Lists the parties in descending order of votes and support

Displays the number of votes cast, including spoilt votes for each party

Abstract

The Comparative National Elections Project (CNEP) is a multi-year, multi-country examination of citizen voting behavior in democracies around the, world conducted by the Mershon Center for International Security Studies, a unit of the Office of International Affairs at The Ohio State University. In addition to including the conventional factors in explaining vote decisions, it has pioneered a focus on how voters receive information about policies, parties, and candidates during election campaigns.

CNEP began in 1990 with surveys in the first national elections of the 1990s in Germany, Britain, the United States and Japan. It expanded in 1993 to include eight more countries and additional questions. CNEP recently expanded again so that it now includes 35 national election surveys in 21 countries. It is now the third-largest international project of its kind. This dataset is a South African subset of the international dataset from the 2004 wave of the CNEP survey, CNEP III (South Africa was added as a survey country in this wave).

Geographic coverage

The survey had national coverage.

Analysis unit

Units of analysis in the survey are individuals

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Displays the number of votes cast, including spoilt votes for each party in each Province

Displays the number of votes cast, including spoilt votes for each party

Description: The following topics were covered in this questionnaire: democracy and governance issues, voter registration and participation, general perceptions on voting, voting behaviour and history, media and information issues, satisfaction with institutions, access to services, respondent and household characteristics.

This data set contains 4930 cases and 321 variables. Abstract: The overall objective of the 2005 Voter Participation Survey (VPS) was to inform and guide the Electoral Commission (IEC) in its plans, policies and practices in undertaking the 2006 Municipal elections. The specific objectives of the study were to evaluate the general state of democracy in South Africa, to determine voting intention and behaviour and to examine the electoral and political involvement ahead of the 2006 municipal elections. A specific focus of the project was also to determine participation patterns of the youth and other vulnerable groups.

In 2005, the Electoral Commission commissioned the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) to undertake this Voter Participation Survey. Similar surveys have been undertaken prior to the 1999, 2000, and 2004 elections. These types of Voter Participation Surveys are usually commissioned approximately 5 months prior to the actual elections, to allow the IEC enough time to implement recommendations that might emanate from the research. One of the core aims of the study is to understand what drives participation and how participation rates can be improved, especially given the increasing low voter turnout. Of particular concern is also, whether vulnerable groups, such as the elderly and persons with disabilities, are provided for during the elections.

Specific objectives of the study are to:

Evaluate voting behaviour in South Africa and determine public perceptions on their participation in voting for the forthcoming Municipal elections (2006);

Determine the public's views on the work of the Electoral Commission as an Elections Management Body;

Test the opinion of people on the performance of government, including the role of various institutions;

Assess people's level of interest and participation in Municipal elections and political activities in general;

Investigate the patterns of participation of women, youth, persons with disabilities, including other demographic groups in elections and political activities; and

Measure the level of public trust in the EC. The primary objective of Electoral Commission Voter Participation Survey methodologically study. This study issues related to people’s participation in the elections. In meeting this objective, the HSRC conducts this study commissioned by the IEC to obtain reliable scientific information.

Abstract

This dataset is the election survey conducted in South Africa by the Democracy in Africa Research Unit at the University of Cape Town in 2009. The survey collects data using standard questions from two international election studies, the Comparative National Elections Survey (CNEP), and the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES). The Comparative National Elections Survey is coordinated by the Mershon Center for International Security Studies at Ohio State University (https://u.osu.edu/cnep/). The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems is a collaborative program of research among election study teams from around the world, run by the Center for Political Studies and GESIS, Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, in Germany, and the University of Michigan in the US (http://www.cses.org/). The South African study includes additional questions. Surveys conducted by IDASA in the 19990s, and the 2004, 2009 and 2015 CNEP surveys for South Africa are part of a series of South African surveys conducted by DARU, called the South African National Election Study.

Geographic coverage

This survey has national coverage.

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

The universe of the study is citizens of South Africa

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The survey used a random, nationally representative, stratified, area probability cluster sample. Primary sampling units were census enumerator areas (EAs) selected as a random sample, with probability proportionate to population size. All EAs were stratified by 1) Province, 2) Urban/Rural and 3) Race. Within each EA, a skip interval of 10 dwellings to select a household was used. That is, walking in a designated direction away from the start point, selecting the 10th household for the first interview, counting dwellings on both the right and the left (and starting with those on the right if they are opposite each other). Once the household was chosen, the interviewer randomly selected an individual respondent within the household to be interviewed (altering gender quota). The total number of household in the sample was 1300.

Sampling deviation

If the household was vacant, if the household refused to participate, if the selected person refused to be interviewed, or if the selected respondent is not available after two callbacks, interviewers were instructed to move to the next house in the walk pattern (i.e. every tenth house). They were not permitted to substitute within a household

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey collected data using core questionnaires from both the Comparative National Elections Project (CNEP).

Cleaning operations

The data was checked and cleaned by the original team at the Democracy in Africa Research Unit.

Response rate

The response rate for the survey that the CSES Module appeared in was 34%.

Analysis of ‘Congressional Voting Records’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/devvret/congressional-voting-records on 12 November 2021.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Description

This data set includes votes for each of the U.S. House of Representatives Congressmen on the 16 key votes identified by the CQA. The CQA lists nine different types of votes: voted for, paired for, and announced for (these three simplified to yea), voted against, paired against, and announced against (these three simplified to nay), voted present, voted present to avoid conflict of interest, and did not vote or otherwise make a position known (these three simplified to an unknown disposition).

Attribute Information:

1. Class Name: 2 (democrat, republican)
2. handicapped-infants: 2 (y,n)
3. water-project-cost-sharing: 2 (y,n)
4. adoption-of-the-budget-resolution: 2 (y,n)
5. physician-fee-freeze: 2 (y,n)
6. el-salvador-aid: 2 (y,n)
7. religious-groups-in-schools: 2 (y,n)
8. anti-satellite-test-ban: 2 (y,n)
9. aid-to-nicaraguan-contras: 2 (y,n)
10. mx-missile: 2 (y,n)
11. immigration: 2 (y,n)
12. synfuels-corporation-cutback: 2 (y,n)
13. education-spending: 2 (y,n)
14. superfund-right-to-sue: 2 (y,n)
15. crime: 2 (y,n)
16. duty-free-exports: 2 (y,n)
17. export-administration-act-south-africa: 2 (y,n)

Source

Origin:

Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 98th Congress, 2nd session 1984, Volume XL: Congressional Quarterly Inc. Washington, D.C., 1985. https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Congressional+Voting+Records

Citation:
Dua, D. and Graff, C. (2019). UCI Machine Learning Repository [http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml]. Irvine, CA: University of California, School of Information and Computer Science.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Opinion '99 was a series of opinion polls conducted prior to the 1999 election. They aimed to provide as complete a picture as possible of South African's views of the political, social and economic developments in the country since 1994. Opinion '99 was run by IDASA, Markinor and the SABC, along with the Electoral Institute of South Africa to increase credibility of the results and to utilise the best range of data collection and analysis expertise available. Several key findings of the surveys had important impacts on the electoral process: The surveys confirmed the existence of a large proportion of citizens who lacked the correct identity documents to register. The increased public debate after the release of these results was followed by an extension of the registration process as well as the creation of Temporary Registration and an intensified public advertising campaign. The results helped identify the issues that ordinary voters think are most important (ie job creation, crime-reduction, education, housing, the economy and health care). This helped re-orient the way that the media covered the campaign and focussed government and opposition attention on these key issues. The surveys also revealed the existence of quite a sophisticated electorate and who differentiate between a range of dimensions of political performance and who look to real-world events such as the economy, government performance, and how the country is doing to help them make political choices.

Author:
Source: Unknown -
Please cite:

1. Title: 1984 United States Congressional Voting Records Database

   1. Source Information: (a) Source: Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 98th Congress, 2nd session 1984, Volume XL: Congressional Quarterly Inc. Washington, D.C., 1985. (b) Donor: Jeff Schlimmer (Jeffrey.Schlimmer@a.gp.cs.cmu.edu) (c) Date: 27 April 1987

   2. Past Usage

   3. Publications

      1. Schlimmer, J. C. (1987). Concept acquisition through representational adjustment. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA. -- Results: about 90%-95% accuracy appears to be STAGGER's asymptote
      2. Predicted attribute: party affiliation (2 classes)

   4. Relevant Information: This data set includes votes for each of the U.S. House of Representatives Congressmen on the 16 key votes identified by the CQA. The CQA lists nine different types of votes: voted for, paired for, and announced for (these three simplified to yea), voted against, paired against, and announced against (these three simplified to nay), voted present, voted present to avoid conflict of interest, and did not vote or otherwise make a position known (these three simplified to an unknown disposition).

   5. Number of Instances: 435 (267 democrats, 168 republicans)

   6. Number of Attributes: 16 + class name = 17 (all Boolean valued)

   7. Attribute Information:

   8. Class Name: 2 (democrat, republican)

   9. handicapped-infants: 2 (y,n)

   10. water-project-cost-sharing: 2 (y,n)

   11. adoption-of-the-budget-resolution: 2 (y,n)

   12. physician-fee-freeze: 2 (y,n)

   13. el-salvador-aid: 2 (y,n)

   14. religious-groups-in-schools: 2 (y,n)

   15. anti-satellite-test-ban: 2 (y,n)

   16. aid-to-nicaraguan-contras: 2 (y,n)

   17. mx-missile: 2 (y,n)

   18. immigration: 2 (y,n)

   19. synfuels-corporation-cutback: 2 (y,n)

   20. education-spending: 2 (y,n)

   21. superfund-right-to-sue: 2 (y,n)

   22. crime: 2 (y,n)

   23. duty-free-exports: 2 (y,n)

   24. export-administration-act-south-africa: 2 (y,n)

   25. Missing Attribute Values: Denoted by "?"

   NOTE: It is important to recognize that "?" in this database does not mean that the value of the attribute is unknown. It means simply, that the value is not "yea" or "nay" (see "Relevant Information" section above).

   Attribute: #Missing Values: 1: 0 2: 0 3: 12 4: 48 5: 11 6: 11 7: 15 8: 11 9: 14 10: 15 11: 22 12: 7 13: 21 14: 31 15: 25 16: 17 17: 28

   1. Class Distribution: (2 classes)
   2. 45.2 percent are democrat
   3. 54.8 percent are republican

   Class predictiveness and predictability: Pr(C|A=V) and Pr(A=V|C) Attribute 1: (A = handicapped-infants) 0.91; 1.21 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.09; 0.10 (C=republican; V=y) 0.43; 0.38 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.57; 0.41 (C=republican; V=n) 0.75; 0.03 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.25; 0.01 (C=republican; V=?) Attribute 2: (A = water-project-cost-sharing) 0.62; 0.45 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.38; 0.23 (C=republican; V=y) 0.62; 0.45 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.38; 0.23 (C=republican; V=n) 0.58; 0.10 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.42; 0.06 (C=republican; V=?) Attribute 3: (A = adoption-of-the-budget-resolution) 0.91; 0.87 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.09; 0.07 (C=republican; V=y) 0.17; 0.11 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.83; 0.44 (C=republican; V=n) 0.64; 0.03 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.36; 0.01 (C=republican; V=?) Attribute 4: (A = physician-fee-freeze) 0.08; 0.05 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.92; 0.50 (C=republican; V=y) 0.99; 0.92 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.01; 0.01 (C=republican; V=n) 0.73; 0.03 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.27; 0.01 (C=republican; V=?) Attribute 5: (A = el-salvador-aid) 0.26; 0.21 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.74; 0.48 (C=republican; V=y) 0.96; 0.75 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.04; 0.02 (C=republican; V=n) 0.80; 0.04 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.20; 0.01 (C=republican; V=?) Attribute 6: (A = religious-groups-in-schools) 0.45; 0.46 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.55; 0.46 (C=republican; V=y) 0.89; 0.51 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.11; 0.05 (C=republican; V=n) 0.82; 0.03 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.18; 0.01 (C=republican; V=?) Attribute 7: (A = anti-satellite-test-ban) 0.84; 0.75 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.16; 0.12 (C=republican; V=y) 0.32; 0.22 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.68; 0.38 (C=republican; V=n) 0.57; 0.03 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.43; 0.02 (C=republican; V=?) Attribute 8: (A = aid-to-nicaraguan-contras) 0.90; 0.82 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.10; 0.07 (C=republican; V=y) 0.25; 0.17 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.75; 0.41 (C=republican; V=n) 0.27; 0.01 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.73; 0.03 (C=republican; V=?) Attribute 9: (A = mx-missile) 0.91; 0.70 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.09; 0.06 (C=republican; V=y) 0.29; 0.22 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.71; 0.45 (C=republican; V=n) 0.86; 0.07 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.14; 0.01 (C=republican; V=?) Attribute 10: (A = immigration) 0.57; 0.46 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.43; 0.28 (C=republican; V=y) 0.66; 0.52 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.34; 0.23 (C=republican; V=n) 0.57; 0.01 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.43; 0.01 (C=republican; V=?) Attribute 11: (A = synfuels-corporation-cutback) 0.86; 0.48 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.14; 0.06 (C=republican; V=y) 0.48; 0.47 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.52; 0.43 (C=republican; V=n) 0.57; 0.04 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.43; 0.03 (C=republican; V=?) Attribute 12: (A = education-spending) 0.21; 0.13 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.79; 0.42 (C=republican; V=y) 0.91; 0.80 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.09; 0.06 (C=republican; V=n) 0.58; 0.07 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.42; 0.04 (C=republican; V=?) Attribute 13: (A = superfund-right-to-sue) 0.35; 0.27 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.65; 0.42 (C=republican; V=y) 0.89; 0.67 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.11; 0.07 (C=republican; V=n) 0.60; 0.06 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.40; 0.03 (C=republican; V=?) Attribute 14: (A = crime) 0.36; 0.34 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.64; 0.49 (C=republican; V=y) 0.98; 0.63 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.02; 0.01 (C=republican; V=n) 0.59; 0.04 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.41; 0.02 (C=republican; V=?) Attribute 15: (A = duty-free-exports) 0.92; 0.60 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.08; 0.04 (C=republican; V=y) 0.39; 0.34 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.61; 0.44 (C=republican; V=n) 0.57; 0.06 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.43; 0.04 (C=republican; V=?) Attribute 16: (A = export-administration-act-south-africa) 0.64; 0.65 (C=democrat; V=y) 0.36; 0.30 (C=republican; V=y) 0.19; 0.04 (C=democrat; V=n) 0.81; 0.15 (C=republican; V=n) 0.79; 0.31 (C=democrat; V=?) 0.21; 0.07 (C=republican; V=?)

This dataset covers ballots 286-88, and 290-92, spanning January, March, May, July, September and November 1961. The dataset contains the data resulting from these polls in ASCII. The ballots are as follows: 286 - January This Gallup poll seeks the opinions on Canadians on several leading topics of the day. Some of the major subjects of discussion include labour unions, problems facing the country, political issues, and opinions toward trade and investment with other countries, specifically the United States. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic, and social variables. Topics of interest include: American investment in Canada; brand name recognition; Communist China in the United Nations; criticisms of labour unions; defence policy; federal elections; high income taxes; high prices; preferred political parties; priorities of labour unions; problems facing Canada; railway workers strike; trade with the United States; union membership; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. 287 - March This Gallup poll aims to collect the opinions of Canadians on various subjects of political importance to the country. Some issues raised include the introduction of provincial sales tax, education, foreign policy, and preferred political parties and leaders. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: the potential adoption of the 4 day work week; the biggest pet peeves of respondents; the C.C.F. party; communist China trading with Canada; the Conservative party; contentment with appliances and furniture; Diefenbaker's performance as Prime Minister; federal elections; the fluoridation of water; how to spend extra money; immigration; increasing the intensity of education in Canada; the Liberal party; local business conditions; preferred political party; provincial sales tax; South Africa's racial policies; union membership; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. 288 - May This Gallup poll aims primarily to collect the political views of Canadians. The questions focus either directly on political leaders and parties, or on issues of political importance to the country. The questions deal with political issues both in Canada, and in other countries, including the United States, and Britain. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: the Conservative party; electoral campaign funding and spending; Britain's interest in joining the European Common Market; Diefenbaker's performance as Prime Minister; federal elections; Lester Pearson's performance as leader of the opposition; the Liberal party; preferred political parties; restrictions on non-white immigrants; opinions on the Senate, and what their main job is; South Africa leaving the common wealth, and their racial policies; potential successors to the current political leaders; unemployment predictions; union membership; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. 290 - July This Gallup poll aims primarily to collect the political views of Canadians. The questions focus either directly on political leaders and parties, or on issues of political importance to the country. The questions deal with political issues both in Canada, and in other countries, including the United States, and Britain. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: the Conservative party; electoral campaign funding and spending; Britain's interest in joining the European Common Market; Diefenbaker's performance as Prime Minister; federal elections; Lester Pearson's performance as leader of the opposition; the Liberal party; preferred political parties; restrictions on non-white immigrants; opinions on the Senate, and what their main job is; South Africa leaving the common wealth, and their racial policies; potential successors to the current political leaders; unemployment predictions; union membership; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. 291 - September This Gallup poll aims to collect the opinions of Canadians, mostly on issues of global or international importance. Issues such as nuclear war, the spread of communism, and international politics are raised. Also asked were questions of local (Canadian) significance, including awareness and opinions of the New Democratic Party. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: American influence over the Canadian lifestyle; the conflict over Berlin; a career as a police officer for respondents' sons; Canada's dependence on American defence; federal elections; respondents' opinions on what "free enterprise" means; whether all labour unions should back up a single political party; who is ahead in terms of missile technology; nuclear weapons for Canadian Armed Forces; Russia; respondents' opinions on what "socialism" means; likelihood of survival during a nuclear war; union membership; the United Nations; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. 292 - November This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians on mostly current events and social issues. For instance, there is a section measuring the presence of appliances, questions on money and general standards of living, and issues such as alcoholism. There are also some more politically based questions, on subjects such as Unemployment Insurance and nuclear war. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: alcoholism; appliances owned or expecting to own soon; car ownership; civil defence during a nuclear war; foreign aid; housing satisfaction; nuclear war; peace with Russia; price expectations; risk of another world war; standards of living; unemployment levels; Unemployment Insurance; union membership; vacations recently taken or planned; voting behaviour; and writing letters to Members of Parliament. Basic demographics variables are also included.The codebook for this dataset is available through the UBC Library catalogue, with call number HN110.Z9 P84.

Abstract

The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2001) initially covered 7 countries and was later extended to 12 countries. Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. Round 3 (2005-2006) 18 countries. The survey covered 20 countries in Round 4 (2008-2009).

Geographic coverage

The Round 4 Afrobarometer surveys have national coverage for the following countries: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Republic of Cabo Verde, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

The sample universe for Afrobarometer surveys includes all citizens of voting age within the country. In other words, we exclude anyone who is not a citizen and anyone who has not attained this age (usually 18 years) on the day of the survey. Also excluded are areas determined to be either inaccessible or not relevant to the study, such as those experiencing armed conflict or natural disasters, as well as national parks and game reserves. As a matter of practice, we have also excluded people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories and persons in prisons or nursing homes.

What to do about areas experiencing political unrest? On the one hand we want to include them because they are politically important. On the other hand, we want to avoid stretching out the fieldwork over many months while we wait for the situation to settle down. It was agreed at the 2002 Cape Town Planning Workshop that it is difficult to come up with a general rule that will fit all imaginable circumstances. We will therefore make judgments on a case-by-case basis on whether or not to proceed with fieldwork or to exclude or substitute areas of conflict. National Partners are requested to consult Core Partners on any major delays, exclusions or substitutions of this sort.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by:

• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling; • sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.

The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.

Sample size and design Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.

The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.

Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.

Sample stages Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:

Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country. Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU). Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points. Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households. Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewer alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.

To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.

Data weights For some national surveys, data are weighted to correct for over or under-sampling or for household size. "Withinwt" should be turned on for all national -level descriptive statistics in countries that contain this weighting variable. It is included as the last variable in the data set, with details described in the codebook. For merged data sets, "Combinwt" should be turned on for cross-national comparisons of descriptive statistics. Note: this weighting variable standardizes each national sample as if it were equal in size.

Further information on sampling protocols, including full details of the methodologies used for each stage of sample selection, can be found at https://afrobarometer.org/surveys-and-methods/sampling-principles

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Certain questions in the questionnaires for the Afrobarometer 4 survey addressed country-specific issues, but many of the same questions were asked across surveys. Citizens of the 20 countries were asked questions about their economic and social situations, and their opinions were elicited on recent political and economic changes within their country.

Although a growing literature has investigated the effects of various types of civil war violence on political behavior, no study has examined the impact of assassinations targeting politicians. This is a critical omission, as violence against local politicians is prevalent across civil war contexts and may be the most consequential form of violence for political participation by affecting both candidate supply and voter demand. Using an original dataset of nearly 2,000 killings of Colombian local politicians between 1980 and 2023, we estimate the impact of this violence on voter turnout. Taking municipalities where assassination attempts failed as a comparison group, we find that political assassinations significantly decrease voter turnout in both the short and medium terms, with effects persisting in various elections even after the signing of a peace agreement. These findings contrast with many studies suggesting that other forms of civil war violence enhance political participation during the post-conflict period or after a truce or peace agreement. Our results suggest that different forms of violence can have distinct effects on political behavior, underscoring the need to theorize how the targeting, nature, and context of violence condition its effects. This echoes calls for more nuanced studies on the behavioral impacts of violence. Our findings also have implications for understanding democracy amid rising violence against political leaders in countries affected by organized crime, such as Mexico and Brazil; polarized contexts, such as the US; and weakly institutionalized democracies, such as South Africa, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

According to statistical districts (from 2017 onwards), the number of persons entitled to vote (male, female, sum), the number of votes cast and the valid votes, as well as the votes attributable to the party sums, are presented for the National Council elections in Linz. Polling stations and “Flying Commissions” were summarised under “Special Sprengel”. Acronyms: * CPÖ = Christian Party of Austria * DC = The Christians * BZÖ = Alliance Future of Austria * FLÖ — Free List South Africa & FPS List Dr. Karl Schnell * FPÖ = Freedom Party of Austria * Frank = Team Stronach for Austria * Applies — List Roland Düringer — My Voice Gilt * Green — The Greens — The Green Alternative * Now — NOW — List of Mushrooms * KPÖ = Communist Party of Austria * LIF = Liberal Forum * Matin = List Dr. Martin * Neos — NEOS — The New Austria * ÖVP = Austrian People’s Party * Pirate = Austrian Pirate Party * RETTÖ = Independent Citizens’ Initiative Saves Austria * SLP — Socialist Left Party — SLP * SPÖ = Social Democratic Party of Austria * Wandl — Change — Departure into a common good-oriented morning with good work, affordable living and radical climate policy. There’s a lot to win. * White — The Whites — Law comes from the people. We all decide in Austria. The People’s Movement.

Abstract

The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2001) initially covered 7 countries and was later extended to 12 countries. Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. Round 3 (2005-2006) 18 countries, Round 4 (2008) 20 countries, Round 5 (2011-2013) 34 countries, Round 6 (2014-2015) 36 countries, and Round 7 (2016-2018) 34 countries. The survey covered 34 countries in Round 8 (2019-2021).

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

Citizens of Lesotho who are 18 years and older

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by:

• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling; • sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.

The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.

Sample size and design Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.

The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.

Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.

Sample stages Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:

Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country. Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU). Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points. Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households. Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewer alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.

To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.

Lesotho - Sample size: 1,200 - Sampling Frame: 2020 population projections based on the 2016 Bureau of Statistics Population Census - Sample design: Nationally representative, random, clustered, stratified, multi-stage area probability sample - Stratification: District and urban/peri-urban/rural location - Stages: PSUs (from strata), start points, households, respondents - PSU selection: Probability Proportionate to Population Size (PPPS) - Cluster size: 8 households per PSU - Household selection: Randomly selected start points, followed by walk pattern using 5/10 interval - Respondent selection: Gender quota filled by alternating interviews between men and women; respondents of appropriate gender listed, after which computer randomly selects individual

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The Round 8 questionnaire has been developed by the Questionnaire Committee after reviewing the findings and feedback obtained in previous Rounds, and securing input on preferred new topics from a host of donors, analysts, and users of the data.

The questionnaire consists of three parts: 1. Part 1 captures the steps for selecting households and respondents, and includes the introduction to the respondent and (pp.1-4). This section should be filled in by the Fieldworker. 2. Part 2 covers the core attitudinal and demographic questions that are asked by the Fieldworker and answered by the Respondent (Q1 – Q100). 3. Part 3 includes contextual questions about the setting and atmosphere of the interview, and collects information on the Fieldworker. This section is completed by the Fieldworker (Q101 – Q123).

Response rate

Outcome rates: - Contact rate: 86% - Cooperation rate: 78% - Refusal rate: 4% - Response rate: 67%

Sampling error estimates

+/- 3% at 95% confidence level

Education Budget Vote Speeches presented by Education Ministers in South African Parliament, 1994 - 2021. This data set was used for a Master's in education thesis (http://hdl.handle.net/11427/39254).

Abstract

The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2001) initially covered 7 countries and was later extended to 12 countries. Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. Round 3 (2005-2006) 18 countries, Round 4 (2008) 20 countries, Round 5 (2011-2013) 34 countries, Round 6 (2014-2015) 36 countries, and Round 7 (2016-2018) 34 countries. The survey covered 34 countries in Round 8 (2019-2021).

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

Citizens of Mauritius aged 18 years and older, excluding institutions

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by:

• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling; • sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.

The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.

Sample size and design Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.

The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.

Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.

Sample stages Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:

Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country. Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU). Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points. Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households. Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewer alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.

To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.

Mauritius - Sample size: 1,200 - Sampling Frame: 2011 Housing Census, updated with demographic data from Statistics Office - Sample design: Nationally representative, random, clustered, stratified, multistage area probability sample - Stratification: District, urban-rural distribution - Stages: PSUs (from strata), start points, households, respondents - PSU selection: Probability Proportionate to Population Size (PPPS) - Cluster size: 8 households per PSU - Household selection: Walk pattern using day code, selecting nth house on the right - Respondent selection: Gender quota filled by alternating interviews between men and women; respondents of appropriate gender captured on tablets. Selection of individual respondent within selected household automatically done by tablet.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The Round 8 questionnaire has been developed by the Questionnaire Committee after reviewing the findings and feedback obtained in previous Rounds, and securing input on preferred new topics from a host of donors, analysts, and users of the data.

The questionnaire consists of three parts: 1. Part 1 captures the steps for selecting households and respondents, and includes the introduction to the respondent and (pp.1-4). This section should be filled in by the Fieldworker. 2. Part 2 covers the core attitudinal and demographic questions that are asked by the Fieldworker and answered by the Respondent (Q1 – Q100). 3. Part 3 includes contextual questions about the setting and atmosphere of the interview, and collects information on the Fieldworker. This section is completed by the Fieldworker (Q101 – Q123).

Response rate

Outcome rates: - Contact rate: 97% - Cooperation rate: 79% - Refusal rate: 14% - Response rate: 77%

Sampling error estimates

+/- 3% at 95% confidence level

Abstract

The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2001) initially covered 7 countries and was later extended to 12 countries. Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. Round 3 (2005-2006) 18 countries, Round 4 (2008) 20 countries, Round 5 (2011-2013) 34 countries, Round 6 (2014-2015) 36 countries, and Round 7 (2016-2018) 34 countries. The survey covered 34 countries in Round 8 (2019-2021).

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

Citizens of Malawi who are 18 years and older

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by:

• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling; • sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.

The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.

Sample size and design Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.

The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.

Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.

Sample stages Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:

Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country. Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU). Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points. Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households. Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewer alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.

To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.

Malawi - Sample size: 1,200 - Sampling Frame: 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census - Sample design: Nationally representative, random, clustered, stratified, multi-stage area probability sample - Stratification: Region and rural-urban location - Stages: PSUs (from strata), start points, households, respondents - PSU selection: Probability Proportionate to Population Size (PPPS) - Cluster size: 8 households per PSU - Household selection: Randomly selected start points, followed by walk pattern using 5/10 interval - Respondent selection: Gender quota filled by alternating interviews between men and women; respondents of appropriate gender listed, after which computer randomly selects individual

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The Round 8 questionnaire has been developed by the Questionnaire Committee after reviewing the findings and feedback obtained in previous Rounds, and securing input on preferred new topics from a host of donors, analysts, and users of the data.

The questionnaire consists of three parts: 1. Part 1 captures the steps for selecting households and respondents, and includes the introduction to the respondent and (pp.1-4). This section should be filled in by the Fieldworker. 2. Part 2 covers the core attitudinal and demographic questions that are asked by the Fieldworker and answered by the Respondent (Q1 – Q100). 3. Part 3 includes contextual questions about the setting and atmosphere of the interview, and collects information on the Fieldworker. This section is completed by the Fieldworker (Q101 – Q123).

Response rate

Outcome rates: - Contact rate: 99.7% - Cooperation rate: 99.5% - Refusal rate: 0.4% - Response rate: 99.2%

Sampling error estimates

+/- 3% at 95% confidence level

List of all candidates contesting the South African 2016 Municipal Elections. Includes ID numbers.