Background: Non-invasive Cardiovascular imaging (NICI), including cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging provides important information to guide the management of patients with cardiovascular conditions. Current rates of NICI use and potential policy determinants in the United States of America (US) and England remain unexplored.Methods: We compared NICI activity in the US (Medicare fee-for-service, 2011–2015) and England (National Health Service, 2012–2016). We reviewed recommendations related to CMR from Clinical Practice Guidelines, Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC), and Choosing Wisely. We then categorized recommendations according to whether CMR was the only recommended NICI technique (substitutable indications). Reimbursement policies in both settings were systematically collated and reviewed using publicly available information.Results: The 2015 rate of NICI activity in the US was 3.1 times higher than in England (31,055 vs. 9,916 per 100,000 beneficiaries). The proportion of CMR of all NICI was small in both jurisdictions, but nuclear cardiac imaging was more frequent in the US in absolute and relative terms. American and European CPGs were similar, both in terms of number of recommendations and proportions of indications where CMR was not the only recommended NICI technique (substitutable indications). Reimbursement schemes for NICI activity differed for physicians and hospitals between the two settings.Conclusions: Fee-for-service physician compensation in the US for NICI may contribute to higher NICI activity compared to England where physicians are salaried. Reimbursement arrangements for the performance of the test may contribute to the higher proportion of nuclear cardiac imaging out of the total NICI activity. Differences in CPG recommendations appear not to explain the variation in NICI activity between the US and England.

Note on the data sets: 1) There will be initial issues with encoding so I used Chardet to fix this. Please use the below code in your notebooks:

import chardet # to help with encoding import numpy as np # linear algebra import pandas as pd # data processing, CSV file I/O (e.g. pd.read_csv)

import os for dirname, _, filenames in os.walk('/kaggle/input'): for filename in filenames: print(os.path.join(dirname, filename))

with open('../input/drugrelated-deaths-in-scotland/drug-related-deaths-20-tabs-figs_1 - summary.csv', 'rb') as f: enc = chardet.detect(f.read()) opioid_data = pd.read_csv('../input/drugrelated-deaths-in-scotland/drug-related-deaths-20-tabs-figs_1 - summary.csv', encoding = enc['encoding'])

opioid_data.head(20)

2) There will need to be data cleaning due to the empty spaces in the data file. Running .head(20) will show this

The opioid epidemic is an international phenomenon. It began in the United States but has spread to other countries with similarly devastating effect. Here we have the drug-related deaths in Scotland, from the National Records of Scotland.

Here is the main data source https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/vital-events/deaths/drug-related-deaths-in-scotland/2020

Here is the news release on the drug-related deaths in 2020 with a 5% increase from 2019. Several key findings: - The number of drug-related deaths has increased substantially over the last 20 years – there were 4½ times as many deaths in 2020 compared with 2000. - Men were 2.7 times as likely to have a drug-related death than women, after adjusting for age. - After adjusting for age, people in the most deprived parts of the country were 18 times as likely to die from a drug-related death as those in the least deprived. - Scotland’s drug-death rate continues to be over 3½ times that for the UK as a whole, and higher than that of any European country. https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/news/2021/drug-related-deaths-rise

These are similar patterns to what we see in the United States, with a rapid increase in the death rate over the past several decades, and hitting already struggling communities particularly hard.

Here are the key reports and analyses put out by the National Records of Scotland: - https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/drug-related-deaths/20/drug-related-deaths-20-additional-analyses.pdf I'll highlight here: "one or more opiates or opioids (including heroin/morphine, methadone, codeine and dihydrocodeine) were implicated in 1, 192 drug-related deaths (89%)". So although Scotland's data set groups together all drug-related deaths, it is opioids in particular that are driving it. - and with graphs: https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/drug-related-deaths/20/drug-related-deaths-20-pub.pdf

I previously published data sets on Opioids in the United States and Canada: https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/craigchilvers/opioids-vssr-provisional-drug-overdose-statistics https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/craigchilvers/opioids-in-the-us-cdc-drug-overdose-deaths https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/craigchilvers/opioids-in-the-us-cdc-nonfatal-overdoses https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/craigchilvers/opioids-in-canada

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Use Cases for Success.ai's Contact Data - Targeted B2B Marketing: Create precise campaigns by targeting key professionals in industries like tech and finance. - Sales Outreach: Build focused sales lists of decision-makers and C-suite executives for faster deal cycles. - Recruiting Top Talent: Easily find and hire qualified professionals with updated employee profiles. - CRM Enrichment: Keep your CRM current with verified, accurate employee data. - Event Targeting: Create attendee lists for events by targeting relevant professionals in key sectors. - Market Research: Gain insights into employment trends and company profiles for better business decisions. - Executive Search: Source senior executives and leaders for headhunting and recruitment. - Partnership Building: Find the right companies and key people to develop strategic partnerships.

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BackgroundSwitching or reclassifying medicines with established safety profiles from prescription to non-prescription aims to increase timely consumer access to medicines, reduce under-treatment and enhance self-management. However, risks include suboptimal therapy and adverse effects. With a long-standing government policy supporting switching or reclassifying medicines from prescription to non-prescription, the United Kingdom is believed to lead the world in switch, but evidence for this is inconclusive. Interest in switching medicines for certain long-term conditions has arisen in the United Kingdom, United States, and Europe, but such switches have been contentious. The objective of this study was then to provide a comprehensive comparison of progress in switch for medicines across six developed countries: the United States; the United Kingdom; Australia; Japan; the Netherlands; and New Zealand.MethodsA list of prescription-to-non-prescription medicine switches was systematically compiled. Three measures were used to compare switch activity across the countries: “progressive” switches from 2003 to 2013 (indicating incremental consumer benefit over current non-prescription medicines); “first-in-world” switches from 2003 to 2013; and switch date comparisons for selected medicines.ResultsNew Zealand was the most active in progressive switches from 2003 to 2013, with the United Kingdom and Japan not far behind. The United States, Australia and the Netherlands showed the least activity in this period. Few medicines for long-term conditions were switched, even in the United Kingdom and New Zealand where first-in-world switches were most likely. Switch of certain medicines took considerably longer in some countries than others. For example, a consumer in the United Kingdom could self-medicate with a non-sedating antihistamine 19 years earlier than a consumer in the United States.ConclusionProactivity in medicines switching, most notably in New Zealand and the United Kingdom, questions missed opportunities to enhance consumers' self-management in countries such as the United States.

This dataset provides values for RETIREMENT AGE MEN reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Time series data for the statistic Net_Bilateral_Aid_United_Kingdom_to_Georgia. Indicator Definition:Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors are the net disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) or official aid from the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Net disbursements are gross disbursements of grants and loans minus repayments of principal on earlier loans. ODA consists of loans made on concessional terms (with a grant element of at least 25 percent, calculated at a rate of discount of 10 percent) and grants made to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients. Official aid refers to aid flows from official donors to countries and territories in part II of the DAC list of recipients: more advanced countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the countries of the former Soviet Union, and certain advanced developing countries and territories. Official aid is provided under terms and conditions similar to those for ODA. Part II of the DAC List was abolished in 2005. The collection of data on official aid and other resource flows to Part II countries ended with 2004 data. DAC members are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovienia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and European Union Institutions. Regional aggregates include data for economies not specified elsewhere. World and income group totals include aid not allocated by country or region. Data are in current U.S. dollars.The indicator "Net bilateral aid flows from a DAC donor (US$)" stands at 6.27 Million usd as of 12/31/2023. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes an increase of 25.31 percent compared to the value the year prior.The 1 year change in percent is 25.31.The 3 year change in percent is 23.25.The 5 year change in percent is 268.23.The 10 year change in percent is -10.93.The Serie's long term average value is 4.27 Million usd. It's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is 46.74 percent higher, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change in percent from it's minimum value, on 12/31/1992, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is +31,259.81%.The Serie's change in percent from it's maximum value, on 12/31/2008, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is -51.11%.

Time series data for the statistic Net_Bilateral_Aid_United_Kingdom_to_the_Maldives. Indicator Definition:Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors are the net disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) or official aid from the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Net disbursements are gross disbursements of grants and loans minus repayments of principal on earlier loans. ODA consists of loans made on concessional terms (with a grant element of at least 25 percent, calculated at a rate of discount of 10 percent) and grants made to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients. Official aid refers to aid flows from official donors to countries and territories in part II of the DAC list of recipients: more advanced countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the countries of the former Soviet Union, and certain advanced developing countries and territories. Official aid is provided under terms and conditions similar to those for ODA. Part II of the DAC List was abolished in 2005. The collection of data on official aid and other resource flows to Part II countries ended with 2004 data. DAC members are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovienia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and European Union Institutions. Regional aggregates include data for economies not specified elsewhere. World and income group totals include aid not allocated by country or region. Data are in current U.S. dollars.The indicator "Net bilateral aid flows from a DAC donor (US$)" stands at 1.76 Million usd as of 12/31/2023. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes an decrease of -0.2557 Million compared to the value the year prior.The Serie's long term average value is 0.554 Million usd. It's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is 1.20 Million higher, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change from it's minimum value, on 12/31/2014, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is +1.84 Million.The Serie's change from it's maximum value, on 12/31/2021, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is -0.4811 Million.

Time series data for the statistic Net_Bilateral_Aid_United_Kingdom_to_Nepal. Indicator Definition:Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors are the net disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) or official aid from the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Net disbursements are gross disbursements of grants and loans minus repayments of principal on earlier loans. ODA consists of loans made on concessional terms (with a grant element of at least 25 percent, calculated at a rate of discount of 10 percent) and grants made to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients. Official aid refers to aid flows from official donors to countries and territories in part II of the DAC list of recipients: more advanced countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the countries of the former Soviet Union, and certain advanced developing countries and territories. Official aid is provided under terms and conditions similar to those for ODA. Part II of the DAC List was abolished in 2005. The collection of data on official aid and other resource flows to Part II countries ended with 2004 data. DAC members are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovienia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and European Union Institutions. Regional aggregates include data for economies not specified elsewhere. World and income group totals include aid not allocated by country or region. Data are in current U.S. dollars.The indicator "Net bilateral aid flows from a DAC donor (US$)" stands at 47.68 Million usd as of 12/31/2023. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes an increase of 3.85 percent compared to the value the year prior.The 1 year change in percent is 3.85.The 3 year change in percent is -55.88.The 5 year change in percent is -62.58.The 10 year change in percent is -67.33.The Serie's long term average value is 42.51 Million usd. It's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is 12.15 percent higher, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change in percent from it's minimum value, on 12/31/1965, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is +52,872.27%.The Serie's change in percent from it's maximum value, on 12/31/2014, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is -74.12%.

Time series data for the statistic Net_Bilateral_Aid_United_Kingdom_to_Peru. Indicator Definition:Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors are the net disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) or official aid from the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Net disbursements are gross disbursements of grants and loans minus repayments of principal on earlier loans. ODA consists of loans made on concessional terms (with a grant element of at least 25 percent, calculated at a rate of discount of 10 percent) and grants made to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients. Official aid refers to aid flows from official donors to countries and territories in part II of the DAC list of recipients: more advanced countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the countries of the former Soviet Union, and certain advanced developing countries and territories. Official aid is provided under terms and conditions similar to those for ODA. Part II of the DAC List was abolished in 2005. The collection of data on official aid and other resource flows to Part II countries ended with 2004 data. DAC members are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovienia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and European Union Institutions. Regional aggregates include data for economies not specified elsewhere. World and income group totals include aid not allocated by country or region. Data are in current U.S. dollars.The indicator "Net bilateral aid flows from a DAC donor (US$)" stands at 0.9603 Million usd as of 12/31/2023, the lowest value since 12/31/2015. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes an decrease of -1.36 Million compared to the value the year prior.The Serie's long term average value is 0.58 Million usd. It's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is 0.381 Million higher, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change from it's minimum value, on 12/31/2007, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is +251.93 Million.The Serie's change from it's maximum value, on 12/31/2002, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is -83.47 Million.

Time series data for the statistic Net_Bilateral_Aid_United_Kingdom_to_Libya. Indicator Definition:Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors are the net disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) or official aid from the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Net disbursements are gross disbursements of grants and loans minus repayments of principal on earlier loans. ODA consists of loans made on concessional terms (with a grant element of at least 25 percent, calculated at a rate of discount of 10 percent) and grants made to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients. Official aid refers to aid flows from official donors to countries and territories in part II of the DAC list of recipients: more advanced countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the countries of the former Soviet Union, and certain advanced developing countries and territories. Official aid is provided under terms and conditions similar to those for ODA. Part II of the DAC List was abolished in 2005. The collection of data on official aid and other resource flows to Part II countries ended with 2004 data. DAC members are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovienia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and European Union Institutions. Regional aggregates include data for economies not specified elsewhere. World and income group totals include aid not allocated by country or region. Data are in current U.S. dollars.The indicator "Net bilateral aid flows from a DAC donor (US$)" stands at 10.24 Million usd as of 12/31/2023. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes an increase of 58.81 percent compared to the value the year prior.The 1 year change in percent is 58.81.The 3 year change in percent is -39.90.The 5 year change in percent is -41.69.The 10 year change in percent is -58.56.The Serie's long term average value is 10.05 Million usd. It's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is 1.87 percent higher, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change in percent from it's minimum value, on 12/31/1966, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is +102,277.42%.The Serie's change in percent from it's maximum value, on 12/31/2014, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is -78.31%.

Time series data for the statistic Net_Bilateral_Aid_United_Kingdom_to_Azerbaijan. Indicator Definition:Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors are the net disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) or official aid from the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Net disbursements are gross disbursements of grants and loans minus repayments of principal on earlier loans. ODA consists of loans made on concessional terms (with a grant element of at least 25 percent, calculated at a rate of discount of 10 percent) and grants made to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients. Official aid refers to aid flows from official donors to countries and territories in part II of the DAC list of recipients: more advanced countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the countries of the former Soviet Union, and certain advanced developing countries and territories. Official aid is provided under terms and conditions similar to those for ODA. Part II of the DAC List was abolished in 2005. The collection of data on official aid and other resource flows to Part II countries ended with 2004 data. DAC members are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovienia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and European Union Institutions. Regional aggregates include data for economies not specified elsewhere. World and income group totals include aid not allocated by country or region. Data are in current U.S. dollars.The indicator "Net bilateral aid flows from a DAC donor (US$)" stands at 2.75 Million usd as of 12/31/2023. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes an increase of 47.34 percent compared to the value the year prior.The 1 year change in percent is 47.34.The 3 year change in percent is 20.99.The 5 year change in percent is 165.74.The 10 year change in percent is -33.61.The Serie's long term average value is 1.75 Million usd. It's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is 56.90 percent higher, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change in percent from it's minimum value, on 12/31/2005, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is +6,776.31%.The Serie's change in percent from it's maximum value, on 12/31/2013, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is -33.61%.