Summarizes the U.S. government's total outstanding debt at the end of each fiscal year from 1789 to the current year.

Total outstanding debt of the U.S. government reported daily. Includes a breakout of intragovernmental holdings (federal debt held by U.S. government) and debt held by the public (federal debt held by entities outside the U.S. government).

Government Debt in the United States decreased to 36211469 USD Million in June from 36215818 USD Million in May of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Government Debt- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt: Total Public Debt (GFDEBTN) from Q1 1966 to Q1 2025 about public, debt, federal, government, and USA.

The United States recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 124.30 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2024. This dataset provides - United States Government Debt To GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Interest Expense on Debt Outstanding dataset provides monthly and fiscal year-to-date values for interest expenses on federal government debt, that is, the cost to the U.S. for borrowing money (calculated at a specified rate and period of time). U.S. debt includes Treasury notes and bonds, foreign and domestic series certificates of indebtedness, savings bonds, Government Account Series (GAS), State and Local Government Series (SLGS) and other special purpose securities. While interest expenses are what the government pays to investors who loan money to the government, how much the government pays in interest depends on both the total federal debt and the interest rate investors charged when they loaned the money. This dataset is useful for those who wish to track the cost of maintaining federal debt.

Households Debt in the United States decreased to 69.20 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2024 from 70.50 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2024. This dataset provides - United States Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Key information about United States Government Debt: % of GDP

• United States Government debt accounted for 124.0 % of the country's Nominal GDP in Dec 2024, compared with the ratio of 123.1 % in the previous quarter.
• US government debt to GDP ratio data is updated quarterly, available from Mar 1969 to Dec 2024.
• The data reached an all-time high of 130.4 % in Mar 2021 and a record low of 31.8 % in Sep 1974.

• In the latest reports, US National Government Debt reached 36,220.2 USD bn in Jan 2025.
• The country's Nominal GDP reached 6,632.4 USD bn in Mar 2023.

Key information about United States Household Debt

• United States Household Debt reached 18,036.0 USD bn in Dec 2024, compared with the reported number of 17,943.0 USD bn in the previous quarter
• US Household Debt: USD mn data is updated quarterly, available from Mar 1999 to Dec 2024
• The data reached an all-time high of 18,036.0 USD bn in Dec 2024 and a record low of 4,540.0 USD bn in Mar 1999

• In the latest reports, United States Household Debt accounted for 61.7 % of the country's Nominal GDP in Dec 2024
• Money Supply M2 in United States increased 21,533.8 USD bn YoY in Dec 2024
• United States Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 34.9 USD bn in Dec 2024
• The Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 0.1 Months of Import in Dec 2024
• United States Domestic Credit reached 30,648.3 USD bn in Mar 2024, representing an drop of 0.3 % YoY

This dataset has various calculations of debt burden. The data is represented as percentages and will be updated twice per year in the Preliminary and Executive Budgets.

The Debt to the Penny dataset provides information about the total outstanding public debt and is reported each day. Debt to the Penny is made up of intragovernmental holdings and debt held by the public, including securities issued by the U.S. Treasury. Total public debt outstanding is composed of Treasury Bills, Notes, Bonds, Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS), Floating Rate Notes (FRNs), and Federal Financing Bank (FFB) securities, as well as Domestic Series, Foreign Series, State and Local Government Series (SLGS), U.S. Savings Securities, and Government Account Series (GAS) securities. Debt to the Penny is updated at 3:00 PM EST each business day with data from the previous business day.

Private Debt to GDP in the United States decreased to 142 percent in 2024 from 147.50 percent in 2023. United States Private Debt to GDP - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

# TDMentions: A Dataset of Technical Debt Mentions in Online Posts (version 1.0)

TDMentions is a dataset that contains mentions of technical debt from Reddit, Hacker News, and Stack Exchange. It also contains a list of blog posts on Medium that were tagged as technical debt. The dataset currently contains approximately 35,000 items.

## Data collection and processing

The dataset is mainly collected from existing datasets. We used data from:

- the archive of Reddit posts by Jason Baumgartner (available at [https://pushshift.io](https://pushshift.io),
- the archive of Hacker News available at Google's BigQuery (available at [https://console.cloud.google.com/marketplace/details/y-combinator/hacker-news](https://console.cloud.google.com/marketplace/details/y-combinator/hacker-news)), and the Stack Exchange data dump (available at [https://archive.org/details/stackexchange](https://archive.org/details/stackexchange)).
- the [GHTorrent](http://ghtorrent.org) project
- the [GH Archive](https://www.gharchive.org)

The data set currently contains data from the start of each source/service until 2018-12-31. For GitHub, we currently only include data from 2015-01-01.

We use the regular expression `tech(nical)?[\s\-_]*?debt` to find mentions in all sources except for Medium. We decided to limit our matches to variations of technical debt and tech debt. Other shorter forms, such as TD, can result in too many false positives. For Medium, we used the tag `technical-debt`.

## Data Format

The dataset is stored as a compressed (bzip2) JSON file with one JSON object per line. Each mention is represented as a JSON object with the following keys.

- `id`: the id used in the original source. We use the URL path to identify Medium posts.
- `body`: the text that contains the mention. This is either the comment or the title of the post. For Medium posts this is the title and subtitle (which might not mention technical debt, since posts are identified by the tag).
- `created_utc`: the time the item was posted in seconds since epoch in UTC.
- `author`: the author of the item. We use the username or userid from the source.
- `source`: where the item was posted. Valid sources are:
- HackerNews Comment
- HackerNews Job
- HackerNews Submission
- Reddit Comment
- Reddit Submission
- StackExchange Answer
- StackExchange Comment
- StackExchange Question
- Medium Post
- `meta`: Additional information about the item specific to the source. This includes, e.g., the subreddit a Reddit submission or comment was posted to, the score, etc. We try to use the same names, e.g., `score` and `num_comments` for keys that have the same meaning/information across multiple sources.

This is a sample item from Reddit:

```JSON
{
"id": "ab8auf",
"body": "Technical Debt Explained (x-post r/Eve)",
"created_utc": 1546271789,
"author": "totally_100_human",
"source": "Reddit Submission",
"meta": {
"title": "Technical Debt Explained (x-post r/Eve)",
"score": 1,
"num_comments": 0,
"url": "http://jestertrek.com/eve/technical-debt-2.png",
"subreddit": "RCBRedditBot"
}
}
```

## Sample Analyses

We decided to use JSON to store the data, since it is easy to work with from multiple programming languages. In the following examples, we use [`jq`](https://stedolan.github.io/jq/) to process the JSON.

### How many items are there for each source?

```
lbzip2 -cd postscomments.json.bz2 | jq '.source' | sort | uniq -c
```

### How many submissions that mentioned technical debt were posted each month?

```
lbzip2 -cd postscomments.json.bz2 | jq 'select(.source == "Reddit Submission") | .created_utc | strftime("%Y-%m")' | sort | uniq -c
```

### What are the titles of items that link (`meta.url`) to PDF documents?

```
lbzip2 -cd postscomments.json.bz2 | jq '. as $r | select(.meta.url?) | .meta.url | select(endswith(".pdf")) | $r.body'
```

### Please, I want CSV!

```
lbzip2 -cd postscomments.json.bz2 | jq -r '[.id, .body, .author] | @csv'
```

Note that you need to specify the keys you want to include for the CSV, so it is easier to either ignore the meta information or process each source.

Please see [https://github.com/sse-lnu/tdmentions](https://github.com/sse-lnu/tdmentions) for more analyses

# Limitations and Future updates

The current version of the dataset lacks GitHub data and Medium comments. GitHub data will be added in the next update. Medium comments (responses) will be added in a future update if we find a good way to represent these.

Analysis of ‘🪧 U.S. Presidents and Debt’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/yamqwe/u-s-presidents-and-debte on 13 February 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

About this dataset

All U.S. presidents since WWII and their impact on the U.S. debt

This dataset lists each president's impact on the U.S. debt since World War II to the present (2016), starting with Harry S. Truman to Barack Obama. The data is presented in two different ways:

• By President - inclusive of all terms served
  • Lists the term debt increase percentage
• Annual breakdown - from 1949 to 2016
  • Lists the annual debt increase percentage

The data also includes some meta information such as the term periods and lifespan, age, and party of each president.

Source

This dataset was created by Kevin Nayar and contains around 0 samples along with Party, Date Died, technical information and other features such as: - Age - Party - and more.

How to use this dataset

• Analyze Date Died in relation to Age
• Study the influence of Party on Date Died
• More datasets

Acknowledgements

If you use this dataset in your research, please credit Kevin Nayar

Start A New Notebook!

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

China recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 88.30 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2024. This dataset provides - China Government Debt To GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Using state-dependent local projections and historical US data, we find that government spending multipliers are considerably larger in periods of private debt overhang. In particular, while multipliers are below or close to one in low private debt states, we find significant crowding-in of private spending in periods of debt overhang, resulting in multipliers that are much larger than one. In high private debt episodes, more government purchases even reduce the ratio of government debt to gross domestic product. These results are robust for the type of shocks, and when we control for the business cycle, financial crises, deleveraging episodes, government debt overhang, and the zero-lower-bound.

This table represents the issues and redemption of marketable and nonmarketable securities. All figures are rounded to the nearest million.

This table represents the breakdown of total public debt outstanding as it relates to the statutory debt limit. All figures are rounded to the nearest million.

Brazil recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 76.50 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2024. This dataset provides - Brazil Government Debt To GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

External Debt in the United States increased to 28097015 USD Million in the first quarter of 2025 from 27629576 USD Million in the fourth quarter of 2024. This dataset provides - United States Net International Investment Position - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.