Early detection and effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients remain major challenges. Here, we performed proteomic and metabolomic profiling of sera from 46 COVID-19 and 53 control individuals. We then trained a machine learning model using proteomic and metabolomic measurements from a training cohort of 18 non-severe and 13 severe patients. The model was validated using ten independent patients, seven of which were correctly classified. Targeted proteomics and metabolomics assays were employed to further validate this molecular classifier in a second test cohort of 19 new COVID-19 patients, leading to 16 correct assignments. We identified molecular changes in the sera of COVID-19 patients compared to other groups implicating dysregulation of macrophage, platelet degranulation and complement system pathways, and massive metabolic suppression. This study revealed characteristic protein and metabolite changes in the sera of severe COVID-19 patients, which might be used in selection of potential blood biomarkers for severity evaluation.Dataset imported into MassIVE from https://www.iprox.org/page/project.html?id=IPX0002106000 on 05/29/20

Abstract

In Chad, COVID-19 is expected to affect households in many ways. First, governments might reduce social transfers to households due to the decline in revenue arising from the potential COVID-19 economic recession. Second households deriving income from vulnerable sectors such as tourism and related activities will likely face risk of unemployment or loss of income. Third an increase in prices of imported goods can also negatively impact household welfare, as a direct consequence of the increase of these imported items or as indirect increase of prices of local good manufactured using imported inputs. In this context, there is a need to produce high frequency data to help policy makers in monitoring the channels by which the pandemic affects households and assessing its distributional impact. To do so, the sample of the longitudinal survey will be a sub-sample of the 2018/19 Enquête sur la Consommation des Ménages et le Secteur Informel au Tchad (Ecosit 4) in Chad.

This has the advantage of conducting cost effectively welfare analysis without collecting new consumption data. The 30 minutes questionnaires covered many modules, including knowledge, behavior, access to services, food security, employment, safety nets, shocks, coping, etc. Data collection is planned for four months (four rounds) and the questionnaire is designed with core modules and rotating modules.

The main objectives of the survey are to: • Identify type of households directly or indirectly affected by the pandemic; • Identify the main channels by which the pandemic affects households; • Provide relevant data on income and socioeconomic indicators to assess the welfare impact of the pandemic.

Geographic coverage

National coverage, including Ndjamena (Capital city), other urban and rural

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals

Universe

The survey covered only households of the 2018/19 Enquête sur la Consommation des Ménages et le Secteur Informel au Tchad (ECOSIT 4) which excluded populations in prisons, hospitals, military barracks, and school dormitories.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The Chad COVID-19 impact monitoring survey is a high frequency Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI). The survey’s sample was drawn from the Enquête sur la Consommation des Ménages et le Secteur Informel au Tchad (Ecosit 4) which was conducted in 2018-2019. ECOSIT 4 is a survey with a sample size of 7,493 household’s representative at national, regional and by urban/rural. During the survey, each household was asked to provide a phone number of at least one member or a non-household member (e.g. friends or neighbors) so that they can be contacted for follow-up questions. The sampling of the high frequency survey aimed at having representative estimates by national and area of residence: Ndjamena (capital city), other urban and rural area. The minimum sample size was 2,000 for which 1,748 households (87.5%) were successfully interviewed at the national level. To account for non-response and attrition and given that this survey was the first experience of INSEED, 2,833households were initially selected, among them 1,832 households have been reached. The 1,748 households represent the final sample and will be contacted for the next three rounds of the survey.

Sampling deviation

None

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The questionnaire is in French and has been administrated in French and local languages. The length of an interview varies between 20 and 30 minutes. The questionnaires consisted of the following sections: 1- Household Roster 2- Knowledge of COVID-19 3- Behavior and Social Distancing 4- Access to Basic Services 5- Employment and Income 6- Prices and Food Security 7- Other Impacts of COVID-19 8- Income Loss 9- Coping/Shocks 10- Social Safety Nets 11- Fragility 12. Gender based Violence (for the fourth wave) 13. Vaccine (for the fourth wave)

Cleaning operations

At the end of data collection, the raw dataset was cleaned by the INSEED with the support of the WB team. This included formatting, and correcting results based on monitoring issues, enumerator feedback and survey changes.

Response rate

The minimum sample expected is 2,000 households covering Ndjamena, other urban and rural areas. Overall, the survey has been completed for 1,748 households that is about 87.5 % of the expected minimal sample size at the national level. This provide reliable estimates at national and area of residence level.