Project Overview The “Montagnards” (“mountain people” in the French language) represent a diverse array of cultures originating in the highlands of Vietnam. Largely isolated farmers or hunter-gather communities, the Montagnards were recruited by, and fought with, the American Special Forces throughout the Vietnam War. When the war ended with the fall of Saigon in 1975, the Montagnards were especially persecuted in the new regime. Montagnard individuals began arriving in the US as refugees in the mid-1980’s and family reunification efforts have continually brought more refugees here to the present day. There are over 12,000 Montagnards living in Greensboro, North Carolina, representing several cultures and distinct languages, with a majority of them in Guilford County. This makes the Piedmont the largest Montagnard community outside of southeast Asia. This study aims to document access to mental health care across four distinct generations of Montagnard community members, in an effort to identify potential mental health concerns that may be unique to each generation. When considering the overall health of Montagnards, both physical and mental, it is important to consider former experiences in Vietnam like starvation, trauma, and chemical exposure, and also the experience of being a refugee and an immigrant living in the United States. The immigrant health paradox is the idea that oftentimes, even if a migrant arrives to the United States relatively healthy, their health tends to get poorer the longer they remain in the U.S. Prior studies looking at the immigration experience of Vietnamese found them to be disadvantaged in several indicators of mental health, and refugees in the U.S. have been observed to have an elevated burden of chronic disease. The first generation Montagnard elders (born by 1970), spent the most time in Vietnam and experienced trauma and persecution firsthand. Many are preoccupied by concerns of family members that got left behind in Vietnam. The second generation of Montagnards (born 1971-1985) directly experienced the trauma of Montagnard life post-1975, but unlike the first generation, they were young children when these events unfolded. The third generation (born 1985-1995) is, in many ways, in between. They are the link between the young and the old, and both Montagnard and American cultures. The fourth generation (born after 1995), or the youngest of the Montagnards, have a radically different experience and perspective from those of the older generations. Many members of this generation speak fluent English and were born and educated in the United States. Montagnard researchers have concerns about suicide in this population. The youngest Montagnards are faced with the challenge of reconciling their Montagnard and American identities. Health access is a known issue in the Montagnard community, and it is not hard to imagine how sociocultural, political, and economic variables can help to further compound and explain negative health outcomes. Five aspects of health access are studied in this project via a framework analysis of five dimensions of health services provision: approachability, acceptability, availability/accommodation, affordability, and appropriateness. Data Collection Overview This data are from the results of a qualitative research study about access to mental health care in the Montagnard population in North Carolina. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Montagnard individuals, and interviews were then transcribed and analyzed using Dedoose software. The study included 26 participants, with 2 participants in the first generation, 3 in the second generation, 12 in the third generation, and 9 in the fourth generation. The participants had to be at least 18 years old to participate in the study. For participants born in the US, age was determined by official US-issued government documents, such as a driver’s license or government ID. For individuals born in Vietnam, particularly in the oldest generation, birth dates given on governmental identification (i.e., immigration documents or driver’s licenses) are often incorrect since their birth dates were never known or documented officially. In these cases, the placement of an individual in a particular generation depended on their memories of the pivotal year (1975) and what they were doing at that time (i.e., were they a young child, or a soldier, etc.). All participants had to speak a language that can be translated by one of the available translators. There are many distinct languages within the Montagnard communities and we were only able to interview those individuals with whom we can be confident of the verbal and later transcribed translation. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we shifted data collection to a virtual format. All interviews beginning with the third participant were conducted virtually. Data collection occurred from March 2020 through August 2020. The virtual data collection consisted of two...

This study involved a purposive sample of 129 Vietnamese immigrant women to the United States, 57 of whom experienced domestic violence. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected on abuse, efforts to stop the abuse, immigration experiences, current and prior relationship with partners, and many facets of life. One year after the first interview, the women who had experienced abuse were re-interviewed to determine whether their circumstances had changed and why they had or had not changed. For both interviews, data were collected on contacts with the justice system and satisfaction with those contacts. To measure abuse and one-year outcomes, variables included: values/norms promoting husband's domination, conflict over expectations about gender roles and other aspects of family life, immigration (reasons for immigration, sequencing of husband's and wife's move, each person's legal status), and circumstances related to immigration (discrimination, employment and occupational status, proximity of extended family, wife's support network). Qualitative data on the pattern, nature, and context of the abuse was collected to provide description of why the abuse occurred, and to support findings from the quantitative analysis and/or better specify the causative model. Additional variables included wife's perceptions of immigration law and the outcome of criminal justice involvement; wife's perception of the consequences of divorce (financial, legal realities and cultural norms regarding child custody, effect of marital status on woman's social status and quality of life); need for and effects of wife moving from the ethnic community to the mainstream to escape abuse (need of identification with the ethnic group, support network of relatives and friends, social reactions to abuse); wife's economic power (ability to speak English, earn a living); wife's experience in seeking help (knowledge of United States legal system, availability of legal and victim assistance for abused women, experience with the justice system and victim assistance programs). Demographic variables included age, race, citizenship status, religion, education, and number of children.

In 2023, the personal remittances received in Vietnam increased by 0.8 billion U.S. dollars (+6.06 percent) since 2022. Therefore, the personal remittances received in Vietnam reached a peak in 2023 with 14 billion U.S. dollars. Note that Vietnam is one of the most difficult countries to track for remittances, as it does not rely on IMF data.

The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Vietnam was last recorded at 4017.75 US dollars in 2024. The GDP per Capita in Vietnam is equivalent to 32 percent of the world's average. This dataset provides - Vietnam GDP per capita - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Prices for USDVND US Dollar Vietnamese Dong including live quotes, historical charts and news. USDVND US Dollar Vietnamese Dong was last updated by Trading Economics this July 13 of 2025.

NOTE: For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/doc/sf2.pdf.Summary File 2 has a population threshold of 100. Data are available only for the population groups having a population of 100 or more of that specific group within a particular geographic area. .Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census..NOTE 2: A household that has at least one member of the household related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption is a "Family household." Same-sex couple households are included in the family households category if there is at least one additional person related to the householder by birth or adoption. Same-sex couple households with no relatives of the householder present are tabulated in nonfamily households. Responses of "same-sex spouse" were edited during processing to "unmarried partner." "Nonfamily households" consist of people living alone and households which do not have any members related to the householder..NOTE 1: When a category other than Total Population is selected, the data in this table refer to the race, Hispanic or Latino origin, or tribe/tribal grouping of the householder.

In 2023, around 43.37 million people in the United States spoke Spanish at home. In comparison, approximately 998,179 people were speaking Russian at home during the same year. The distribution of the U.S. population by ethnicity can be accessed here. A ranking of the most spoken languages across the world can be accessed here.

Abstract

The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is a household survey programme developed by UNICEF to assist countries in filling data gaps for monitoring human development in general and the situation of children and women in particular. MICS is capable of producing statistically sound, internationally comparable estimates of social indicators. The Viet Nam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey provides valuable information on the situation of children and women in Viet Nam, and was based, in large part, on the needs to monitor progress towards goals and targets emanating from recent international agreements: the Millennium Declaration, adopted by all 191 United Nations Member States in September 2000, and the Plan of Action of A World Fit For Children, adopted by 189 Member States at the United Nations Special Session on Children in May 2002. Both of these commitments build upon promises made by the international community at the 1990 World Summit for Children.

Survey Objectives: The 2006 Viet Nam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey has as its primary objectives: - To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in Viet Nam; - To furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward goals established by the Millennium Development Goals, the goals of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action; - To provide valuable information for the 3rd and 4th National Report of Vietnam's implementation of the Convention on the child rights in the period 2002-2007 as well as for monitoring the National Plan of Action for Children 2001-2010.
- To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in Viet Nam and to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation, and analysis of such systems.

Survey Content Following the MICS global questionnaire templates, the questionnaires were designed in a modular fashion customized to the needs of Viet Nam. The questionnaires consist of a household questionnaire, a questionnaire for women aged 15-49 and a questionnaire for children under the age of five (to be administered to the mother or caretaker).

Survey Implementation The Viet Nam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was carried by General Statistics Office of Viet Nam (GSO) in collaboration with Viet Nam Committee for Population, Family and Children (VCPFC). Financial and technical support was provided by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Technical assistance and training for the survey was provided through a series of regional workshops organised by UNICEF covering questionnaire content, sampling and survey implementation; data processing; data quality and data analysis; report writing and dissemination.

Geographic coverage

The survey is nationally representative and covers the whole of Viet Nam.

Analysis unit

Households (defined as a group of persons who usually live and eat together)

Household members (defined as members of the household who usually live in the household, which may include people who did not sleep in the household the previous night, but does not include visitors who slept in the household the previous night but do not usually live in the household)

Women aged 15-49

Children aged 0-4

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49 years resident in the household, and all children aged 0-4 years (under age 5) resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample for the Viet Nam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was designed to provide reliable estimates on a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for 8 regions: Red River Delta, North West, North East, North Central Coast, South Central Coast, Central Highlands, South East, and Mekong River Delta. Regions were identified as the main sampling domains and the sample was selected in two stages. At the first stage 250 census enumeration areas (EA) were selected, of which all 240 EAs of MICS2 with systematic method were reselected and 10 new EAs were added. The addition of 10 more EAs (together with the increase in the sample size) was to increase the reliability level for regional estimates. Consequently, within each region, 30-33 EAs were selected for MICS3. After a household listing was carried out within the selected enumeration areas, a systematic sample of 1/3 of households in each EA was drawn. The survey managed to visit all of 250 selected EAs during the fieldwork period. The sample was stratified by region and is not self-weighting. For reporting national level results, sample weights are used. A more detailed description of the sample design can be found in the technical documents and in Appendix A of the final report.

Sampling deviation

No major deviations from the original sample design were made. All sample enumeration areas were accessed and successfully interviewed with good response rates.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

The questionnaires are based on the MICS3 model questionnaire. From the MICS3 model English version, the questionnaires were translated in to Vietnamese and were pretested in one province (Bac Giang) during July 2006. Based on the results of this pre-test, modifications were made to the wording and translation of the questionnaires.

Cleaning operations

Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing (see Other processing), including: a) Office editing and coding b) During data entry c) Structure checking and completeness d) Secondary editing e) Structural checking of SPSS data files

Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the data processing guidelines in the MICS manual http://www.childinfo.org/mics/mics3/manual.php.

Response rate

8356 households were selected for the sample. Of these all were found to be occupied households and 8355 were successfully interviewed for a response rate of 100%. Within these households, 10063 eligible women aged 15-49 were identified for interview, of which 9473 were successfully interviewed (response rate 94.1%), and 2707 children aged 0-4 were identified for whom the mother or caretaker was successfully interviewed for 2680 children (response rate 99%).

Sampling error estimates

Estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: 1) non-sampling errors and 2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in the implementation of data collection and data processing. Numerous efforts were made during implementation of the MICS - 3 to minimize this type of error, however, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents to the MICS - 3 is only one of many possible samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that different somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability in the results of the survey between all possible samples, and, although, the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results. The sampling errors are measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean or percentage), which is the square root of the variance. Confidence intervals are calculated for each statistic within which the true value for the population can be assumed to fall. Plus or minus two standard errors of the statistic is used for key statistics presented in MICS, equivalent to a 95 percent confidence interval.

If the sample of respondents had been a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulae for calculating sampling errors. However, the MICS - 3 sample is the result of a two-stage stratified design, and consequently needs to use more complex formulae. The SPSS complex samples module has been used to calculate sampling errors for the MICS - 3. This module uses the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. This method is documented in the SPSS file CSDescriptives.pdf found under the Help, Algorithms options in SPSS.

Sampling errors have been calculated for a select set of statistics (all of which are proportions due to the limitations of the Taylor linearization method) for the national sample, urban and rural areas, and for each of the five regions. For each statistic, the estimate, its standard error, the coefficient of variation (or relative error -- the ratio between the standard error and the estimate), the design effect, and the square root design effect (DEFT -- the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and the standard error that would result if a simple random sample had been used), as well as the 95 percent confidence intervals (+/-2 standard errors).

Data appraisal

A series of data quality tables and graphs are available to review the quality of the data and include the following:

Age distribution of the household population Age distribution of eligible women and interviewed women Age distribution of eligible children and children for whom the mother or caretaker was interviewed Age distribution of children under age 5 by 3 month groups Age and period ratios at

Vietnam recorded a trade surplus of 0.56 USD Billion in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Vietnam Balance of Trade - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In 2023, the total population of all ASEAN states amounted to an estimated 619.02 million inhabitants. The ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) member countries are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. ASEAN opportunity The Association of Southeast Asian Nations was founded by five states (Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Singapore) in 1967 to improve economic and political stability and social progress among the member states. It was originally modelled after the European Union. Nowadays, after accepting more members, their agenda also includes an improvement of cultural and environmental conditions. ASEAN is now an important player on the global stage with numerous alliances and business partners, as well as more contenders wanting to join. The major player in the SouthIndonesia is not only a founding member of ASEAN, it is also its biggest contributor in terms of gross domestic product and is also one of the member states with a positive trade balance. In addition, it has the highest number of inhabitants by far. About a third of all people in the ASEAN live in Indonesia – and it is also one of the most populous countries worldwide. Among the ASEAN members, it is certainly the most powerful one, not just in numbers, but mostly due to its stable and thriving economy.

Vietnam's total Exports in 2023 were valued at US$353.08 Billion, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. Vietnam's main export partners were: the United States, China and South Korea. The top three export commodities were: Electrical, electronic equipment; Machinery, nuclear reactors, boilers and Footwear, gaiters and the like,. Total Imports were valued at US$325.44 Billion. In 2023, Vietnam had a trade surplus of US$27.63 Billion.