing rules, the selection of the sample will be drawn according to the following requirements:

1. For all components of EU-SILC (whether survey or register based), the crosssectional and longitudinal (initial sample) data shall be based on a nationally representative probability sample of the population residing in private households within the country, irrespective of language, nationality or legal residence status. All private households and all persons aged 16 and over within the household are eligible for the operation.
2. Representative probability samples shall be achieved both for households, which form the basic units of sampling, data collection and data analysis, and for individual persons in the target population.
3. The sampling frame and methods of sample selection shall ensure that every individual and household in the target population is assigned a known and non-zero probability of selection.
4. By way of exception, paragraphs 1 to 3 shall apply in Germany exclusively to the part of the sample based on probability sampling according to Article 8 of the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council (EC) No 1177/2003 concerning

Community Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. Article 8 of the EU-SILC Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council mentions: 1. The cross-sectional and longitudinal data shall be based on nationally representative probability samples. 2. By way of exception to paragraph 1, Germany shall supply cross-sectional data based on a nationally representative probability sample for the first time for the year 2008. For the year 2005, Germany shall supply data for one fourth based on probability sampling and for three fourths based on quota samples, the latter to be progressively replaced by random selection so as to achieve fully representative probability sampling by 2008. For the longitudinal component, Germany shall supply for the year 2006 one third of longitudinal data (data for year 2005 and 2006) based on probability sampling and two thirds based on quota samples. For the year 2007, half of the longitudinal data relating to years 2005, 2006 and 2007 shall be based on probability sampling and half on quota sample. After 2007 all of the longitudinal data shall be based on probability sampling.

Detailed information about sampling is available in Quality Reports in Related Materials.

Mode of data collection

Mixed

Dataset on flexible implementation in the EU (acronym: FIEU) was created as part of the Horizon 2020-project InDivEU, Integrating Diversity in the European Union. The aim of the dataset is to provide a quantitative overview of the scope for flexible implementation allowed for in EU legislation (legislative directives and regulations). In the dataset, legislative acts that were adopted in the period 2006-2015 are coded for the occurrence of provisions that allow member states flexibility in implementation, as well as the types of flexibility granted and their relative significance. This dataset complements the dataset on differentiated integration in EU secondary legislation (EUDIFF2), which was created at ETH Zürich and will be extended to cover more years as part of the InDivEU project. The FIEU dataset maps provisions in EU legislation that allow for flexible implementation by member states. Given the focus on EU legislation, it does not (and cannot) assess the extent to which this room for flexibility is actually used by member states. The dataset can therefore be used to trace the scope for flexible implementation in EU legislation over time and across sectors and/or types of legislation. It may also form the basis for further in-depth case studies, in which the use made by member states of the room offered in EU legislation is analysed.

The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset.

CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module.

Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA:

Identification and study administration variables: mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; election type; weighting factors; if multiple rounds: percent of vote selected parties received in first round; selection of head of state; direct election of head of state and process of direct election; threshold for first-round victory; selection of candidates for the final round; simple majority or absolute majority for 2nd round victory; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election

Demography: age; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; attendance at religious services; race; ethnicity; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; rural or urban residence

Survey variables: political participation during the recent election campaign (persuade others, campaign activities) and frequency of political participation; contacted by candidate or party during the campaign; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current election; most important issue; evaluation of governments performance concerning the most important issue and in general; satisfaction with the democratic process in the country; attitude towards selected statements: it makes a difference who is in power and who people vote for; democracy is better than any other form of government; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the previous election; judgement of the performance of the party the respondent voted for in the previous election; judgement how well voters´ views are represented in elections; party and leader that represent respondent´s view best; form of questionnaire (long or short); party identification; intensity of party identification; sympathy scale for selected parties; assessment of parties and political leaders on a left-right-scale; political participation during the last 5 years: contacted a politician or government, protest or demonstration, work with others who share the same concern; respect for individual freedom and human rights; assessment how much corruption is widespread in the country; self-placement on a left-right-scale; political information items

DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA:

number of seats contested in electoral district, number of candidates, number of party lists, percent vote of different parties, official voter turnout in electoral district

MACRO-LEVEL DATA:

percent of popular vote received by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percentage of official voter turnout; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; year of party foundation; ideological family the parties are closest to; European parliament political group and international organization the parties belong to; significant parties not represented before and after the election; left-right position of parties; general concensus on these left-right placements among informed observers in the country; alternative dimension placements; consensus on the alternative dimension placements; most salient factors in the election; consensus on the salience ranking; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; name of ...

PyPSA-Eur is an open model dataset of the European power system at the transmission network level that covers the full ENTSO-E area. It can be built using the code provided at https://github.com/PyPSA/PyPSA-eur.

It contains alternating current lines at and above 220 kV voltage level and all high voltage direct current lines, substations, an open database of conventional power plants, time series for electrical demand and variable renewable generator availability, and geographic potentials for the expansion of wind and solar power.

Not all data dependencies are shipped with the code repository, since git is not suited for handling large changing files. Instead we provide separate data bundles to be downloaded and extracted as noted in the documentation.

This is the full data bundle to be used for rigorous research. It includes large bathymetry and natural protection area datasets.

While the code in PyPSA-Eur is released as free software under the MIT, different licenses and terms of use apply to the various input data, which are summarised below:

corine/*

• CORINE Land Cover (CLC) database
• Source: https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover/clc-2012/
• Extract from Terms of Use:

Access to data is based on a principle of full, open and free access as established by the Copernicus data and information policy Regulation (EU) No 1159/2013 of 12 July 2013. This regulation establishes registration and licensing conditions for GMES/Copernicus users and can be found here. Free, full and open access to this data set is made on the conditions that:

• When distributing or communicating Copernicus dedicated data and Copernicus service information to the public, users shall inform the public of the source of that data and information.

• Users shall make sure not to convey the impression to the public that the user's activities are officially endorsed by the Union.

• Where that data or information has been adapted or modified, the user shall clearly state this.

• The data remain the sole property of the European Union. Any information and data produced in the framework of the action shall be the sole property of the European Union. Any communication and publication by the beneficiary shall acknowledge that the data were produced “with funding by the European Union”.

• https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover/clc-2012?tab=metadata

eez/*

• World exclusive economic zones (EEZ)
• Source: http://www.marineregions.org/sources.php#unioneezcountry
• Extract from Terms of Use:

Marine Regions’ products are licensed under CC-BY-NC-SA. Please contact us for other uses of the Licensed Material beyond license terms. We kindly request our users not to make our products available for download elsewhere and to always refer to marineregions.org for the most up-to-date products and services.

• http://www.marineregions.org/disclaimer.php

natura/*

• Natura 2000 natural protection areas
• Source: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/natura-10
• Extract from Terms of Use:

EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (https://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: Directorate-General for Environment (DG ENV).

• https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/natura-10#tab-metadata

naturalearth/*

• World country shapes
• Source: https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-cultural-vectors/10m-admin-0-countries/
• Extract from Terms of Use:

All versions of Natural Earth raster + vector map data found on this website are in the public domain. You may use the maps in any manner, including modifying the content and design, electronic dissemination, and offset printing. The primary authors, Tom Patterson and Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso, and all other contributors renounce all financial claim to the maps and invites you to use them for personal, educational, and commercial purposes.

No permission is needed to use Natural Earth. Crediting the authors is unnecessary.

• http://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/

NUTS_2013_60M_SH/*

• Europe NUTS3 regions
• Source: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/gisco/geodata/reference-data/administrative-units-statistical-units
• Extract from Terms of Use:

In addition to the general copyright and licence policy applicable to the whole Eurostat website, the following specific provisions apply to the datasets you are downloading. The download and usage of these data is subject to the acceptance of the following clauses:

1. The Commission agrees to grant the non-exclusive and not transferable right to use and process the Eurostat/GISCO geographical data downloaded from this page (the "data").

2. The permission to use the data is granted on condition that: the data will not be used for commercial purposes; the source will be acknowledged. A copyright notice, as specified below, will have to be visible on any printed or electronic publication using the data downloaded from this page.

• https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/gisco/geodata/reference-data/administrative-units-statistical-units
• https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about/policies/copyright

gebco/GEBCO_2014_2D.nc

• GEBCO bathymetric dataset
• Source: https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/version_20141103/
• Extract from Terms of Use:

The GEBCO Grid is placed in the public domain and may be used free of charge. Use of the GEBCO Grid indicates that the user accepts the conditions of use and disclaimer information given below.

Users are free to:

• Copy, publish, distribute and transmit The GEBCO Grid

• Adapt The GEBCO Grid

• Commercially exploit The GEBCO Grid, by, for example, combining it with other information, or by including it in their own product or application

Users must:

• Acknowledge the source of The GEBCO Grid. A suitable form of attribution is given in the documentation that accompanies The GEBCO Grid.

• Not use The GEBCO Grid in a way that suggests any official status or that GEBCO, or the IHO or IOC, endorses any particular application of The GEBCO Grid.

• Not mislead others or misrepresent The GEBCO Grid or its source.

• https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/documents/gebco_2014_historic.pdf

je-e-21.03.02.xls

• Population and GDP data for Swiss Cantons
• Source: https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/news/whats-new.assetdetail.7786557.html
• Extract from Terms of Use:

Information on the websites of the Federal Authorities is accessible to the public. Downloading, copying or integrating content (texts, tables, graphics, maps, photos or any other data) does not entail any transfer of rights to the content.

Copyright and any other rights relating to content available on the websites of the Federal Authorities are the exclusive property of the Federal Authorities or of any other expressly mentioned owners.

Any reproduction requires the prior written consent of the copyright holder. The source of the content (statistical results) should always be given.