China recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 88.30 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2024. This dataset provides - China Government Debt To GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in China decreased to 60 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2024 from 60.10 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2024. This dataset provides - China Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

China Foreign Debt: U.S. Dollar data was reported at 966.080 USD bn in Dec 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,000.160 USD bn for Sep 2024. China Foreign Debt: U.S. Dollar data is updated quarterly, averaging 856.892 USD bn from Dec 2009 (Median) to Dec 2024, with 61 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,290.516 USD bn in Mar 2022 and a record low of 180.883 USD bn in Dec 2009. China Foreign Debt: U.S. Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by State Administration of Foreign Exchange. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table CN.FA: Foreign Debt: Quarterly.

External Debt in China decreased to 24198 USD Hundred Million in 2024 from 24475 USD Hundred Million in 2023. This dataset provides - China External Debt - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The COFI database includes power-generation projects in Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries financed by Chinese corporations and banks that reached financial closure from 2000 to 2020. Types of financing include debt and equity investment, with the latter including greenfield foreign direct investments (FDI) and cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As). COFI is consolidated using nine source databases using both automated join method in R Studio, and manual joining by analysts. The database includes power plant characteristics data and investment detail data. It captures 430 power plants in 76 BRI countries, including 220 equity investment transactions and 253 debt investment transactions made by Chinese investors. Key data points for financial transactions in COFI include the financial instrument (equity or debt), investor name, amount, and financial close year. Key technical characteristics tracked for projects in COFI include name, installed capacity, commissioning year, country, and primary fuel type. This project is a collaboration among the Boston University Global Development Policy Center, the Inter-American Dialogue, the China-Africa Research Initiative at the Johns Hopkins University (CARI), and the World Resources Institute (WRI). The detailed methodology is given in the World Resources Institute publication “China Overseas Finance Inventory”.

This dataset contains information about China’s portfolio of collateralized loans to borrowing institutions in low-income and middle-income countries that qualify as public and publicly-guaranteed (PPG) debt. It captures 620 collateralized PPG loan commitments worth $418 billion from 31 Chinese state-owned creditors to 158 borrowers in 57 countries between 2000 and 2021.

China Listed Company: Debt to Asset Ratio: Real Estate data was reported at 74.568 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 86.729 % for 2022. China Listed Company: Debt to Asset Ratio: Real Estate data is updated yearly, averaging 74.278 % from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2023, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 86.729 % in 2022 and a record low of 50.030 % in 2001. China Listed Company: Debt to Asset Ratio: Real Estate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Securities Regulatory Commission. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Business and Economic Survey – Table CN.OZ: Financial Data of Listed Company: Debt to Asset Ratio.

China Local Government Debt Outstanding data was reported at 24,000,000.000 RMB mn in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 15,885,832.000 RMB mn for 2012. China Local Government Debt Outstanding data is updated yearly, averaging 9,867,197.000 RMB mn from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2014, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 24,000,000.000 RMB mn in 2014 and a record low of 4,509,831.000 RMB mn in 2007. China Local Government Debt Outstanding data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Audit Office. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table CN.FA: Government Debt: National Audit Office.

The yield on China 10Y Bond Yield rose to 1.71% on July 23, 2025, marking a 0.02 percentage point increase from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.07 points, though it remains 0.52 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. China 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Two Excel files that fully replicate all figures and tables. Each file includes short ReadMe files to guide users: • “HowChinaLends_DataandResults” includes the raw data and derives all results and statistics that are presented in the paper and appendix. The data in this file is identical to the dataset posted on the AidData website (https://www.aiddata.org/data/how-china-lends-dataset-version-1-0). The source links are updated to direct users to our online repository. The ContractData sheet contains the full coding results for all 100 Chinese loan contracts and all 142 benchmark contracts from Cameroon. • HowChinaLends_ChartBook presents all tables and figures from the paper based on statistics derived from “HowChinaLends_DataandResults".

If you use the data, please cite as: Gelpern, A., Horn, S., Morris, S., Parks, B., & Trebesch, C. (2021). How China Lends: A Rare Look into 100 Debt Contracts with Foreign Governments. Peterson Institute for International Economics, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Center for Global Development, and AidData at William & Mary.

Fig.1 Flow chart of research design. Visit https://dataone.org/datasets/sha256%3Aa5be46b67e3f63502bee29f379516ea6f194ff0d01fc8014dc62ddd7a62df42b for complete metadata about this dataset.

This article identifies the root of the government debt crisis focusing on the role of hydropower in form of the provision of the new short term credit of china. Outlining the options as well as policy recommendations for Laos on the reform of the energy sector.

Households Debt in China increased to 99.90 % of gross income in 2018 from 93.40 % in 2017. This dataset provides - China Households Debt To Income- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Table of Contents: AidData's Chinese Financing for Transition Minerals Dataset (CFTM), Version 1.0

Dataset & Documentation

Released January 29, 2025

Dataset Description

CFTM 1.0 captures China’s official sector grant and loan commitments between 2000 and 2021 for projects supporting upstream mining or midstream processing activities related to five focus transition minerals: Copper, cobalt, nickel, lithium, and rare earth elements. The dataset is the result of systematically searching for Chinese official sector financial commitments in 165 LICs and MICs (based off of AidData's Global Chinese Development Finance Dataset 3.0) and uncovers grant and loan records in 19 developing countries related to the focus transition minerals. It also provides details on the timing of project implementation over a 25-year period (2000-2024). The dataset features 4 different views to better enable analysis of the data. Each data view is described below.

Financial Contribution Level Data View

This data view is organized by financial contribution. Each row is assigned a unique AidData Record ID and captures one financial contribution from a single Chinese state-owned creditor or donor. Each creditor’s contribution to a loan commitment is captured in a separate row, even if it was part of a larger syndicated loan commitment (“loan event”). This data view is consistent with the way in which the 3.0 version of AidData's Global Chinese Development Finance Dataset (GCDF 3.0) is organized, although it includes several new variables and fields.

Loan Event Level Data View

This data view is organized by “loan event.” Each row is assigned a unique Loan Event ID and captures all creditors that participated in a single loan agreement—including Chinese state-owned creditors, Chinese private sector creditors, and non-Chinese creditors—and the overall size of their (syndicated) loan commitment. To ensure comprehensive coverage across the entire CFTM 1.0 dataset, the “loan event level” data view includes one grant record and two debt rescheduling records in addition to all the loan records. The loan event IDs for the grant and debt rescheduling records include a “G” or “DR” at the end of the ID, respectively. The “Flow Type” field assigns records to “Loan,” “Grant,” and “Debt Rescheduling” categories to enable users to filter the data according to their analytic needs.

Organization Role Data View

This data view provides a catalog of all organizations—including financiers, co-financiers, recipients, and implementers—involved in transition mineral projects supported by Chinese official financial commitments. It is particularly useful for applications that involve social network analysis of the CFTM 1.0 dataset. Each row records the identity of the involved organization, the corresponding loan event (where applicable), and the nature of the role that the organization played in the loan event or the project/activity supported by the loan event (where applicable). If an organization played more than one role in a given loan event, then there are multiple rows with one organizational role per row. In cases where the organization provided a financial commitment, the value of the transaction is recorded. This data includes Chinese official sector financiers and the Chinese private sector or non-Chinese creditors involved in syndicated lending arrangements alongside the Chinese official sector financiers.

Organization Ownership Data View

This data view identifies the fractional ownership (equity) stakes that organizations hold in transition mineral operations supported by official sector financial commitments from China. Each row captures a shareholder of the project company operating at each mining or processing site and their corresponding ownership (equity) stake in percentage terms, with a minimum threshold of a 1% ownership stake applied. Whenever the recorded financial flow is not allocable to a specific mining or processing site, then this data view represents the ownership of the mining/processing company that received the financial commitment or the mining/processing company in which an ownership stake was acquired. In cases where Chinese official finance was extended to a project company operating a specific mining or processing site, this data view represents the equity owners of the main borrowing entity.

License

This tab contains information about the open data license used for this dataset release.

Citation:

AidData's Chinese Financing for Transition Minerals, Version 1.0: Walsh, K., Zhang, S., Malik, A. A., Escobar, B., and Zimmerman, J. 2025. Tracking China’s Transition Mineral Financing: Methodology and Approach, Version 1.0. Williamsburg, VA: AidData at William & Mary.

Acknowledgements:

We gratefully acknowledge financial support from th...

China Local Government Debt Outstanding: Provincial Level data was reported at 3,211,194.000 RMB mn in 2010. China Local Government Debt Outstanding: Provincial Level data is updated yearly, averaging 3,211,194.000 RMB mn from Dec 2010 (Median) to 2010, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,211,194.000 RMB mn in 2010 and a record low of 3,211,194.000 RMB mn in 2010. China Local Government Debt Outstanding: Provincial Level data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Audit Office. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table CN.FA: Government Debt: National Audit Office.

Loans to Private Sector in China increased to 839997.99 CNY Hundred Million in June from 834021.23 CNY Hundred Million in May of 2025. This dataset provides - China Loans To Private Sector - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The benchmark interest rate in China was last recorded at 3 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - China Interest Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

China’s lending boom to developing countries is morphing into defaults and debt distress. Given the secrecy surrounding China’s loans, also the associated defaults remain “hidden”, as missed payments and restructuring details are not disclosed. This paper constructs an encompassing dataset of sovereign debt restructurings with Chinese lenders and finds that these credit events are surprisingly frequent, exceeding the number of sovereign bond or Paris Club restructurings. Chinese lenders follow a resolution approach reminiscent of 1980s Western lenders; they seldom provide deep debt relief with face value reduction. If history is any guide, multi-year debt workouts with serial restructurings lie in store.

Holdings of US Treasury Securities data was reported at 784.300 USD bn in Feb 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 760.802 USD bn for Jan 2025. Holdings of US Treasury Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 937.400 USD bn from Mar 2000 (Median) to Feb 2025, with 300 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,316.700 USD bn in Nov 2013 and a record low of 58.900 USD bn in Nov 2000. Holdings of US Treasury Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Department of the Treasury. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table CN.FF: Holdings of US Treasury Securities.

This study considered non-financial A-share listed corporations between 2007 and 2021, with enterprise data retrieved from the CSMAR database, the Wind database, and various provincial and municipal statistical yearbooks. The collected data was processed as follows: (1) Given the adjustments to industry codes by the China Securities Regulatory Commission in 2012, this study standardized industry codes from before 2012 to the dimension of codes after 2012. (2) The sample industry was restricted to manufacturing, and all ST, *ST, and PT company samples were excluded. (3) Samples of corporations with severely missing fundamental data were removed. (4) Samples of corporations with a debt–asset ratio exceeding 1 were removed. (5) A 1% trimming was applied to all dummy variables. The final sample comprised 21,273 observations, with 6,868 samples designated as the experimental group and 14,405 samples designated as the control group.