Costs are a leading driver of take-up and usage of digital financial services (DFS), yet little work has been done to measure these costs systematically. The Transaction Cost Index (TCI) seeks to fill this gap by systematically measuring the costs of using mobile money. We consider a broad definition of cost, inclusive of official fees and taxes, informal extra fees charged by agents, and non-pecuniary costs such as the opportunity cost of time wasted on failed transactions and exposure to consumer protection risks. Data was collected in two rounds. We conducted two activities: 1) Desk work: we systematically scraped official price lists from leading mobile money providers across 16 countries. We additionally collected information on tax treatment of mobile money transactions and regulations related to mobile money pricing. We additionally measured the ease of accessing providers’ pricing information 2) Fieldwork: to measure costs beyond official fees, in our first year, we tested three approaches to measuring the true cost of making mobile money transactions with agents, including overcharging and non-monetary costs. In our second year, we additionally modified our data collection approach based on lessons learned in the first year of work, focusing on only one approach. This work was conducted in Bangladesh, Tanzania, and Uganda.

Using a transaction cost framework, we analyze the costs of activities that comprise floodplain buyouts. Federal data do not distinguish transaction costs, but they do suggest that the cost of purchasing properties often accounts for 80% or less of total project costs. Through a systematic review (n = 1103 publications) and an analysis of government budgets (across n = 859 jurisdiction-years), we find limited sources with relevant cost information, none of which reports transaction costs.

Data includes the attribution FARs obtained from published research papers and the economic cost data obtained from EMDAT.

The Immunization Costing Action Network (ICAN) was a three-year project, supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and facilitated by ThinkWell and JSI, which included the implementation of costing studies in Indonesia, Tanzania, and Vietnam. This dataset provides the original data collected during the Indonesia country study as well as the analysis undertaken on those data. The study, undertaken by team of researchers from the University of Indonesia between 2017 and 2019, aims to provide evidence to support appropriate allocation of resources to the Indonesian immunization budget. The study's research question was: "Using a combination of different delivery strategies, what are the district/city-level costs incurred for immunization delivery that contribute to achievement of high coverage?" The study collected financial costs. The final report on the Indonesia country study and a summary presentation can be found here: http://immunizationeconomics.org/ican-country-research

The replication file includes the raw data extracted from the NCES NPSAS PowerStats batch processor, CPI inflation data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Nominal Personal Consumption Expenditures on Postsecondary Education from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, a Stata do file (replication.do) which uses these datasets to produce the figures in the text, and an archive of those visuals.

This file contains the Stata codes for the replication study, “Risk Sharing and Transaction Costs: A Replication Study of Evidence from Kenya's Mobile Money Revolution .” These Stata codes were used to produce tables and figures included in the replication paper. The paper was funded by 3ie’s Replication Window, supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Go to http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.1.183 to visit the original article’s page for additional materials and author disclosure statement(s). To access to the four rounds of survey data conducted by Professors Tavneet Suri and William Jack go to https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/mobilemoney. Please direct any comments or queries to the corresponding author, Nazila Alinaghi at nazila.alinaghi@vuw.ac.nz .

211 estimates of the social cost of carbon are included in a meta-analysis. The results confirm that a lower discount rate implies a higher estimate; and that higher estimates are found in the gray literature. It is also found that there is a downward trend in the economic impact estimates of the climate; that the Stern Review’s estimates of the social cost of carbon is an outlier; and that the right tail of the distribution is fat. There is a fair chance that the annual climate liability exceeds the annual income of many people.

What are the consequences of backing down in a foreign crisis? Empirical research on this question has mostly focused on domestic audience costs in hypothetical crisis settings. Using experiments in Japan based on an ongoing real-world dispute between China and Japan, we investigate how domestic and international reputations as well as domestic support are affected by the leader backing down and the strategies the leader uses for backing down. We also test for the first time whether and how the strategies used by one leader to de-escalate a crisis might impact the rival state’s leader. We find that strategies which mitigated the domestic costs of backing down also reduced the reputational damage assessed by the domestic public. However, they generally did not change the international reputational damage imposed from outside. Leaders can reduce their domestic costs of backing down, but are less able to do the same for their international audience costs. These findings have important substantive implications; they also showcase the methodological value of a “mirror experiment” reproducing a past experiment in a real-world dispute on the rival side in the same dispute.

This data package includes data, syntax, and materials for the publication "The anticipated social costs of disclosing a rejection experience".

We examine the pricing trends in the online toy markets by using panel data regression models with error components and serial correlation. Our results indicate that both online branch of multi-channel retailers (OBMCRS) and dotcoms charge similar prices on average, and that over time their prices move in tandem. Although the OBMCR retailers charge significantly different prices, the dotcoms do charge similar prices. Moreover, both retailer types demonstrate different magnitudes of price dispersion that move at different rates over time. Although the price dispersion of OBMCRS is higher than that of the dotcoms at the beginning, the gap narrows over time.

This paper investigates the relationship between housing prices and the quality of public schools in the Australian Capital Territory. To disentangle the effects of schools and other neighbourhood characteristics on the value of residential properties, we compare sale prices of homes on either side of high school attendance boundaries. We find that a 5 percent increase in test scores (approximately one standard deviation) is associated with a 3.5 percent increase in house prices. Our result is in line with private school tuition costs, and accords with prior research from Britain and the United States. Estimating the effect of school quality on house prices provides a possible measure of the extent to which parents value better educational outcomes.

Replication package for: "Do Export Support Programs affect Prices, Quality, Markups, and Marginal Costs? Evidence from a Natural Policy Experiment"

How much do fruits and vegetables cost? ERS estimated average prices for 153 commonly consumed fresh and processed fruits and vegetables.

Non-random survey with university students in Germany (Osnabrück) and Albania (Tirana) about their plans to emigrate, the importance of costs, and whether the prospects of an immigration "tax" (refundable deposit, non-refundable fee) would affect their plan. The data were collected in April 2011 using a self-administered online survey.

A distinguishing feature among households is whether adult members work or not, since the occupational status of adults affects their available time for home activities. Using a survey method in two countries, Belgium and Germany, we provide household incomes that retain the level of well-being across different family types, distinguished by family size and occupational status of adults. Our tests support that childcare-time costs are important determinants of household well-being. Estimates of child costs relative to an adult are higher for households that are time-constrained (all adults in the household work). Moreover, we find supportive evidence for the hypothesis that, in two-adult households, there is a potential for within-household welfare gains from specialization in market- vs. domestic activities,especially childcare.

Replication dataset. Visit https://dataone.org/datasets/sha256%3A7e8c4bbb79ede504655b457f9ca918394d2824cf4f16389b8afd5c060e70692b for complete metadata about this dataset.

Included here are the files necessary to replicate all the results in the manuscript and online appendix. Results were produced using Stata 16.0 and R. The do-file titled "TakeiPaolino_FPA.do" includes step-by-step Stata commands to replicate results.

Using bilateral data on remittance flows to Pakistan for 23 major host countries, this is the first study that examines the effect of transaction costs on foreign remittances. The authors find that the effect of transaction costs on remittance flows is negative and significant; suggesting that a high cost will either refrain migrants from sending money back home or make them remit through informal channels. They also find that remittances are facilitated by the existence of migrant networks and improvements in home and host country financial services. Distance, which has been used in previous studies as an indicator of the cost of remitting, is found to be a poor proxy.

This dataset contains collections of key parameters in the Nordic power market outlooks from 43 scenarios in 15 reports published between 2016 and 2019. The key parameters include fuel prices, carbon prices, electricity consumption, installed capacities, wind generation, and power price. All data are extracted directly from the material and converted to the same unit when necessary.

Public acquisitions of floodplain properties, or “buyouts,” whereby governments purchase properties at risk of flooding from willing sellers and convert them to open space, are a widely used strategy for reducing risk. Since 1990, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has provided funding for more than 40,000 properties. Yet, little is known about the costs of buyout implementation, even though federal funding requirements mandate a complex set of activities undertaken by local, state, and federal government staff. This lack of understanding of buyout activity costs hinders development of evidence-based policy recommendations. To address this gap, we surveyed local and state government officials and consultants who have worked on floodplain buyout projects. Our survey results provide the first systematic, activity-level financial documentation of buyout projects in the U.S. Local and state government respondents reported median per-property activity costs of $14,428 and $8161 (or 9.64% and 6.95% of property purchase costs), respectively. Respondents also reported significant variation in the activities undertaken as part of each project; community engagement strategies were particularly diverse, suggesting some households may not be adequately informed as a result of insufficient funding, time, or technical capacity for these activities. The varied and complex structures of buyout projects, as well as the attendant activity costs, pose barriers to implementation for local governments. Our results suggest both that: a) additional support and flexibility may be needed for critical activities that improve the experience of buyout participants; and b) reducing other activity costs may produce significant savings, which in turn could be used to improve the quality and expand the scope of buyout projects.