In order to assess the possible effects of lifestyle on fertility and pregnancy outcome, the PALS (Pregnancy and Lifestyle study) collected extensive data on a broad range of parameters termed 'lifestyle' from couples who were planning a natural (non-assisted) pregnancy in the coming months. There was no intervention. Participants were recruited over a six year period from 1988 to 1993 in response to extensive promotion in the local media. Male and female partners were interviewed independently and all interviews were conducted prospectively before the couple attempted to conceive. The result of each month of 'trying' was recorded and pregnancies were confirmed by urine tests and by ultrasound. The length of gestation of each pregnancy was recorded and pregnancies at term were classified with respect to weight. Multiple pregnancies and/or babies with congenital abnormalities have been excluded from the dataset. The data is stored as an xls file and each variable has a codename. For each of 582 couples there are 355 variables, the codes for which are described in a separate metadata file. The questionnaire based data includes information about households, occupation, chemical exposures at work and home, diet, smoking, alcohol use, hobbies, exercise and health. Recorded observations include monthly pregnancy tests and pregnancy outcomes.

The 1997 the Kyrgyz Republic Demographic and Health Survey (KRDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 3,848 women age 15-49. Fieldwork was conducted from August to November 1997. The KRDHS was sponsored by the Ministry of Health (MOH), and was funded by the United States Agency for International Development. The Research Institute of Obstetrics and Pediatrics implemented the survey with technical assistance from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program. The purpose of the KRDHS was to provide data to the MOH on factors which determine the health status of women and children such as fertility, contraception, induced abortion, maternal care, infant mortality, nutritional status, and anemia. Some statistics presented in this report are currently available to the MOH from other sources. For example, the MOH collects and regularly publishes information on fertility, contraception, induced abortion and infant mortality. However, the survey presents information on these indices in a manner which is not currently available, i.e., by population subgroups such as those defined by age, marital duration, education, and ethnicity. Additionally, the survey provides statistics on some issues not previously available in the Kyrgyz Republic: for example, breastfeeding practices and anemia status of women and children. When considered together, existing MOH data and the KRDHS data provide a more complete picture of the health conditions in the Kyrgyz Republic than was previously available. A secondary objective of the survey was to enhance the capabilities of institutions in the Kyrgyz Republic to collect, process, and analyze population and health data. MAIN FINDINGS FERTILITY Fertility Rates. Survey results indicate a total fertility rate (TFR) for all of the Kyrgyz Republic of 3.4 children per woman. Fertility levels differ for different population groups. The TFR for women living in urban areas (2.3 children per woman) is substantially lower than for women living in rural areas (3.9). The TFR for Kyrgyz women (3.6 children per woman) is higher than for women of Russian ethnicity (1.5) but lower than Uzbek women (4.2). Among the regions of the Kyrgyz Republic, the TFR is lowest in Bishkek City (1.7 children per woman), and the highest in the East Region (4.3), and intermediate in the North and South Regions (3.1 and3.9, respectively). Time Trends. The KRDHS data show that fertility has declined in the Kyrgyz Republic in recent years. The decline in fertility from 5-9 to 0-4 years prior to the survey increases with age, from an 8 percent decline among 20-24 year olds to a 38 percent decline among 35-39 year olds. The declining trend in fertility can be seen by comparing the completed family size of women near the end of their childbearing years with the current TFR. Completed family size among women 40-49 is 4.6 children which is more than one child greater than the current TFR (3.4). Birth Intervals. Overall, 30 percent of births in the Kyrgyz Republic take place within 24 months of the previous birth. The median birth interval is 31.9 months. Age at Onset of Childbearing. The median age at which women in the Kyrgyz Republic begin childbearing has been holding steady over the past two decades at approximately 21.6 years. Most women have their first birth while in their early twenties, although about 20 percent of women give birth before age 20. Nearly half of married women in the Kyrgyz Republic (45 percent) do not want to have more children. Additional one-quarter of women (26 percent) want to delay their next birth by at least two years. These are the women who are potentially in need of some method of family planning. FAMILY PLANNING Ever Use. Among currently married women, 83 percent report having used a method of contraception at some time. The women most likely to have ever used a method of contraception are those age 30-44 (among both currently married and all women). Current Use. Overall, among currently married women, 60 percent report that they are currently using a contraceptive method. About half (49 percent) are using a modern method of contraception and another 11 percent are using a traditional method. The IUD is by far the most commonly used method; 38 percent of currently married women are using the IUD. Other modern methods of contraception account for only a small amount of use among currently married women: pills (2 percent), condoms (6 percent), and injectables and female sterilization (1 and 2 percent, respectively). Thus, the practice of family planning in the Kyrgyz Republic places high reliance on a single method, the IUD. Source of Methods. The vast majority of women obtain their contraceptives through the public sector (97 percent): 35 percent from a government hospital, and 36 percent from a women counseling center. The source of supply of the method depends on the method being used. For example, most women using IUDs obtain them at women counseling centers (42 percent) or hospitals (39 percent). Government pharmacies supply 46 percent of pill users and 75 percent of condom users. Pill users also obtain supplies from women counseling centers or (33 percent). Fertility Preferences. A majority of women in the Kyrgyz Republic (45 percent) indicated that they desire no more children. By age 25-29, 20 percent want no more children, and by age 30-34, nearly half (46 percent) want no more children. Thus, many women come to the preference to stop childbearing at relatively young ages-when they have 20 or more potential years of childbearing ahead of them. For some of these women, the most appropriate method of contraception may be a long-acting method such as female sterilization. However, there is a deficiency of use of this method in the Kyrgyz Republic. In the interests of providing a broad range of safe and effective methods, information about and access to sterilization should be increased so that individual women can make informed decisions about using this method. INDUCED ABORTION Abortion Rates. From the KRDHS data, the total abortion rate (TAR)-the number of abortions a woman will have in her lifetime based on the currently prevailing abortion rates-was calculated. For the Kyrgyz Republic, the TAR for the period from mid-1994 to mid-1997 is 1.6 abortions per woman. The TAR for the Kyrgyz Republic is lower than recent estimates of the TAR for other areas of the former Soviet Union such as Kazakhstan (1.8), and Yekaterinburg and Perm in Russia (2.3 and 2.8, respectively), but higher than for Uzbekistan (0.7). The TAR is higher in urban areas (2.1 abortions per woman) than in rural areas (1.3). The TAR in Bishkek City is 2.0 which is two times higher than in other regions of the Kyrgyz Republic. Additionally the TAR is substantially lower among ethnic Kyrgyz women (1.3) than among women of Uzbek and Russian ethnicities (1.9 and 2.2 percent, respectively). INFANT MORTALITY In the KRDHS, infant mortality data were collected based on the international definition of a live birth which, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy, is a birth that breathes or shows any sign of life (United Nations, 1992). Mortality Rates. For the five-year period before the survey (i.e., approximately mid-1992 to mid1997), infant mortality in the Kyrgyz Republic is estimated at 61 infant deaths per 1,000 births. The estimates of neonatal and postneonatal mortality are 32 and 30 per 1,000. The MOH publishes infant mortality rates annually but the definition of a live birth used by the MOH differs from that used in the survey. As is the case in most of the republics of the former Soviet Union, a pregnancy that terminates at less than 28 weeks of gestation is considered premature and is classified as a late miscarriage even if signs of life are present at the time of delivery. Thus, some events classified as late miscarriages in the MOH system would be classified as live births and infant deaths according to the definitions used in the KRDHS. Infant mortality rates based on the MOH data for the years 1983 through 1996 show a persistent declining trend throughout the period, starting at about 40 per 1,000 in the early 1980s and declining to 26 per 1,000 in 1996. This time trend is similar to that displayed by the rates estimated from the KRDHS. Thus, the estimates from both the KRDHS and the Ministry document a substantial decline in infant mortality; 25 percent over the period from 1982-87 to 1992-97 according to the KRDHS and 28 percent over the period from 1983-87 to 1993-96 according to the MOH estimates. This is strong evidence of improvements in infant survivorship in recent years in the Kyrgyz Republic. It should be noted that the rates from the survey are much higher than the MOH rates. For example, the KRDHS estimate of 61 per 1,000 for the period 1992-97 is twice the MOH estimate of 29 per 1,000 for 1993-96. Certainly, one factor leading to this difference are the differences in the definitions of a live birth and infant death in the KRDHS survey and in the MOH protocols. A thorough assessment of the difference between the two estimates would need to take into consideration the sampling variability of the survey's estimate. However, given the magnitude of the difference, it is likely that it arises from a combination of definitional and methodological differences between the survey and MOH registration system. MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH The Kyrgyz Republic has a well-developed health system with an extensive infrastructure of facilities that provide maternal care services. This system includes special delivery hospitals, the obstetrics and gynecology departments of general hospitals, women counseling centers, and doctor's assistant/midwife posts (FAPs). There is an extensive network of FAPs throughout the rural areas. Delivery. Virtually all births in the Kyrgyz Republic (96 percent) are delivered at health facilities: 95 percent in delivery hospitals and another 1 percent in either general hospitals

Number of induced abortions, rates of induced abortions per 1,000 females of same age group, proportions of induced abortions across age groups, and ratios of induced abortions per 100 live births, by age group of patient, 1974 to 2006.

Users can access data related to international women’s health as well as data on population and families, education, work, power and decision making, violence against women, poverty, and environment. Background World’s Women Reports are prepared by the Statistics Division of the United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). Reports are produced in five year intervals and began in 1990. A major theme of the reports is comparing women’s situation globally to that of men in a variety of fields. Health data is available related to life expectancy, cause of death, chronic disease, HIV/AIDS, prenatal care, maternal morbidity, reproductive health, contraceptive use, induced abortion, mortality of children under 5, and immunization. User functionality Users can download full text or specific chapter versions of the reports in color and black and white. A limited number of graphs are available for download directly from the website. Topics include obesity and underweight children. Data Notes The report and data tables are available for download in PDF format. The next report is scheduled to be released in 2015. The most recent report was released in 2010.

Hospital-based recruitment of females seeking termination of pregnancy or post-abortion care at a Zambian government health facility. The research used an innovative mixed methods interview which combined quantitative and qualitative techniques in one interview. Each participant was interviewed by two research assistants (RAs). One RA led the interview, using a conventional interview schedule in the manner of a qualitative semi-structured interview, while the second RA listened and, where possible, completed the quantitative ‘data sheet’. When the first RA has completed the qualitative part of the interview, interviewer two took over and asked the participant any remaining questions not yet answered on the data sheet. This technique allowed us to capture both the individual fine-grained narratives, which are not easily captured in a questionnaire-type survey, especially on such a sensitive area, as well as survey data. Rather than conducting an in-depth qualitative interview and a survey, our method reduced the burden on the respondent, avoiding repetition of questions and reducing the time taken. The quantitative data was used to establish the distribution of out-of-pocket expenses, for women and their households, incurred using hospital-based safe abortion and PAC services. Qualitative data established the range of reasons why women sought abortion, and why they used or did not use safe abortion services, and explored the social costs and benefits of their trajectories, and the policy implications. Unsafe abortion is a significant, preventable, cause of maternal mortality and morbidity and is both a cause and a consequence of poverty. Unsafe abortion is the most easily prevented cause of maternal death. Post-abortion care (PAC) is a strategy to address the problem of the outcomes of unsafe abortion.This research aims to establish how investment in safe abortion services impacts on the socio-economic conditions of women and their households, and the implications for policy-making and service provision in Zambia. The microeconomic impact of out-of-pocket health expenditure for reproductive health and abortion care, have received little attention.The data available for sub-Saharan Africa are particularly scanty and poor quality. The approach is multi-disciplinary, with primary data collection of both qualitative and quantitative data, including a quantitative survey and in-depth qualitative interviews with women who have sought PAC, and policymaker interviews. Zambia's relatively liberal legal context, and the existence of PAC provision facilitates research on issues related to abortion which can have broader lessons for developments elsewhere in the region.The majority of women seeking abortion-related care in Zambia do so for PAC following an unsafe abortion, and have not accessed safe abortion services.This demands better understanding and analysis. Over a 12 month period, all women identified as having undergone either a safe abortion or having received PAC following an attempted induced abortion at a Zambian government health facility were approached for inclusion in the study. We did not interview women identified as having received PAC following a spontaneous abortion. Undoubtedly, some women claiming to have had a spontaneous abortion had in fact attempted to induce an abortion, and at times medical evidence suggested so, however we could not interview them about the attempt as they were not willing to disclose any information on an attempted abortion. As part of the research team we employed two midwives working on the obstetrics and gynaecology ward to act as gatekeepers, identifying suitable women for recruitment and asking them to participate in the study. The research used an innovative mixed methods interview which combined quantitative and qualitative techniques in one interview. Each participant was interviewed by two research assistants (RAs). One RA led the interview, using a conventional interview schedule in the manner of a qualitative semi-structured interview, while the second RA listened and, where possible, completed the quantitative ‘data sheet’. When the first RA has completed the qualitative part of the interview, interviewer two took over and asked the participant any remaining questions not yet answered on the data sheet. This technique allowed us to capture both the individual fine-grained narratives, which are not easily captured in a questionnaire-type survey, especially on such a sensitive area, as well as survey data. Rather than conducting an in-depth qualitative interview and a survey, our method reduced the burden on the respondent, avoiding repetition of questions and reducing the time taken.

Attitude to family planning. Topics: Description of the ideal family today and for the future; desire for children and planned children; attitude to birth planning (scale); use and judgement on the various contraceptives; extent to which informed about the effect of the contraceptive pill; usage rules and opportunities to obtain the pill; image of the pill and of the ´natural´ method of contraception (semantic differentials); attitude to sterilization and abortion (scale); possible and accepted reasons for an abortion; attitude to the law draft on reform of the abortion paragraph and extent to which informed about the current law; information on visits to the doctor and attitude regarding advice centers for family questions; assessment of the personality of a doctor who performs an abortion and of a woman who has an abortion; knowledge of abortions in one´s circle of friends; estimate of abortion figures and knowledge about the birthrate; participation in cancer check-ups; attitude to sexuality and sexual morals (scale); assessment of the change of the situation of women through personal measures of birth planning (scale); religiousness; party preference. Demography: age; sex; marital status; number of children; ages of children (classified); religious denomination; school education; vocational training; occupation; professional position; employment; household income; size of household; composition of household; head of household. Einstellung zur Familienplanung. Themen: Beschreibung der idealen Familie von heute und für die Zukunft; Wunsch nach Kindern und Wunschkinder; Einstellung zur Geburtenplanung (Skala); Anwendung und Beurteilung der verschiedenen Verhütungsmittel; Informiertheit über die Wirkung der Antibabypille; Einnahmeregeln und Möglichkeiten zur Beschaffung der Pille; Image der Pille und der "natürlichen" Empfängnisverhütungsmethoden (semantische Differentiale); Einstellung zur Sterilisation und zur Schwangerschaftsunterbrechung (Skala); mögliche und akzeptierte Gründe für einen Schwangerschaftsabbruch; Einstellung zu den Gesetzesvorlage zur Reform des Abtreibungsparagraphen und Informiertheit über das geltende Recht; Angaben über Arztbesuche und Einstellung gegenüber Beratungsstellen für Familienfragen; Einschätzung der Persönlichkeit eines Arztes, der einen Abbruch vornimmt und einer Frau, die einen Abbruch vornehmen läßt; Kenntnis von Schwangerschaftsabbrüchen im Bekanntenkreis; Schätzung der Abtreibungsziffern und Kenntnis der Geburtenziffern; Teilnahme an Krebsvorsorgeuntersuchungen; Einstellung zur Sexualität und zur Sexualmoral (Skala); Einschätzung der Veränderung der Situation der Frau durch eigene Maßnahmen der Geburtenplanung (Skala); Religiosität; Parteipräferenz. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Kinderzahl; Alter der Kinder (klassiert); Konfession; Schulbildung; Berufsausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Position; Berufstätigkeit; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltszusammensetzung; Haushaltungsvorstand.

ObjectivesTo assess the impact of specialist contraceptive support after abortion on effective contraceptive use at six months and subsequent abortions within two years.MethodsMulticentre randomised controlled trial among women undergoing induced abortion in three London boroughs. Allocation was through electronically concealed stratified randomisation by centre, blinding clinicians and participants to arm allocation until interventions. Control group received standard care, comprising advice to follow up with their general practitioner or contraceptive clinic as needed. Intervention group additionally received specialist contraceptive support via telephone or face-to-face consultation at 2–4 weeks and 3 months post-abortion. Primary outcome was rate of effective contraceptive use at six months post-abortion. Secondary outcomes were subsequent abortions within two years.Results569 women were recruited between October 2011 and February 2013, randomised to intervention (282) and control (287) groups; 290 (142 intervention, 148 control) were available for primary outcome analysis. Intention-to-treat analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups in effective contraceptive use after abortion (62%, vs 54%, p = 0·172), long-acting contraceptive use (42% versus 32%, p = 0·084), and subsequent abortion (similar rates, at 1 year: 10%, p = 0·895, between 1–2 years: 6%, p = 0·944). Per-protocol analysis showed those who received the complete intervention package were significantly more likely to use effective contraception (67% versus 54%, p = 0·048), in particular long-acting contraception (49% versus 32%, p = 0·010) and showed a non-significant reduction in subsequent abortions within 2 years (at 1 year: 5% versus 10%, p = 0·098; and between 1–2 years: 3% versus 6%, p = 0·164, respectively).ConclusionsStructured specialist support post-abortion did not result in significant use of effective contraception at six months or reduction in subsequent abortions within two years. Participants engaging with the intervention showed positive effect on effective contraception at six months post-abortion. The potential benefit of such intervention may become evident through further studies with increased patient participation.

The IPUMS Contextual Determinants of Health (CDOH) data series includes measures of disparities, policies, and counts, by state or county, for historically marginalized populations in the United States including Black, Asian, Hispanic/Latina/o/e/x, and LGBTQ+ persons, and women. The IPUMS CDOH data are made available through ICPSR/DSDR for merging with the National Couples' Health and Time Study (NCHAT), United States, 2020-2021 (ICPSR 38417) by approved restricted data researchers. All other researchers can access the IPUMS CDOH data via the IPUMS CDOH website. Unlike other IPUMS products, the CDOH data are organized into multiple categories related to Race and Ethnicity, Sexual and Gender Minority, Gender, and Politics. The CDOH measures were created from a wide variety of data sources (e.g., IPUMS NHGIS, the Census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Movement Advancement Project, and Myers Abortion Facility Database). Measures are currently available for states or counties from approximately 2015 to 2020. The Gender measures in this release include state-level abortion access, which reports the proportion of a state's females aged 15-44 who reside in counties with an abortion provider by year and month from 2009-2022. To work with the IPUMS CDOH data, researchers will need to first merge the NCHAT data to DS1 (MATCH ID and State FIPS Data). This merged file can then be linked to the IPUMS CDOH datafile (DS2) using the STATEFIPS variable.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the factors associated with abortion complications following the implementation of the good-practice surveillance network Mujeres en Situación de Aborto (Women Undergoing Abortion, MUSA, in Spanish). Methods A cross-sectional study withwomen who underwent abortion due to any cause and in any age group at UNICAMP Women’s Hospital (part of MUSA network), Campinas, Brazil, between July 2017 and Agust 2019. The dependent variable was the presence of any abortion-related complications during hospitalization. The independent variables were clinical and sociodemographic data. The Chi-square test, the Mann-Whitney test, and multiple logistic regression were used for the statistical analysis. Results Overall, 305 women were enrolled (mean±standard deviation [SD] for age: 29.79±7.54 years). The mean gestational age was 11.17 (±3.63) weeks. Accidental pregnancy occurred in 196 (64.5%) cases, 91 (29.8%) due to contraception failure. At least 1 complication was observed in 23 (7.54%) women, and 8 (34.8%) of them had more than 1. The most frequent complications were excessive bleeding and infection. The factors independently associated with a higher prevalence of complications were higher gestational ages (odds ratio [OR]: 1.22; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.09 to 1.37) and contraceptive failure (OR: 3.4; 95%CI: 1.32 to 8.71). Conclusion Higher gestational age and contraceptive failure were associated with a higher prevalence of complications. This information obtained through the surveillance network can be used to improve care, particularly in women more susceptible to unfavorable outcomes.

Number of teen pregnancies and rates per 1,000 females, by pregnancy outcome (live births, induced abortions, or fetal loss), by age group (under 20 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 29 years, 30 to 34 years, 35 to 39 years, or 40 years and over), 1974 to 2005.

The 1996 Uzbekistan Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 4,415 women age 15-49. Fieldwork was conducted from June to October 1996. The UDHS was sponsored by the Ministry of Health (MOH), and was funded by the United States Agency for International Development. The Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology implemented the survey with technical assistance from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program. The 1996 UDHS was the first national-level population and health survey in Uzbekistan. It was implemented by the Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan. The 1996 UDHS was funded by the United States Agency for International development (USAID) and technical assistance was provided by Macro International Inc. (Calverton, Maryland USA) through its contract with USAID. OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The purpose of the 1996 Uzbekistan Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) was to provide an information base to the Ministry of Health for the planning of policies and programs regarding the health of women and their children. The UDHS collected data on women's reproductive histories, knowledge and use of contraception, breastfeeding practices, and the nutrition, vaccination coverage, and episodes of illness among children under the age of three. The survey also included, for all women of reproductive age and for children under the age of three, the measurement of the hemoglobin level in the blood to assess the prevalence of anemia and measurements of height and weight to assess nutritional status. A secondary objective of the survey was to enhance the capabilities of institutions in Uzbekistan to collect, process and analyze population and health data so as to facilitate the implementation of future surveys of this type. MAIN RESULTS Fertility Rates. Survey results indicate a total fertility rate (TFR) for all of Uzbekistan of 3.3 children per woman. Fertility levels differ for different population groups. The TFR for women living in urbml areas (2.7 children per woman) is substantially lower than for women living in rural areas (3.7). The TFR for Uzbeki women (3.5 children per woman) is higher than for women of other ethnicities (2.5). Among the regions of Uzbekistan, the TFR is lowest in Tashkent City (2.3 children per woman). Family Planning. Knowledge. Knowledge of contraceptive methods is high among women in Uzbekistan. Knowledge of at least one method is 89 percent. High levels of knowledge are the norm for women of all ages, all regions of the country, all educational levels, and all ethnicities. However, knowledge of sterilization was low; only 27 percent of women reported knowing of this method. Fertility Preferences. A majority of women in Uzbekistan (51 percent) indicated that they desire no more children. Among women age 30 and above, the proportion that want no more children increases to 75 percent. Thus, many women come to the preference to stop childbearing at relatively young ages when they have 20 or more potential years of childbearing ahead of them. For some of these women, the most appropriate method of contraception may be a long-acting method such as female sterilization, However, there is a deficiency of both knowledge and use of this method in Uzbekistan. In the interest of providing couples with a broad choice of safe and effective methods, information about this method and access to it should be made available so that informed choices about its suitability can be made by individual women and couples. Induced Aboration : Abortion Rates. From the UDHS data, the total abortion rate (TAR)the number of abortions a woman will have in her lifetime based on the currently prevailing abortion rateswas calculated. For Uzbekistan, the TAR for the period from mid-1993 to mid-1996 is 0.7 abortions per woman. As expected, the TAR for Uzbekistan is substantially lower than recent estimates of the TAR for other areas of the former Soviet Union such as Kazakstan (1.8), Romania (3.4 abortions per woman), and Yekaterinburg and Perm in Russia (2.3 and 2.8, respectively). Infant mortality : In the UDHS, infant mortality data were collected based on the international definition of a live birth which, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy, is a birth that breathes or shows any sign of life (United Nations, 1992). Mortality Rates. For the five-year period before the survey (i.e., approximately mid- 1992 to mid- 1996), infant mortality in Uzbekistan is estimated at 49 infant deaths per 1,000 births. The estimates of neonatal and postneonatal mortality are 23 and 26 per 1,000. Maternal and child health : Uzbekistan has a well-developed health system with an extensive infrastructure of facilities that provide maternal care services. This system includes special delivery hospitals, the obstetrics and gynecology departments of general hospitals, women's consulting centers, and doctor's assistant/midwife posts (FAPs). There is an extensive network of FAPs throughout rural areas. Nutrition : Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is almost universal in Uzbekistan; 96 percent of children born in the three years preceding the survey are breastfed. Overall, 19 percent of children are breastfed within an hour of delivery and 40 percent within 24 hours of delivery. The median duration of breastfeeding is lengthy (17 months). However, durations of exclusive breastfeeding, as recommended by WHO, are short (0.4 months). Prevalence of anemia : Testing of women and children for anemia was one of the major efforts of the 1996 UDHS. Anemia has been considered a major public health problem in Uzbekistan for decades. Nevertheless, this was the first anemia study in Uzbekistan done on a national basis. The study involved hemoglobin (Hb) testing for anemia using the Hemocue system. Women. Sixty percent of the women in Uzbekistan suffer from some degree of anemia. The great majority of these women have either mild (45 percent) or moderate anemia (14 percent). One percent have severe anemia.

Introduction: Though embryonic chromosome abnormalities have been reported to be the most common cause of missed abortions, previous studies have mainly focused on embryonic chromosome abnormalities of missed abortions, with very few studies reporting that of non-missed abortion. Without chromosome studies of normal abortion samples, it is impossible to determine the risk factors of embryo chromosome abnormalities and missed abortion. This study aimed to investigate the maternal and embryonic chromosome characteristics of missed and non-missed abortion, to clarify the questions that how many missed abortions are caused by embryonic chromosomal abnormalities and what are their risk factors.Material and methods: This study was conducted on 131 women with missed or non-missed abortion from the Longitudinal Missed Abortion Study (LoMAS). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association between maternal covariates and embryonic chromosomal abnormalities and missed abortions. Data on the characteristics of women with abortions were collected.Results: The embryonic chromosome abnormality rate was only 3.9% in non-missed abortion embryos, while it was 64.8% in missed-abortion embryos. Assisted reproductive technology and prior missed abortions increased the risk of embryonic chromosome abnormalities by 1.637 (95% CI: 1.573, 4.346. p = 0.010) and 3.111 (95% CI: 1.809, 7.439. (p < 0.001) times, respectively. In addition, as the age increased by 1 year, the risk of embryonic chromosome abnormality increased by 14.4% (OR: 1.144, 95% CI: 1.030, 1.272. p = 0.012). Moreover, advanced age may lead to different distributions of chromosomal abnormality types.Conclusion: Nearly two-thirds of missed abortions are caused by embryonic chromosomal abnormalities. Moreover, advanced age, assisted reproductive technology, and prior missed abortions increase the risk of embryonic chromosomal abnormalities.

Introduction: Though embryonic chromosome abnormalities have been reported to be the most common cause of missed abortions, previous studies have mainly focused on embryonic chromosome abnormalities of missed abortions, with very few studies reporting that of non-missed abortion. Without chromosome studies of normal abortion samples, it is impossible to determine the risk factors of embryo chromosome abnormalities and missed abortion. This study aimed to investigate the maternal and embryonic chromosome characteristics of missed and non-missed abortion, to clarify the questions that how many missed abortions are caused by embryonic chromosomal abnormalities and what are their risk factors.Material and methods: This study was conducted on 131 women with missed or non-missed abortion from the Longitudinal Missed Abortion Study (LoMAS). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association between maternal covariates and embryonic chromosomal abnormalities and missed abortions. Data on the characteristics of women with abortions were collected.Results: The embryonic chromosome abnormality rate was only 3.9% in non-missed abortion embryos, while it was 64.8% in missed-abortion embryos. Assisted reproductive technology and prior missed abortions increased the risk of embryonic chromosome abnormalities by 1.637 (95% CI: 1.573, 4.346. p = 0.010) and 3.111 (95% CI: 1.809, 7.439. (p < 0.001) times, respectively. In addition, as the age increased by 1 year, the risk of embryonic chromosome abnormality increased by 14.4% (OR: 1.144, 95% CI: 1.030, 1.272. p = 0.012). Moreover, advanced age may lead to different distributions of chromosomal abnormality types.Conclusion: Nearly two-thirds of missed abortions are caused by embryonic chromosomal abnormalities. Moreover, advanced age, assisted reproductive technology, and prior missed abortions increase the risk of embryonic chromosomal abnormalities.

Marriage, partnership and employment of women from the view of the man. Attitude to supporting women and equal opportunities for men and women. Topics: number of conversation partners and friends; frequency of conversations about selected topics of conversation; ideas about marriage and partnership (scale); attitude to employment or professional career of men or women in a partnership (scale); sex role orientation; attitude to feelings and sexuality in a partnership (scale); living together with a woman and, as appropriate, length of living together with partner; frequency of doing selected housework tasks; number of weekdays on which housework tasks are done; differences in occupation with housework an weekends or weekdays; time expended for weekly housework; perceived stress from housework; cleaning help in household; information on changes in sexual relations in the course of the partnership (scale); attitude to open expression of feelings to partner (scale); time worked each week and working days each week; length of daily absence from home due to work; shift work; job satisfaction (scale); information on working hours and job satisfaction of partner; attitude and evaluation of employment or housewive activity of partner (scale); comparison of personal occupational stress with that of partner (scale); ideas about ideal division of housework and raising of children in a family; preferred form of child care with employment of parents; most important tasks of a father in the family (scale); attitude to a personal existence as househusband (scale); attitude to marriage or partnership without marriage (scale); attitude to houses for women; estimated proportion of women beaten by men; knowledge of men who beat their wives; assumed reasons and judgement on selected situations as cause for violence against women; attitude to violence against women (scale); unemployed in circle of friends and acquaintances; most important problems from unemployment for a man and in comparison for a woman (scales); knowledge of women particularly successful in their profession; most important conditions for professional career of women; sex-specific assignment of selected occupations; proportion of women at one´s own place of work; judgement on equal opportunities for men and women at work; women as superior of respondent; assumed reasons for an imbalance of men in higher professional positions (scale); attitude to support for women and the role of women with increased unemployment of men; attitude to contraception; man or woman as responsible for contraception; knowledge of selected methods of contraception and information on one´s own experiences; method of contraception currently used by partner; reasons for lack of contraception; attitude to personal sterilization; knowledge about paragraph 218 and attitude to abortion (scale); personal experience of a situation in which decision about an abortion was necessary; judgement on the legal regulations on maternity leave; characterization of one´s own situation in life (scale); view of men (scale); satisfaction with life up to now (scale). The following additional questions were posed to men without steady partner: steady girl friend; interest in marriage; reasons for lack of interest in a steady partnership (scale). Demography for both respondent and wife or partner: age (classified); religious denomination; German citizenship; school education; vocational training; occupational position; income; household income; size of household; composition of household; number of children; ages of children (classified). Ehe, Partnerschaft und Berufstätigkeit der Frau aus der Sicht des Mannes. Einstellung zur Frauenförderung und Chancengleichheit von Mann und Frau. Themen: Anzahl der Gesprächspartner und Freunde; Häufigkeit der Gespräche über ausgewählte Gesprächsthemen; Vorstellungen über die Ehe und Partnerschaft (Skala); Einstellung zur Berufstätigkeit bzw. beruflichen Karriere von Mann oder Frau in einer Partnerschaft (Skala); Geschlechterrollenorientierung; Einstellung zu Gefühlen und Sexualität in der Partnerschaft (Skala); Zusammenleben mit einer Frau und gegebenenfalls Dauer des Zusammenlebens mit der Partnerin; Häufigkeit der Verrichtung ausgewählter Hausarbeiten; Anzahl der Wochentage, an denen Hausarbeiten verrichtet werden; Unterschiede in der Beschäftigung mit Hausarbeit an Wochenenden bzw. Werktagen; Zeitaufwand für die wöchentliche Hausarbeit; empfundene Belastung durch die Hausarbeit; Putzhilfe im Haushalt; Angaben über die Veränderungen in den sexuellen Beziehungen im Laufe der Partnerschaft (Skala); Einstellung zu offenen Gefühlsäußerungen gegenüber der Partnerin (Skala); Wochenarbeitszeit und Arbeitstage je Woche; Dauer der täglichen arbeitsbedingten Abwesenheit von zu Hause; Schichtarbeit; Arbeitszufriedenheit (Skala); Angaben über die Arbeitszeit und Arbeitszufriedenheit der Partnerin; Einstellung und Bewertung der Berufstätigkeit bzw. der Hausfrauentätigkeit der Partnerin (Skala); Vergleich der eigenen beruflichen Belastung mit der der Partnerin (Skala); Vorstellungen über die ideale Aufteilung der Hausarbeit und der Kindererziehung in einer Familie; präferierte Form der Kinderbetreuung bei Erwerbstätigkeit der Eltern; wichtigste Aufgaben eines Vaters in der Familie (Skala); Einstellung zu einer eigenen Existenz als Hausmann (Skala); Einstellung zur Ehe bzw. zu einer Partnerschaft ohne Trauschein (Skala); Einstellung zu Frauenhäusern; geschätzter Anteil der von Männern geschlagenen Frauen; Kenntnis von Männern, die ihre Frauen schlagen; vermutete Gründe und Beurteilung ausgewählter Situationen als Auslöser für Gewalt gegen Frauen; Einstellung zur Gewalt gegen Frauen (Skala); Arbeitslose im Freundes- und Bekanntenkreis; wichtigste Probleme, die durch Arbeitslosigkeit auf einen Mann und im Vergleich dazu auf eine Frau zukommen (Skalen); Kenntnis beruflich besonders erfolgreicher Frauen; wichtigste Bedingungen für die berufliche Karriere von Frauen; geschlechtsspezifische Zuordnung ausgewählter Berufe; Frauenanteil in der eigenen Arbeitsstätte; Beurteilung der Chancengleichheit von Mann und Frau im Betrieb; Frauen als Vorgesetzte des Befragten; vermutete Gründe für ein Übergewicht der Männer in höheren beruflichen Positionen (Skala); Einstellung zur Frauenförderung und Rolle der Frau bei erhöhter Arbeitslosigkeit der Männer; Einstellung zur Empfängnisverhütung; Mann oder Frau als verantwortlich für die Empfängnisverhütung; Kenntnis ausgewählter Methoden der Empfängnisverhütung und Angabe der eigenen Erfahrungen; derzeit angewandte Empfängnisverhütungsmethode der Partnerin; Gründe für fehlende Empfängnisverhütung; Einstellung zur eigenen Sterilisation; Kenntnis des § 218 und Einstellung zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch (Skala); eigene Erfahrung einer Situation, in der über einen Schwangerschaftsabbruch entschieden werden mußte; Beurteilung der gesetzlichen Regelungen zum Mutterschutz; Charakterisierung der eigenen Lebenssituation (Skala); Männerbild (Skala); Zufriedenheit mit dem bisherigen Leben (Skala). Männer ohne feste Partnerin wurden zusätzlich befragt: Feste Freundin; Heiratsinteresse; Gründe für fehlendes Interesse an einer festen Partnerschaft (Skala). Demographie für jeweils den Befragten und die Ehefrau bzw. Partnerin: Alter (klassiert); Konfession; deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit; Schulbildung; Berufsausbildung; berufliche Position; Einkommen; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltszusammensetzung; Kinderzahl; Alter der Kinder (klassiert).

As an essential service, care relating to termination of pregnancy has been provided throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Termination of pregnancy can be carried out as a medical procedure or, less commonly, a surgical procedure. Medical terminations involve the woman taking two different medicines 24-48 hours apart to end her pregnancy. Prior to October 2017, women having a medical termination were required to attend a clinic or hospital on two occasions to take the first and then, separately, the second medicine. From October 2017, women requiring an early medical termination (at up to 9 weeks and 6 days gestation) were able to take the second medicine away with them at the end of their first appointment, and subsequently take that at home. From 31 March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, women requiring an early medical termination (at up to 11 weeks and 6 days gestation) have been able to have an initial remote consultation, by telephone or video call, then take both medicines at home. Termination of pregnancy (also referred to as a therapeutic or induced abortion) is provided under the terms of the Abortion Act 1967 and subsequent regulations. When a healthcare practitioner provides a termination of pregnancy, there is a legal requirement for them to notify the Chief Medical Officer of the termination within seven days of it taking place. Public Health Scotland is responsible for the collation of data derived from notifications of terminations of pregnancy on behalf of the Chief Medical Officer. Detailed information on terminations is published each year by Public Health Scotland. The most recent report covers the year to December 2019. This dataset presents information on the number of terminations of pregnancy carried out in Scotland, and the average gestation (stage of pregnancy) at which they occurred. Data is shown at Scotland and NHS Board level, as well as broken down by age group and deprivation. This data is also available on the COVID-19 Wider Impact Dashboard. Additional data sources relating to this topic area are provided in the Links section of the Metadata below. Information on COVID-19, including stay at home advice for people who are self-isolating and their households, can be found on NHS Inform. All publications and supporting material to this topic area can be found in the weekly COVID-19 Statistical Report. The date of the next release can be found on our list of forthcoming publications.

Abortion was legalized in Nepal in 2002; however, despite evidence of safety and quality provision of medical abortion (MA) pills by pharmacies in Nepal and elsewhere, it is still not legal for pharmacists to provide medication abortion in Nepal. However, pharmacies often do provide MA, but little is known about who seeks abortions from pharmacies and their experiences and outcomes. The purpose of this study is to understand the experiences of women seeking MA from a pharmacy, abortion complications experienced, and predictors for denial of MA. Data was collected from women seeking MA from four pharmacies in two districts of Nepal in 2021–2022. Data was collected at baseline (N = 153) and 6 weeks later (N = 138). Using descriptive results and multi-variable regression models, we explore differences between women who received and did not receive MA and predictors of denial of services. Most women requesting such pills received MA (78%), with those who were denied most commonly reporting denial due to the provider saying they were too far along. There were few socio-demographic differences between groups, with the exception of education and gestational age. Women reported receiving information on how to take pills and what to do about side effects. Just under half (45%) of women who took pills reported no adverse symptoms after taking them and only 13% sought care. Most women seeking MA from pharmacists in Nepal are receiving services, information, and having few post-abortion symptoms. This study expands the previous limited research on pharmacy provision of MA in Nepal using a unique dataset that recruits women at the time of abortion seeking and follows them over time, overcoming potential biases present in other study designs. This suggests that expansion of the law to allow pharmacy distribution would increase accessibility and reflect current practice.

Between April 2019 and December 2020, we recruited women seeking abortions from 22 sites across Nepal, including those seeking an abortion at any gestational age (April-May 2019) and then only those seeking an abortion at or after 10 weeks of gestation (May 2019-December 2020). We conducted interviewer-led surveys with participants at six weeks after abortion-seeking and six-month intervals for three years. we examined the factors associated with presenting for abortion before versus after 10 weeks gestation as one measure of access to abortion services. We also describe the characteristics of women who received or were denied an abortion, their reasons for the denial, and whether they were able to obtain an abortion subsequent to being denied, among those who completed a 6-week or subsequent follow-up survey.

Project Summary: The purpose of this study was to inform experimental testing of new approaches for measuring abortion in surveys in the United States, by improving our understanding of how women interpret and respond to survey items asking them to report their abortion history. Using cognitive interviews, we developed, tested, and evaluated various question wordings, as well as conducted card sort and vignette activities to further discern how participants’ understand and classify abortion. We aimed to test questions to clarify which experiences to report as an abortion; reduce the stigma and sensitivity of abortion; reduce the sense of intrusiveness of asking about abortion; or increase the motivation to report. Question wordings were newly developed or modified versions of existing survey questions. Results from the cognitive interviews were used to develop an experimental survey to further explore how to improve the accuracy of abortion reporting. Research reported in this publication was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute Of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01HD084473. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Data Overview: We conducted cognitive interviews with 64 cisgender women in suburban Wisconsin (N=35) in January 2020 and urban New Jersey (N=29) in February 2020. We selected the two study states because of differences in abortion climate and to avoid geographically-specific findings. Participants were recruited to participate in an interview on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) by a third-party recruiting agency. Eligible participants were between the ages of 18 and 49, assigned female at birth, identified as women, spoke English, lived in Wisconsin or New Jersey, and had ever had penile-vaginal sex. Additionally, respondents were asked if they ever had an abortion during the screening process. The decision to include women with various abortion histories was deliberate. We sought to include respondents who may not have disclosed their abortion during the screening process and wanted feedback from all women of reproductive age, as that is the target sample of the experimental survey. We included feedback from both groups of respondents and highlighted their differences when applicable. The study was reviewed and approved by the Guttmacher Institute’s Institutional Review Board. Interviews lasted about 60-90 minutes and were conducted in private rooms at conference and market research locations by two members of the research team (AV and JM; see Interviewer Identities document). Interviews were audio recorded. We obtained verbal consent from all study participants, and they completed a short sociodemographic questionnaire at the end of the interview. Participants received $150 cash as a token of appreciation for their time. Sixteen respondents demonstrated accurate understanding of data sharing and consented to having their data be publicly shared; therefore, these are the only transcripts made available here. Data Collection Overview: The cognitive interview included several sections. In the first section, we asked participants to respond to and provide feedback on various versions of questions about their abortion history. In this section, they disclosed their abortion history directly to the interviewer. In the second section, we asked participants to provide feedback on several different introductory text options that might come before a question about their abortion history. In the third section, we asked participants more general questions about how they would prefer to be asked about whether they’d had an abortion on a survey, as well as their definition of abortion and why some people may choose not to disclose their abortion history. In sections 4 and 5, we conducted a card sort activity and went through a series of vignettes to further discern participants’ understanding and classification of abortion. Each interview was digitally audio recorded (.mp3). The audio recordings were uploaded from the devices to a folder on the Guttmacher network. The audio recordings will be uploaded to the secure, password-protected servers of the professional transcription agency, Datalyst LLC., for transcription. The audio recordings were deleted from the Datalyst servers upon completion of transcription and certification by Guttmacher staff that transcription was accurate/complete. Transcripts were cleaned by one of two team members; during this process, they also removed any potentially identifying information. Audio recordings were deleted from the devices at the end of data collection. The interviewer electronically wrote up immediate thoughts and impressions post-interview in memos (.docx) using a predetermined memo shell that mirrored the major sections of the interview guide. At the end...

This table contains 147 series, with data for years 1970 - 2000 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography, area of residence of patient (19 items: Total; area of residence of patient; Non-residents of Canada; Canada; area of residence of patient; Abortions reported by American states ...), Type of facility (3 items: Induced abortions; hospitals and clinics; Induced abortions; clinics; Induced abortions; hospitals ...), Characteristics (3 items: Number of induced abortions; Rate per 1;000 females aged 15 to 44;Ratio per 100 live births ...).

Women in times of COVID-19. Topics: negative impact of selected governmental measures to stop the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic on personal mental health (scale): workplace and office closures, school and childcare closures, lockdown and curfew measures, limitations in the number of people allowed to meet, travel restrictions; most frequent feelings since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic: feeling lonely or isolated, feeling worried or anxious, concerned about personal mental wellbeing, worried about others developing mental health problems, missing friends or family, worried about personal future, feeling trapped, feeling depressed, feeling bored, none; preferred point to turn or activity in case of feeling stressed or anxious: friends or family, religious or spiritual group, online group, general practitioner, psychologist, hospital, hobbies, work or colleagues, nothing; change in financial dependency from partner or family due to the pandemic; attitude towards the following statements on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: negative impact on personal work-life-balance, respondent does less paid work due to the pandemic’s impact on the job market, consideration / decision to permanently reduce the amount of time allocated to paid work, change of professional decisions, negative impact on personal income, respondent does less paid work due to the increase in work at home; assessment of the development of violence against women in the own country due to the pandemic; acquaintance with women who experienced one of the following forms of violence: domestic violence or abuse, economic violence, street harassment, harassment at work, online harassment / cyber violence; preferred key measures to be taken in order to reduce physical and emotional violence against women in the own country: more awareness raising campaigns and more education about the subject, increase awareness and training of police and judiciary on the subject, make it easier to report violence against women, increase the options for women to seek help, improve women’s access to healthcare, improve women’s access to abortion, more measures to tackle online harassment, increase women’s financial independence, other; preferred gender-related issues to be tackled by the Members of Parliament as a priority; likelihood to vote in the next European Parliament elections (Sunday question); self-rated interest with regard to European issues; importance of the own country being a member of the European Union (scale). Demography: nationality; type of community; family situation; age; sex; personal identification as: ethnic or religious minority, migrant / refugee / asylum seeker / displaced person, person with disabilities, LGBTIQ+, other minority group, none; age at end of education; occupation; professional position; household composition and household size. Additionally coded was: respondent ID; country; region; nation group; weighting factor. Frauen in Zeiten von COVID-19. Themen: negative Auswirkungen ausgewählter Regierungsmaßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der Corona-Pandemie auf die persönliche seelische Gesundheit (Skala): Schließungen von Arbeitsplatz und Büro, Schließungen von Schulen und Kinderbetreuung, Lockdown und Ausgangssperren, Kontaktbeschränkungen, Reisebeschränkungen; häufigste Gefühle seit Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie: Einsamkeit oder Isolation, Traurigkeit oder Ängstlichkeit, Besorgnis über persönliches seelisches Wohlbefinden, Besorgnis über das seelische Wohlbefinden anderer, Vermissen von Freunden oder Familie, Besorgnis über die persönliche Zukunft, Gefangensein, Depressionen, Langeweile, nichts davon; präferierter Kontakt bzw. präferierte Aktivität bei Problemen mit Stress oder Ängsten: Freunde oder Familie, religiöse oder spirituelle Gruppen, Online-Gruppen, Hausarzt, Psychologe, Krankenhaus, Hobbys, Arbeit oder Kollegen, nichts; Veränderung der finanziellen Abhängigkeit von Partner bzw. Familie aufgrund der Corona-Pandemie; Einstellung zu den folgenden Aussagen über die Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie: negative Auswirkungen auf persönliche Work-Life-Balance, weniger bezahlte Arbeit als gewünscht aufgrund der Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt, Überlegungen / Entscheidung zur Reduktion der Arbeitszeit, Änderung beruflicher Pläne, negative Auswirkungen auf das persönliche Einkommen, weniger bezahlte Arbeit aufgrund von Mehrarbeit im Haushalt; Bewertung der Veränderung der Gewalt gegen Frauen im eigenen Land aufgrund der Pandemie; Bekanntschaft mit Frauen, die Opfer einer der folgenden Arten von Gewalt geworden sind: häusliche Gewalt oder Missbrauch, wirtschaftliche Gewalt, Belästigung auf der Straße, Belästigung bei der Arbeit, Online-Belästigung / Cybergewalt; präferierte Schlüsselmaßnahmen zur Reduktion körperlicher und seelischer Gewalt gegen Frauen im eigenen Land: mehr Kampagnen zur Sensibilisierung und mehr Aufklärung zu dem Thema, verstärkte Sensibilisierung und Schulung von Polizei und Justiz zu dem Thema, Vereinfachung der Anzeige von Gewalt, mehr Hilfsangebote für Betroffene, verbesserter Zugang zu medizinischer Versorgung, vereinfachter Zugang zu Abtreibungen, mehr Maßnahmen gegen Online-Belästigungen, Stärkung der finanziellen Unabhängigkeit von Frauen, sonstiges; präferierte, von den Mitgliedern des Europäischen Parlaments vorrangig anzugehende geschlechtsbezogene Probleme; Wahrscheinlichkeit zur Teilnahme an den nächsten Wahlen zum Europäischen Parlament (Sonntagsfrage); Selbsteinschätzung des Interesses im Hinblick auf europäische Angelegenheiten; Wichtigkeit der EU-Mitgliedschaft des eigenen Landes (Skala). Demographie: Staatsangehörigkeit; Urbanisierungsgrad; Familiensituation; Alter; Geschlecht; persönliche Zugehörigkeit zu den folgenden Gruppen: ethnische oder religiöse Minderheit, Migranten / Flüchtlinge / Asylsuchende / Vertriebene, Personen mit Behinderungen, LGBTIQ+, andere Minderheitengruppe, nichts davon; Alter bei Beendigung der Ausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Stellung; Haushaltszusammensetzung und Haushaltsgröße. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten-ID; Land; Region; Nationengruppe; Gewichtungsfaktor.