Abstract

Throughout the Middle East, unemployment rates of educated youth have been persistently high and female labor force participation, low. Researchers from the World Bank studied the impact of a randomized experiment in Jordan designed to assist female community college graduates find employment. One group of graduates was given wage subsidy vouchers that could be redeemed by their employers for up to six months for a value equivalent to the prevailing minimum wage; a second group was invited to attend 45 hours of soft skills training; a third group was offered both interventions; and the fourth group formed the control group.

To conduct the study, researchers chose eight public community colleges with the largest female enrolment numbers. Four colleges were in Central Jordan (Amman University College, Princess Alia University College, Al-Salt College, Zarqa University College) and four in Northern and Southern Jordan (Al-Huson University College for Engineering, Irbid University College, Ajloun University College, and Al-Karak University College).

Four individual level survey questionnaires were administered during the impact evaluation study. The baseline survey was conducted in July 2010, the midline - in April 2011, the first endline was carried out in December 2011, and the second endline - in January 2013.

Geographic coverage

Amman, Salt, Zarqa, Irbid, Ajloun, and Karak.

Analysis unit

Female community colleges graduates from the class of 2010.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Researchers chose the eight public community colleges with the largest female enrollment numbers, which comprise over 85% of total female public community college enrollment. In July 2010 just before final graduation exams, data collectors conducted baseline surveys for most of the 404 male and all of the 1,776 female second-year students from these eight colleges. In August 2010, the researchers merged the baseline data with administrative data on examination results, which revealed that 324 men and 1,418 women passed their examinations. Of the 1,418 women who passed their examinations, the researchers randomly assigned by computer 1,349 of these graduates to be in the experimental sample. However, two of these graduates were male but incorrectly recorded as female. They were subsequently dropped from the sample.

The experimental sample of 1,347 was stratified into 16 strata and randomly assigned by computer into three treatment groups and a control group. The strata were created based on the following four characteristics: whether or not (1) the community college was in Amman (Amman, Salt, and Zarqa) or outside Amman, (2) an individual's Tawjihi examination score at the end of high school was above the sample median, (3) an individual indicated at baseline that she planned to work full-time and thought it at least somewhat likely that she would have a job within 6 months of graduating, and (4) she is usually permitted to travel to the market alone. Within each of the 16 strata, 22.2% of the students were allocated to receive the wage voucher only, 22.2% allocated to receive the soft skills training only, 22.2% allocated to receive both, and 33.3% allocated to the control group. This resulted in 299 or 300 in each treatment group, and 449 in the control group.

Sampling deviation

The only deviation from the sample design involved dropping two graduates from the sample because they were incorrectly recorded as female.

Mode of data collection

Other [oth]

Research instrument

All questionnaires were initially developed in English and subsequently translated into Modern Standard Arabic.

The questionnaire design process was based on standard labor force survey questions, academic literature on well being, mental health, and female empowerment, and inputs from Al Balqa Community Colleges, the Chamber of Commerce, the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation, the Social Security Corportation, the Department of Statistics, Dajani Consulting, Business Development Center, and local firms.

The questionnaires were piloted and adjusted accordingly in each survey round.

Response rate

In the midline, first endline, and second endline surveys, researchers successfully followed up with 92%, 96%, and 92% of graduates in the sample, respectively. In the first and second endline surveys, the team collected a portion of the survey data (3% and 9%, respectively) by proxy through their relatives. This survey experienced very few problems with outright rejections to answer the survey questions although the proxy responses reflect graduates or their families refusing to allow the graduate respond for herself. The vast majority of attrition comes from disconnected cell phones and the inability to completely track individuals down.

The attrition rates are low and slightly vary by treatment status. The wage voucher group has the lowest attrition (3% midline, 1% 1st endline, 4% 2nd endline), which is likely due to the additional information gathered through monitoring the voucher usage. On the other hand, the control group experienced the highest attrition (11% midline, 7% 1st endline, 11% 2nd endline), which is likely because there was no additional contact with the control group outside of the surveys.

Palau PW: Proportion of Women Subjected to Physical and/or Sexual Violence in the Last 12 Months: % of Women Aged 15-49 data was reported at 9.600 % in 2013. Palau PW: Proportion of Women Subjected to Physical and/or Sexual Violence in the Last 12 Months: % of Women Aged 15-49 data is updated yearly, averaging 9.600 % from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2013, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.600 % in 2013 and a record low of 9.600 % in 2013. Palau PW: Proportion of Women Subjected to Physical and/or Sexual Violence in the Last 12 Months: % of Women Aged 15-49 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Palau – Table PW.World Bank.WDI: Social: Health Statistics. Proportion of women subjected to physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months is the percentage of ever partnered women age 15-49 who are subjected to physical violence, sexual violence or both by a current or former intimate partner in the last 12 months.;United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD);Weighted average;This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 5.2.1[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

In the past 50 years women's legal status has improved all over the world. But many laws still make it difficult for women to fully participate in economic life whether by getting jobs or starting businesses. Discriminatory rules bar women from certain jobs, restrict access to capital for women-owned firms and limit women's capacity to make legal decisions. Gender differences in laws affect both developing and developed economies, and women in all regions. Women, business, and the law measures restrictions on women s employment and entrepreneurship as well as incentives for women s employment in 143 economies. Women, business, and the law and the World Bank's global financial inclusion global findings database show that in economies with a default full community of property regime, there are on average 10 percentage points more female owned accounts at formal financial institutions than in economies with a default separation of property regime. This report has shown that although much progress has been made in recent decades in gradually dismantling many of the legal restrictions which have hampered women from more fully contributing to national prosperity, there is a large unfinished agenda of reform. Gender equality is important not only for fairness and equity, but also for economic efficiency and is at the center of creating a more prosperous world.

Citation
“World Bank; International Finance Corporation. 2013. Women, Business, and the Law 2014 : Removing Restrictions to Enhance Gender Equality. London: Bloomsbury. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/20528 License: CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO.”

URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/20528

Yemen YE: Female Genital Mutilation Prevalence data was reported at 18.500 % in 2013. This records a decrease from the previous number of 22.600 % for 1997. Yemen YE: Female Genital Mutilation Prevalence data is updated yearly, averaging 20.550 % from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2013, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.600 % in 1997 and a record low of 18.500 % in 2013. Yemen YE: Female Genital Mutilation Prevalence data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Yemen – Table YE.World Bank: Health Statistics. Percentage of women aged 15–49 who have gone through partial or total removal of the female external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons.; ; UNICEF Childinfo (childinfo.org).; ;

Sierra Leone SL: Contraceptive Prevalence: Any Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data was reported at 16.600 % in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 11.000 % for 2010. Sierra Leone SL: Contraceptive Prevalence: Any Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data is updated yearly, averaging 6.750 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2013, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16.600 % in 2013 and a record low of 2.600 % in 1992. Sierra Leone SL: Contraceptive Prevalence: Any Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sierra Leone – Table SL.World Bank: Health Statistics. Contraceptive prevalence rate is the percentage of women who are practicing, or whose sexual partners are practicing, any form of contraception. It is usually measured for women ages 15-49 who are married or in union.; ; UNICEF's State of the World's Children and Childinfo, United Nations Population Division's World Contraceptive Use, household surveys including Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.; Weighted average; Contraceptive prevalence amongst women of reproductive age is an indicator of women's empowerment and is related to maternal health, HIV/AIDS, and gender equality.

Abstract

Violence against women (VAW), in its many forms and manifestations, and across all settings, is a violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Around the world, many women experience violence regardless of age, class, race and ethnicity. Most of this violence is driven by the fact that they are women, and related to gender roles in society. Violence against women is predominately perpetrated by men, and most often by intimate partners. According to most recent global estimates, 35% of women aged 15 years or older globally have experienced physical and/or sexual violence during their lifetime (Devries et al., 2013; WHO, 2013). Intimate partner violence is the leading cause of homicide in women globally (Stockl et al., 2013) and has many other major short- and long-term health consequences (WHO, 2013). The economic and social costs associated with VAW are significant, and global evidence shows that violence consistently undermines development efforts at various levels, affecting physical, human and social capital (WHO, 2005). In Cambodia, the state of research on violence against women points toward widespread experiences of violence across the country (CDHS, 2012; Fulu et al., 21013). Women of all cultures and classes are subjected to many forms of physical, psychological, sexual and economic violence. This includes, but is not limited to intimate partner violence (IPV), rape and sexual assault, sexual harassment, acid violence and trafficking (MoWA, 2008). The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) has made a strong commitment to addressing violence against women by introducing a number of legislative and policy reforms including domestic violence legislation and a national action plan. Cambodia has demonstrated its strong commitment to promoting gender equality and ending VAW by ratifying several core international human rights conventions. In addition, there is widespread recognition among Cambodian government leaders that having quality data on the prevalence and health and other consequences of different forms of VAW is essential to increase awareness, inform evidencebased programming and policies, including the NAPVAW, and to monitor progress in the implementations of such interventions. Between 2014-2015, to fill the identified knowledge gaps, the Royal Government of Cambodia with support from the World Health Organization (WHO) and UN Women conducted a national prevalence study using the WHO multicountry study methodology. This methodology was selected because it has been widely used and is known to produce reliable data, that can be used for cross-country comparisons, and it adheres to internationally recognized ethical and safety standards.

Specific Objectives: Among specific objectives, the following deserve special mention:

ESTIMATE THE PREVALENCE AND FREQUENCY of different forms of VAW: physical, sexual, emotional and economic violence against women by intimate partners, as well as sexual and physical violence by perpetrators other than partners (in this document also referred to as ‘nonpartners’) since the age of 15, and sexual violence before the age of 15;

DETERMINE THE ASSOCIATION of physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence with a range of health and other outcomes;

IDENTIFY FACTORS that may be associated with either reducing (protective factors) or increasing (risk factors) women’s risk of hysical and/or sexual intimate partner violence; DOCUMENT THE STRATEGIES and services that women use to cope with violence by an intimate partner.

INCREASE NATIONAL CAPACITY and collaboration among researchers and women’s organisations working on domestic violence;

INCREASE AWARENESS about and sensitivity to partner violence among researchers, policymakers and health care providers;

CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT of a network of people committed to addressing

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals

Universe

All resident households in Cambodia

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

• The survey sample design was developed by the NIS in the Ministry of Planning. A multi-stage sampling strategy was used based on a sampling frame that took into consideration the 24 provinces in the country delineated into a total of 225 districts for a total of 14,172 "villages" or 28,701 enumeration areas (EAs) in the country. The sample is self-weighted at the household level.

• The results achieved on VAW 2015 sampling design is already completed and describes as follows: a.Two level of survey results will be produces as: first at National level and second sub-national (Urban and Rural) b.Survey methods of VAW 2015 were designed bases on the three- stage stratified cluster sampling. b1. First stage: selected the sample Enumeration area consisting of 200 sample EAs b2. Second stage: selected the sample households consisting of 4,000 households b3. Selected the sample Women consisting of 4,000 eligible women

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Cleaning operations

The questionnaire was programmed into electronic format using CAPI software, which allowed interviewers to enter the responses to questions directly into the electronic devises that were uploaded on a daily basis. Data entry was therefore not required. The software directly checked internal consistency, range and error checking, and skip patterns of the responses at the point of entering the answers during the interview. The uploaded files were aggregated at a central level and were immediately available for data analysis.

Response rate

Eligible woman response rate: 98% Household response rate: 99.5% Household refused: 0.5%

Sampling error estimates

Sample size calculations: Z (95% Confidence Interval), the value of 1.96 P = 30%. In many countries were data are available, lifetime intimate partner sexual violence often reaches 25-30% and lifetime intimate partner physical violence is 65-70%. In a normal distribution the highest variance for a factor would be at the 50% level (resulting in needing a very large sample) and the lowest variance would be at the extremes (needing the smallest sample). We compromise at 30% which is identical to assuming 70% so the resulting sample size is large, but not unmanageable. DEFF = 2. We have used this value for all the national surveys, to date. E = 0.02291. We calculate the sample size using margin of error 2.291%.

The sample size results are as follow: Confidence Level :1.96 Margin of Error (MOE): 0.02291 Baseline levels of the indicator: 0.3 Design effect (Deff): 2 Sample size (n) - Female: 3,074

Yemen YE: Contraceptive Prevalence: Modern Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data was reported at 29.200 % in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 25.000 % for 2006. Yemen YE: Contraceptive Prevalence: Modern Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data is updated yearly, averaging 11.600 % from Dec 1979 (Median) to 2013, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 29.200 % in 2013 and a record low of 1.600 % in 1979. Yemen YE: Contraceptive Prevalence: Modern Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Yemen – Table YE.World Bank: Health Statistics. Contraceptive prevalence rate is the percentage of women who are practicing, or whose sexual partners are practicing, at least one modern method of contraception. It is usually measured for women ages 15-49 who are married or in union. Modern methods of contraception include female and male sterilization, oral hormonal pills, the intra-uterine device (IUD), the male condom, injectables, the implant (including Norplant), vaginal barrier methods, the female condom and emergency contraception.; ; Household surveys, including Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Largely compiled by United Nations Population Division.; Weighted Average;

Source: 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health SurveyRanking of States in Nigeria According to Modern Contraceptive Prevalence among Married and Cohabiting Women and Distribution of Socioeconomic Status.

Uruguay UY: Proportion of Women Subjected to Physical and/or Sexual Violence in the Last 12 Months: % of Women Aged 15-49 data was reported at 2.800 % in 2013. Uruguay UY: Proportion of Women Subjected to Physical and/or Sexual Violence in the Last 12 Months: % of Women Aged 15-49 data is updated yearly, averaging 2.800 % from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2013, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.800 % in 2013 and a record low of 2.800 % in 2013. Uruguay UY: Proportion of Women Subjected to Physical and/or Sexual Violence in the Last 12 Months: % of Women Aged 15-49 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Uruguay – Table UY.World Bank.WDI: Social: Health Statistics. Proportion of women subjected to physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months is the percentage of ever partnered women age 15-49 who are subjected to physical violence, sexual violence or both by a current or former intimate partner in the last 12 months.;United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD);Weighted average;This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 5.2.1[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

Montenegro ME: Contraceptive Prevalence: Any Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data was reported at 23.300 % in 2013. This records a decrease from the previous number of 39.400 % for 2006. Montenegro ME: Contraceptive Prevalence: Any Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data is updated yearly, averaging 39.400 % from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2013, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 52.700 % in 2000 and a record low of 23.300 % in 2013. Montenegro ME: Contraceptive Prevalence: Any Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Montenegro – Table ME.World Bank: Health Statistics. Contraceptive prevalence rate is the percentage of women who are practicing, or whose sexual partners are practicing, any form of contraception. It is usually measured for women ages 15-49 who are married or in union.; ; UNICEF's State of the World's Children and Childinfo, United Nations Population Division's World Contraceptive Use, household surveys including Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.; Weighted average; Contraceptive prevalence amongst women of reproductive age is an indicator of women's empowerment and is related to maternal health, HIV/AIDS, and gender equality.

Turkey TR: Firm with Female Top Manager: % of Firms data was reported at 5.400 % in 2013. This records a decrease from the previous number of 12.400 % for 2008. Turkey TR: Firm with Female Top Manager: % of Firms data is updated yearly, averaging 8.900 % from Dec 2008 (Median) to 2013, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.400 % in 2008 and a record low of 5.400 % in 2013. Turkey TR: Firm with Female Top Manager: % of Firms data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.World Bank.WDI: Company Statistics. Firms with female top manager refers to the percentage of firms in the private sector who have females as top managers. Top manager refers to the highest ranking manager or CEO of the establishment. This person may be the owner if he/she works as the manager of the firm. The results are based on surveys of more than 100,000 private firms.; ; World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/).; Unweighted average; Relevance to gender indicator: Women are vastly underrepresented in decision making positions at the top level in the private sector and this indicator monitors progress that has been made.

Gambia GM: Contraceptive Prevalence: Any Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data was reported at 9.000 % in 2013. This records a decrease from the previous number of 13.300 % for 2010. Gambia GM: Contraceptive Prevalence: Any Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data is updated yearly, averaging 11.800 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2013, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.500 % in 2001 and a record low of 9.000 % in 2013. Gambia GM: Contraceptive Prevalence: Any Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Gambia – Table GM.World Bank: Health Statistics. Contraceptive prevalence rate is the percentage of women who are practicing, or whose sexual partners are practicing, any form of contraception. It is usually measured for women ages 15-49 who are married or in union.; ; UNICEF's State of the World's Children and Childinfo, United Nations Population Division's World Contraceptive Use, household surveys including Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.; Weighted average; Contraceptive prevalence amongst women of reproductive age is an indicator of women's empowerment and is related to maternal health, HIV/AIDS, and gender equality.

Panama PA: Contraceptive Prevalence: Modern Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data was reported at 60.100 % in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 48.800 % for 2009. Panama PA: Contraceptive Prevalence: Modern Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data is updated yearly, averaging 54.100 % from Dec 1976 (Median) to 2013, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 60.100 % in 2013 and a record low of 45.900 % in 1976. Panama PA: Contraceptive Prevalence: Modern Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Panama – Table PA.World Bank: Health Statistics. Contraceptive prevalence rate is the percentage of women who are practicing, or whose sexual partners are practicing, at least one modern method of contraception. It is usually measured for women ages 15-49 who are married or in union. Modern methods of contraception include female and male sterilization, oral hormonal pills, the intra-uterine device (IUD), the male condom, injectables, the implant (including Norplant), vaginal barrier methods, the female condom and emergency contraception.; ; Household surveys, including Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Largely compiled by United Nations Population Division.; Weighted Average;

Dominican Republic DO: Proportion of Women Subjected to Physical and/or Sexual Violence in the Last 12 Months: % of Women Aged 15-49 data was reported at 16.000 % in 2013. Dominican Republic DO: Proportion of Women Subjected to Physical and/or Sexual Violence in the Last 12 Months: % of Women Aged 15-49 data is updated yearly, averaging 16.000 % from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2013, with 1 observations. Dominican Republic DO: Proportion of Women Subjected to Physical and/or Sexual Violence in the Last 12 Months: % of Women Aged 15-49 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Dominican Republic – Table DO.World Bank: Health Statistics. Proportion of women subjected to physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months is the percentage of ever partnered women age 15-49 who are subjected to physical violence, sexual violence or both by a current or former intimate partner in the last 12 months.; ; United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD); Weighted Average;

Turkey TR: Contraceptive Prevalence: Any Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data was reported at 73.500 % in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 73.000 % for 2009. Turkey TR: Contraceptive Prevalence: Any Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data is updated yearly, averaging 63.000 % from Dec 1963 (Median) to 2013, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 73.500 % in 2013 and a record low of 22.100 % in 1963. Turkey TR: Contraceptive Prevalence: Any Methods: % of Women Aged 15-49 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.World Bank: Health Statistics. Contraceptive prevalence rate is the percentage of women who are practicing, or whose sexual partners are practicing, any form of contraception. It is usually measured for women ages 15-49 who are married or in union.; ; UNICEF's State of the World's Children and Childinfo, United Nations Population Division's World Contraceptive Use, household surveys including Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.; Weighted average; Contraceptive prevalence amongst women of reproductive age is an indicator of women's empowerment and is related to maternal health, HIV/AIDS, and gender equality.

Pakistan PK: Female Headed Households data was reported at 10.900 % in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 10.400 % for 2007. Pakistan PK: Female Headed Households data is updated yearly, averaging 10.400 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2013, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.900 % in 2013 and a record low of 7.100 % in 1991. Pakistan PK: Female Headed Households data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Pakistan – Table PK.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Female headed households shows the percentage of households with a female head.; ; Demographic and Health Surveys.; ; The composition of a household plays a role in the determining other characteristics of a household, such as how many children are sent to school and the distribution of family income.

Dominican Republic DO: Female Headed Households data was reported at 39.900 % in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 35.200 % for 2007. Dominican Republic DO: Female Headed Households data is updated yearly, averaging 30.300 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2013, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 39.900 % in 2013 and a record low of 25.000 % in 1991. Dominican Republic DO: Female Headed Households data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Dominican Republic – Table DO.World Bank: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Female headed households shows the percentage of households with a female head.; ; Demographic and Health Surveys.; ; The composition of a household plays a role in the determining other characteristics of a household, such as how many children are sent to school and the distribution of family income.

Montenegro ME: Women Who Believe a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife: Any of Five Reasons data was reported at 2.700 % in 2013. This records a decrease from the previous number of 10.900 % for 2006. Montenegro ME: Women Who Believe a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife: Any of Five Reasons data is updated yearly, averaging 6.800 % from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2013, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.900 % in 2006 and a record low of 2.700 % in 2013. Montenegro ME: Women Who Believe a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife: Any of Five Reasons data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Montenegro – Table ME.World Bank: Health Statistics. Percentage of women ages 15-49 who believe a husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife/partner for any of the following five reasons: argues with him; refuses to have sex; burns the food; goes out without telling him; or when she neglects the children.; ; Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), and other surveys: STATcompiler (http://www.statcompiler.com/) as of November 22, 2016, UNICEF global databases (http://www.data.unicef.org/) as of November 2015. MICS Compiler (http://www.micscompiler.org/) as of June 12, 2016.; ;

Dominican Republic DO: Women Participating in the Three Decisions: Own Health Care, Major Household Purchases, and Visiting Family: % of Women Aged 15-49 data was reported at 78.800 % in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 70.000 % for 2007. Dominican Republic DO: Women Participating in the Three Decisions: Own Health Care, Major Household Purchases, and Visiting Family: % of Women Aged 15-49 data is updated yearly, averaging 74.400 % from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2013, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 78.800 % in 2013 and a record low of 70.000 % in 2007. Dominican Republic DO: Women Participating in the Three Decisions: Own Health Care, Major Household Purchases, and Visiting Family: % of Women Aged 15-49 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Dominican Republic – Table DO.World Bank: Health Statistics. Women participating in the three decisions (own health care, major household purchases, and visiting family) is the percentage of currently married women aged 15-49 who say that they alone or jointly have the final say in all of the three decisions (own health care, large purchases and visits to family, relatives, and friends).; ; Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS); ;

Uruguay UY: Women Who were First Married by Age 15: % of Women Aged 20-24 data was reported at 0.700 % in 2013. Uruguay UY: Women Who were First Married by Age 15: % of Women Aged 20-24 data is updated yearly, averaging 0.700 % from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2013, with 1 observations. Uruguay UY: Women Who were First Married by Age 15: % of Women Aged 20-24 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Uruguay – Table UY.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Women who were first married by age 15 refers to the percentage of women ages 20-24 who were first married by age 15.; ; Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS); ;