Eggs US fell to 2.08 USD/Dozen on August 29, 2025, down 2.25% from the previous day. Over the past month, Eggs US's price has fallen 35.03%, and is down 51.88% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Eggs US.

Large white, Grade A chicken eggs, sold in a carton of a dozen. Includes organic, non-organic, cage free, free range, and traditional."

Eggs CH fell to 2,935 CNY/T on August 29, 2025, down 0.54% from the previous day. Over the past month, Eggs CH's price has fallen 17.88%, and is down 25.47% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Eggs CH.

Large white, Grade A chicken eggs, sold in a carton of a dozen. Includes organic, non-organic, cage free, free range, and traditional."

United States - Average Price: Eggs, Grade A, Large (Cost per Dozen) in U.S. City Average was 3.59900 Index in July of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Average Price: Eggs, Grade A, Large (Cost per Dozen) in U.S. City Average reached a record high of 6.22700 in March of 2025 and a record low of 0.67800 in May of 1988. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Average Price: Eggs, Grade A, Large (Cost per Dozen) in U.S. City Average - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on September of 2025.

This statistic shows the total egg production in the United States from 2001 to 2023. In 2023, around 9.1 billion dozen of eggs were produced, a slight decrease from production the previous year.

United States Wholesale Price: Eggs: Grade A: Large: New York data was reported at 5.330 USD/Dozen in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 8.198 USD/Dozen for Feb 2025. United States Wholesale Price: Eggs: Grade A: Large: New York data is updated monthly, averaging 1.075 USD/Dozen from Jan 2000 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 303 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.198 USD/Dozen in Feb 2025 and a record low of 0.533 USD/Dozen in May 2002. United States Wholesale Price: Eggs: Grade A: Large: New York data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Economic Research Service. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.P004: Poultry and Egg Price.

Egg Production per Hen: Volume: Agricultural Enterprises: Far East Federal District (FE) data was reported at 312.000 Unit in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 302.000 Unit for 2019. Egg Production per Hen: Volume: Agricultural Enterprises: Far East Federal District (FE) data is updated yearly, averaging 286.000 Unit from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2020, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 312.000 Unit in 2020 and a record low of 186.000 Unit in 1997. Egg Production per Hen: Volume: Agricultural Enterprises: Far East Federal District (FE) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Agriculture Sector – Table RU.RIB011: Poultry Egg Production: All Enterprises: Annual.

Theory describing evolution of offspring size often assumes that the production cost per unit volume is the same for small and large offspring. However, this may not be true if indirect costs of reproduction (e.g., material and energetic costs of supporting offspring development) scale disproportionately with offspring size. Here we show how direct and indirect costs of reproduction can be explicitly modeled within the Smith-Fretwell framework and how observations of size-number relationships can thus be used to evaluate indirect costs. We applied this analysis to measures of egg volume and fecundity for over 300 individuals of a coastal fish species and found that the tradeoff was much stronger than the expected inverse (fecundity scaled with volume-1.843). Larger offspring were thus more expensive to produce. For our study species, an important indirect cost was that larger eggs were accompanied by disproportionately more ovarian fluid. Calorimetry and removal experiments were used to..., , , # Data from: indirect costs of reproduction and the tradeoff between offspring size and number: a framework illustrated by fitness costs and benefits of ovarian fluid

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ksn02v7ch

Description of the data and file structure

California Grunion egg size number.csv file contains data on egg size and batch fecundity of California Grunion

(Leuresthes tenuis). SL is standard length in cm; Wt is weight in grams; mean.egg.diameter is measured in mm; sd and n refer to standard deviation and number in the sample used to estimate the mean diameter. n/a indicates no data.

California Grunion egg weight and energy content.csv file contains data on size and energy content of groups of eggs.

Separate samples of the same egg batch were made to measure weight (wet and dry) and energy content (measured via calorimetry).

Diameter of eggs is measured in mm. 'avg.E' is mean energy content (calories per gram dry weight). n/...

In many birds, there is significant variation in egg size both across and within clutches that remains to be explained. Birds lay one egg per day and in hot climates, the first laid eggs may start to develop before the laying of the rest of the clutch is complete, through warming by the ambient air temperature. Here, we test the hypothesis that in hot conditions, skews in egg size across the laying sequence may be more pronounced, as females use egg size to compensate for hatching asynchrony, providing a higher level of provisioning to the later laid eggs that would hatch later due to ambient incubation. We have focused on the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), a species that typically breeds over an extended period of the year, and therefore across a particularly wide range of ambient temperatures. We characterised the variation in egg size using data from over 700 clutches, including historical specimens, a wild population, and both domesticated and wild birds breeding in captivity, in addition to clutches produced experimentally in controlled-temperature rooms. Here, we document significant variation in egg size between and within clutches, with eggs increasing in size over the laying order, with both maternal identity and population differences playing an important role (domesticated birds laid eggs that were much larger than their wild counterparts). However, we found no support for the idea that variation in egg size either within a clutch, and across clutches and populations, is related to variation in ambient temperature, despite the large range of thermal environments experienced during laying. In conclusion, whilst egg size is clearly a labile characteristic there is no evidence this is flexibly adjusted to local ambient temperatures before and during laying.

Methods

Details in full paper

Usage Notes

File contains all the data to run the Analyses that are described in the supplementary R code file "Griffith et al_Egg size_R_code_190814.Rmd". There is one data frame in the supplementary data file (Sup_Data_ZBs_EggSize_190814.xlsx) that can be saved into an individual CSV file using the same file name as the tab name so that the supplementary code can be easily followed for importing the data to R.

Find more details in read me in second worksheet of file.

Viviparity (live-bearing) has independently evolved from oviparity (egg-laying) in more than 100 lineages of squamates (lizards and snakes). We might expect consequent shifts in selective forces to affect per-brood reproductive investment (RI = total mass of offspring relative to maternal mass) and in the way in which that output is partitioned (number versus size of offspring per brood). Based on the assumption that newly-born offspring are heavier than eggs, we predicted that live-bearing must entail either increased reproductive investment or a reduction in offspring size and/or fecundity. However, our phylogenetically-controlled analysis of data on 1,259 squamate species revealed no significant differences in mean offspring size, clutch size or RI between oviparous and viviparous squamates. We attribute this paradoxical result to (1) strong selection on optimal offspring sizes, unaffected by parity mode, (2) the lack of a larval stage in amniotes, favouring large eggs even in the ancestral oviparous mode, and (3) the ability of viviparous females to decrease the mass of uterine embryos by reducing extra-embryonic water stores. Our analysis shows that squamate eggs (when laid) weigh about the same as the hatchlings that emerge from them (despite a many-fold increase in embryo mass during incubation). Most of the egg mass is due to components (such as water stores and the eggshell) not required for oviductal incubation. That repackaging enables live-born offspring to be accommodated within the mother’s body without increasing total litter mass. The consequent stasis in reproductive burden during the evolutionary transition from oviparity to viviparity may have facilitated frequent shifts in parity modes.

Methods To compare oviparous and viviparous species with respect to fecundity (clutch vs. litter size), offspring size (hatchling vs. neonate mass), and reproductive investment (RI), we collected data on squamate life history traits, body sizes, and geographic ranges from the literature, museum databases and our own observations in the field, of captive reptiles and in museum collections.

We define all live-bearing species (including ovoviviparous taxa) as “viviparous” because our interest lies not in the physiology of gas and material transfer between the embryo and the air or uterus, but with the effects of carrying developing embryos inside the body cavity of the mother. We excluded from the dataset all records of squamates that lay fixed clutch sizes of one or two eggs (Schwarz & Meiri, 2017). These are defined here by phylogenetic criteria, as members of the Gekkota (geckos and pygopodids), Dactyloidae (anoles) and Gymnophthalmidae. Because the number of eggs per clutch is tightly constrained in these taxa, their responses to the evolution of viviparity may differ from those of other squamates. In practice, excluding these taxa has little impact because, as far as is known, all anoles and gymnophthalmids and ~98% of gekkotans lay eggs (Meiri, 2018). Members of other lineages with very small brood sizes (e.g., 1 or, less often, 2 in the Solomon Island skink, Corucia zebrata; Honegger, 1985) were included because their small broods presumably reflect adaptations rather than constraints.

Data on clutch and litter (henceforth: brood) sizes and on body sizes of hatchlings, neonates and adult females are means. In cases when multiple mean values were available, we used the average between the largest and smallest reported means. If data on means were unavailable, we used the average between the largest and smallest reported numbers or sizes. To compare among animals that vary greatly in shape (e.g., heavyset lizards vs slender snakes) we converted data on snout vent lengths (SVL) (for all lizards and some snakes) or total lengths (TL, for most snakes) to masses using clade-specific equations, taking lizard leg reduction into account (Meiri, 2010, Feldman & Meiri, 2013, Feldman, Sabath, Pyron, Mayrose & Meiri 2016). For four species (Uromastyx thomasi, Lerista arenicola, Varanus timorensis and V. dumerilii) we could only obtain data on female mass, but not length, so we used mass data (of non-gravid females) directly. To calculate RIs we multiplied the mean brood size by mean hatchling/neonate mass and divided this by female mass. We only used species for which we had data for all parameters (mode of reproduction, hatchling/neonate size, brood size, female mass) as well as phylogenetic information.

Large white, Grade A chicken eggs, sold in a carton of a dozen. Includes organic, non-organic, cage free, free range, and traditional."

Large white, Grade A chicken eggs, sold in a carton of a dozen. Includes organic, non-organic, cage free, free range, and traditional."

The number of fertilized and unfertilized eggs produced by M. beryllina individuals collected in Suisun Bay, California in spawning experiments. access_formats=.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv acquisition_description=Fish survey data\u00a0were collected by beach seine in the Suisun Bay region of the San Francisco Bay-Delta by Susanne Brander and Bryan Cole. Sampling methodology is fully described in Brander et al. (2013).

Laboratory spawning trials were used to determine the relationship between sex ratio and egg production. Adult inland silversides were placed together in 95 liter circular tanks and allowed to spawn on an artificial spawning substrate (polyester yarn clumps). Substrate was removed daily and inspected for eggs; fertilization was determined by coloration. Full details are provided in White et al. (2017). awards_0_award_nid=542383 awards_0_award_number=OCE-1435473 awards_0_data_url=http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1435473 awards_0_funder_name=NSF Division of Ocean Sciences awards_0_funding_acronym=NSF OCE awards_0_funding_source_nid=355 awards_0_program_manager=David L. Garrison awards_0_program_manager_nid=50534 cdm_data_type=Other comment=Eggs produced per trial J. W. White and S. Brander, PIs Version 4 August 2017 Conventions=COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3 data_source=extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019 defaultDataQuery=&time<now doi=10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.713302.1 infoUrl=https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/713302 institution=BCO-DMO instruments_0_acronym=Purse-seine instruments_0_dataset_instrument_description=Used to collect samples instruments_0_dataset_instrument_nid=713310 instruments_0_description=A purse seine is a large wall of netting deployed in a circle around an entire school of fish. The seine has floats along the top line with a lead line of chain along the bottom. Once a school of fish is located, a skiff pulls the seine into the water as the vessel encircles the school with the net. A cable running along the bottom is then pulled in, "pursing" the net closed on the bottom, preventing fish from escaping by swimming downward. The catch is harvested by bringing the net alongside the vessel and brailing the fish aboard. instruments_0_instrument_name=Purse-seine Fishing Gear instruments_0_instrument_nid=675173 instruments_0_supplied_name=Beach seine metadata_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/713302 param_mapping={'713302': {}} parameter_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/713302/parameters people_0_affiliation=University of North Carolina - Wilmington people_0_affiliation_acronym=UNC-Wilmington people_0_person_name=J Wilson White people_0_person_nid=516429 people_0_role=Principal Investigator people_0_role_type=originator people_1_affiliation=University of North Carolina - Wilmington people_1_affiliation_acronym=UNC-Wilmington people_1_person_name=Dr Susanne Brander people_1_person_nid=712930 people_1_role=Co-Principal Investigator people_1_role_type=originator people_2_affiliation=University of North Carolina - Wilmington people_2_affiliation_acronym=UNC-Wilmington people_2_person_name=J Wilson White people_2_person_nid=516429 people_2_role=Contact people_2_role_type=related people_3_affiliation=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution people_3_affiliation_acronym=WHOI BCO-DMO people_3_person_name=Hannah Ake people_3_person_nid=650173 people_3_role=BCO-DMO Data Manager people_3_role_type=related project=Goby size-selection projects_0_acronym=Goby size-selection projects_0_description=Description from NSF award abstract: Many marine fish species change sex during their lifetimes, and many of them are targets of commercial and recreational fishing. The timing of sex change in these animals is often related to body size, so populations typically consist of many small fish of the initial sex (usually female) and few large fish of the other sex (usually male). In nature, smaller fish are at a greater risk of mortality due to predation, but fishermen tend to seek larger fish. Thus fishing that targets larger individuals may skew sex ratios, removing enough of the larger sex to hinder reproduction. However, the extent to which size-selective mortality affects sex-changing fishes is poorly understood. This research will explore the effects of size-selective mortality on the population dynamics of sex-changing species using an integrated set of field experiments and mathematical models. It will provide the first experimental exploration of the sensitivity of different sex-change patterns and reproductive strategies to selective mortality. The results will advance our knowledge of the susceptibility and resilience of sex-changing organisms to different types of size-selective mortality and will reveal how sex-changing species can recover after size-selection ceases, as in populations within marine reserves where fishing is suddenly prohibited. The findings will inform fisheries management policies, which do not currently consider the ability of a species to change sex in setting fisheries regulations. This project will consist of a three-year study of the effects of size-specific mortality on sex-changing fishes. Field experiments will use three closely related rocky-reef fishes that differ in sex-change pattern and are amenable to field manipulation and direct measurement of reproductive output. The species include a protogynous hermaphrodite (a female-to-male sex-change pattern common among harvested species) and two simultaneous hermaphrodites that differ in their ability to switch between male and female. Two types of experiments will be conducted on populations established on replicate patch reefs at Santa Catalina Island, California: (1) sex ratios will be manipulated to determine when the scarcity of males limits population-level reproductive output; and (2) experiments cross-factoring the intensity of mortality with the form of size-selection (i.e., higher mortality of large or small individuals) will test the demographic consequences of size-selective mortality. In concert with the field experiments, size- and sex-structured population models (integral projection models) will be developed for use in three ways: (1) to evaluate how different types of selective mortality should affect population dynamics; (2) to predict outcomes of the field experiments, testing/validating the model and allowing direct prediction of the ecological significance of short-term selection; and (3) to fit to existing survey data for a fourth species, a widely fished, sex-changing fish, inside and outside of marine reserves. Part (3) will evaluate whether and how quickly the mating system and reproductive output of that species (not directly measurable in the field) is recovering inside reserves. This integrated set of field experiments and models will yield novel insight into the effects of size-selective mortality on the population dynamics of sex-changing marine species. projects_0_end_date=2018-02 projects_0_geolocation=Southern California, Santa Catalina Island projects_0_name=Impacts of size-selective mortality on sex-changing fishes projects_0_project_nid=516431 projects_0_start_date=2015-03 sourceUrl=(local files) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v55 version=1 xml_source=osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3

SummaryThe repository includes the data and R script for performing an analysis of among- and within-individual differences in the timing of first nesting attempts of the year in natal and pre-breeding environmental conditions (see reference). The data come from a long-term study of the demography of Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) breeding on Kent Island, New Brunswick, Canada (44.58°N, 66.76°W). Climate data were taken from an Environment and Climate Change Canada weather station at the airport in Saint John, NB (45.32°N, 65.89°W; https://www.climate.weather.gc.ca)Datasets(1) SAVS_all_nests_samp.csv: contains summary information for all nest attempts observed for all females included in the analysis (i.e., including both first-of-year and subsequent lay dates).(2) SAVS_first_nest_per_year_samp.csv: contains detailed information on the first nesting attempt by each female Savannah sparrow monitored in the population over the course of the study (1987-2019, excluding the years 2005-2007; see Methods: Study site and field sampling in reference).(3) mean_daily_temperature.csv: contains mean daily temperature records from the ECCC weather station at Saint John, NB (see above). These mean daily temperatures were used in a climate sensitivity analysis to determine the optimum pre-breeding window on Kent Island.(4) SAVS_annual_summary.csv: contains annual summaries of average lay dates, breeding density, reproductive output, etc.Variables- female.id = factor; unique aluminum band number (USGS or Canadian Wildlife Service) assigned to each female- rain.categorical = binary (0 = low rainfall; 1 = high rainfall); groups females into low (81-171 mm) and high (172-378 mm) natal rainfall groups, based on the natal environmental conditions observed in each year (see Methods: Statistical analysis in reference)- year = integer (1987-2019); study year. The population on Savannah sparrows on Kent Island has been monitored since 1987 (excluding three years, 2005-2007)- nest.id = factor; an alpha-numeric code assigned to each nest; unique within years (the combination of year and nest.id would create a unique identifier for each nest)- fledglings = integer; number of offspring fledged from a nest- total.fledglings = integer; the total number of fledglings reared by a given female over the course of her lifetime- nest.attempts = integer; the total number of nest attempts per female (the number of nests over which the total number of fledglings is divided; includes both successful and unsuccessful clutches)hatch.yday = integer; day of the year on which the first egg hatched in a given nestlay.ydate = integer; day of the year on which the first egg was laid in a given nestlay.caldate = date (dd/mm/yyyy); calendar date on which the first egg in a given nest was laidnestling.year = integer; the year in which the female/mother of a given nest was born- nestling.density = integer; the density of adult breeders in the year in which a given female (associated with a particular nest) was born- total.nestling.rain = numeric; cumulative rainfall (in mm) experienced by a female during the nestling period in her natal year of life (01 June to 31 July; see Methods: Temperature and precipitation data in reference)- years.experience = integer; number of previous breeding years per female in a particular year- density.total = integer; total number of adult breeders in the study site in a particular year- MCfden = numeric; mean-centred female density- MCbfden = numeric; mean-centred between-female density- MCwfden = numeric; mean-centred within-female density- mean.t.window = numeric; mean temperature during the identified pre-breeding window (03 May to 26 May; see Methods: Climate sensitivity analysis in reference)- MCtemp = numeric; mean-centred temperature during the optimal pre-breeding window- MCbtemp = numeric; mean-centred between-female temperature during the optimal pre-breeding window- MCwtemp = numeric; mean-centred within-female temperature during the optimal pre-breeding window- female.age = integer; age (in years) of a given female in a given year- MCage = numeric; mean-centred female age- MCbage = numeric; mean-centred between-female age- MCwage = numeric; mean-centred within-female age- mean_temp_c = numeric; mean daily temperature in °C- meanLD = numeric; mean lay date (in days of the year) across all first nest attempts in a given year- sdLD = numeric; standard deviation in lay date (in days of the year) across all first nest attempts in a given year- seLD = numeric; standard error n lay date (in days of the year) across all first nest attempts in a given year- meanTEMP = numeric; mean temperature (in °C) during the breeding period in a given year- records = integer; number of first nest attempts from each year included in the analysis- total.nestling.precip = numeric; total rainfall (in mm) during the nestling period (01 June to 31 July) in a given year- total.breeding.precip = numeric; total rainfall (in mm) during the breeding period (15 April to 31 July) in a given year- density.total = integer; total density of adult breeders on the study site in a given year- total.fledglings = integer; total number of offspring fledged by all breeders in the study site on a given year- cohort.fecundity = numeric; average number of offspring per breeder in a given yearCodecode for Burant et al. - SAVS lay date plasticity analysis.RThe R script provided includes all the code required to import the data and perform the statistical analyses presented in the manuscript. These include:- t-tests investigating the effects of natal conditions (rain.categorical) on female age, nest attempts, and reproductive success- linear models of changes in temperature, precipitation, reproductive success, and population density over time, and lay dates in response to female age, density, etc.- a climate sensing analysis to identify the optimal pre-breeding window on Kent Island- mixed effects models investigating how lay dates respond to changes in within- and between-female age, density, and temperaturesee readme.rtf for a list of datasets and variables.

Allergen30

About Allergen30

Allergen30 is created by Mayank Mishra, Nikunj Bansal, Tanmay Sarkar and Tanupriya Choudhury with a goal of building a robust detection model that can assist people in avoiding possible allergic reactions.

It contains more than 6,000 images of 30 commonly used food items which can cause an adverse reaction within a human body. This dataset is one of the first research attempts in training a deep learning based computer vision model to detect the presence of such food items from images. It also serves as a benchmark for evaluating the efficacy of object detection methods in learning the otherwise difficult visual cues related to food items.

Description of class labels

There are multiple food items pertaining to specific food intolerances which can trigger an allergic reaction. Such food intolerance primarily include Lactose, Histamine, Gluten, Salicylate, Caffeine and Ovomucoid intolerance. https://github.com/mmayank74567/mmayank74567.github.io/blob/master/images/FoodIntol.png?raw=true" alt="Food intolerance">

The following table contains the description relating to the 30 class labels in our dataset.

Data collection

We used search engines (Google and Bing) to crawl and look for suitable images using JavaScript queries for each food item from the list created. The images with incomplete RGB channels were removed, and the images collected from different search engines were compiled. When downloading images from search engines, many images were irrelevant to the purpose, especially the ones with a lot of text in them. We deployed the EAST text detector to segregate such images. Finally, a comprehensive manual inspection was conducted to ensure the relevancy of images in the dataset.

Fair use

This dataset contains some copyrighted material whose use has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owners. In an effort to advance scientific research, we make this material available for academic research. If you wish to use copyrighted material in our dataset for purposes of your own that go beyond non-commercial research and academic purposes, you must obtain permission directly from the copyright owner. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for non-commercial research and educational purposes.(adapted from Christopher Thomas).

**Citatio

Individuals vary with respect to their nutritional state and such variation is an important determinant of the amount of resources individuals allocate towards reproductive functions. Currently, we have a relatively poor understanding of the downstream consequences of food deprivation on different traits associated with reproduction. Here, we address this gap by investigating how food deprivation affected different traits across the breeding cycle in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides; a species that breeds on carcasses of small vertebrates serving as food for both parents and offspring. We found that food-deprived females took longer to start egg laying than control females, which may allow them more time to feed from the carcass. There was no difference between food-deprived and control females in the number, size, laying pattern or hatching success of eggs, suggesting that this delay allowed females to compensate for their poor initial state. However, food-deprived females spent less time providing care, suggesting that this compensation was incomplete. Finally, we found no evidence for negative effects of food deprivation on the offspring's growth or survival, which is surprising given that food-deprived females took longer to initiate egg laying and provided less care to their offspring. Our results highlight that food deprivation can have complex effects on parental and offspring traits, and suggest that females face a trade-off between the benefits of mitigating downstream consequences of nutritional stress and the costs associated with delaying the start of reproduction.

With these data, I evaluated whether the diet of Mormon cricket parents affected the diapause and development rate of the eggs that they laid. This was completed with two lab experiments. The first was a ten year experiment conducted at the ARS Northern Plains Agricultural Laboratory in Sidney Montana on a population from Utah (UT, 38.4249 N, 112.8618 W, 1853 m above sea level). Eggs were laid in the lab by males and females collected from the field, and hatched F1 nymphs were fed natural diet until they molted to 7th instar when they were sexed and randomly assigned one of three diet treatments. We prepared diets consisting of 42% macronutrients (protein P and carbohydrates C, in select ratios of P:C), 54% cellulose, 1.8% Wesson’s salt mixture, and 2.2% vitamins, linoleic acid, and cholesterol. We gave each insect one of three diet treatments: 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 P:C (which we label hi P, PC, and hi C, respectively). They were given this diet until they were 9 day old adults. On June 3, 2013, three females of each diet treatment were paired with males of the same diet treatment (e.g., hi C females were paired with hi C males) and each pair of adults was placed in a nylon cage with a pan of dry sand to mate and lay eggs.The F2 eggs were collected on July 26, 2013, placed in 25% moistened sand (as above) in a cup marked with the parentage and covered with a lid. One PC female died shortly after being placed in the mating cage and had no eggs; the other mating pairs were alive when the eggs were collected. We placed the eggs in a seasonal temperature program which is best described as 6 weeks of winter, 2 weeks of spring, 10 weeks of summer, and 2 weeks of autumn. The temperature program is then repeated. Eggs were screened for development in the final two weeks of each cycle (the autumn period), and the developed eggs were separated from the undeveloped eggs. Half-developed eggs were also separated from the undeveloped eggs to follow the completion of their development separately. For each egg in the sibling group, we tracked the timing of the fate of each egg: either fully developed (and thus ready to enter winter and hatch the following spring), discard (due to being flat, black, or invaded by fungus), broken, or missing. For some mating pairs, we also collected a few eggs and fixed them, which killed the eggs, but cleared the chorion so that we could review their developmental stages (fate=fixed). The temperature treatments were applied for approximately 10 calendar years starting in 2013 when the eggs were collected and ending in April 2024.The second experiment was conducted at the ARS Northern Plains Agricultural Laboratory in Sidney Montana on a population from Wyoming (WY, 44.8264 N, 107.8280 W, 2773 m a.s.l). To vary maternal diets for this study, Mormon crickets were caged with or without Northern grasshoppers (Melanoplus borealis) in thirty-two 1 m2 cages on a mountain meadow on Forest Service Road 14 (FSR 14), Bighorn County, Wyoming (location given above). Northern grasshopper 3rd and a few 4th instar nymphs were collected from FSR 14 and placed into cages on June 29, 2018 at densities of 0, 9, 18, and 27 grasshoppers m-2. In order to examine the effects of Mormon cricket density, an equal number of male and female Mormon cricket nymphs (2nd or 3rd instars) were added to the cages on FSR 14 on July 1 at combined densities of 6 and 12 m-2. The thirty-two cages amounted to four replicates of each grasshopper x Mormon cricket density treatment. Adult Mormon crickets were collected from the cages on August 28, 2018 and transported to the insect rearing facility in Sidney, Montana.To measure development rate as a function of temperature, I aimed to collect five eggs per treatment temperature from 15 mating pairs. Eggs oviposited in the previous 24 h were sifted from the sand and placed in a petri dish with filter paper moistened with water, covered with a lid, and sealed with parafilm. Twelve females oviposited enough eggs to fill all eight temperature treatments (averaging 4.6 eggs per treatment temperature); three females only had enough to fill five or six of the temperature treatments. For each mating pair, eight petri dishes were marked to indicate the source mating pair, date set up, and one of eight treatment temperatures (Tmean): 22:14°C (Tmean=18°C), 24:16°C (Tmean=20°C), 26:18°C (Tmean=22°C), 28:20°C (24°C), 30:22°C (26°C), 32:24°C (28°C), 34:26°C (30°C), and 36:28°C (32°C). Each of eight incubators cycled between 12 h warm and 12 h cool about its Tmean in continuous darkness. Initially, development of embryos was scored every three to four days beginning at day 34 from when the eggs were laid. The developing eyespot was the first embryonic tissue visible with aid of a dissecting scope. Eggs were given six months to show signs of development. None of the eggs at the lowest temperature (22:14°C) showed any development, and so I placed the same petri dishes of eggs in 38:30°C (Tmean=34°C) to measure development at this ninth experimental temperature with the explicit assumption that exposure to the cold temperature for six months did not affect development rate in this high temperature treatment. Development rate is the inverse of time in days from when the eggs were oviposited to Stage 19 when the cricket fills half of the egg. Relatively few embryos grew to stage 23 due to aestivation at high temperatures.