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This is a dataset of videos and comments related to the invasion of Ukraine, published on TikTok by a number of users over the year of 2022. It was compiled by Benjamin Steel, Sara Parker and Derek Ruths at the Network Dynamics Lab, McGill University. We created this dataset to facilitate the study of TikTok, and the nature of social interaction on the platform relevant to a major political event.

The dataset has been released here on Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7926959 as well as on Github: https://github.com/networkdynamics/data-and-code/tree/master/ukraine_tiktok

To create the dataset, we identified hashtags and keywords explicitly related to the conflict to collect a core set of videos (or ”TikToks”). We then compiled comments associated with these videos. All of the data captured is publically available information, and contains personally identifiable information. In total we collected approximately 16 thousand videos and 12 million comments, from approximately 6 million users. There are approximately 1.9 comments on average per user captured, and 1.5 videos per user who posted a video. The author personally collected this data using the web scraping PyTok library, developed by the author: https://github.com/networkdynamics/pytok.

Due to scraping duration, this is just a sample of the publically available discourse concerning the invasion of Ukraine on TikTok. Due to the fuzzy search functionality of the TikTok, the dataset contains videos with a range of relatedness to the invasion.

We release here the unique video IDs of the dataset in a CSV format. The data was collected without the specific consent of the content creators, so we have released only the data required to re-create it, to allow users to delete content from TikTok and be removed from the dataset if they wish. Contained in this repository are scripts that will automatically pull the full dataset, which will take the form of JSON files organised into a folder for each video. The JSON files are the entirety of the data returned by the TikTok API. We include a script to parse the JSON files into CSV files with the most commonly used data. We plan to further expand this dataset as collection processes progress and the war continues. We will version the dataset to ensure reproducibility.

To build this dataset from the IDs here:

1. Go to https://github.com/networkdynamics/pytok and clone the repo locally
2. Run pip install -e . in the pytok directory
3. Run pip install pandas tqdm to install these libraries if not already installed
4. Run get_videos.py to get the video data
5. Run video_comments.py to get the comment data
6. Run user_tiktoks.py to get the video history of the users
7. Run hashtag_tiktoks.py or search_tiktoks.py to get more videos from other hashtags and search terms
8. Run load_json_to_csv.py to compile the JSON files into two CSV files, comments.csv and videos.csv

If you get an error about the wrong chrome version, use the command line argument get_videos.py --chrome-version YOUR_CHROME_VERSION Please note pulling data from TikTok takes a while! We recommend leaving the scripts running on a server for a while for them to finish downloading everything. Feel free to play around with the delay constants to either speed up the process or avoid TikTok rate limiting.

Please do not hesitate to make an issue in this repo to get our help with this!

The videos.csv will contain the following columns:

video_id: Unique video ID

createtime: UTC datetime of video creation time in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS format

author_name: Unique author name

author_id: Unique author ID

desc: The full video description from the author

hashtags: A list of hashtags used in the video description

share_video_id: If the video is sharing another video, this is the video ID of that original video, else empty

share_video_user_id: If the video is sharing another video, this the user ID of the author of that video, else empty

share_video_user_name: If the video is sharing another video, this is the user name of the author of that video, else empty

share_type: If the video is sharing another video, this is the type of the share, stitch, duet etc.

mentions: A list of users mentioned in the video description, if any

The comments.csv will contain the following columns:

comment_id: Unique comment ID

createtime: UTC datetime of comment creation time in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS format

author_name: Unique author name

author_id: Unique author ID

text: Text of the comment

mentions: A list of users that are tagged in the comment

video_id: The ID of the video the comment is on

comment_language: The language of the comment, as predicted by the TikTok API

reply_comment_id: If the comment is replying to another comment, this is the ID of that comment

The date can be compiled into a user interaction network to facilitate study of interaction dynamics. There is code to help with that here: https://github.com/networkdynamics/polar-seeds. Additional scripts for further preprocessing of this data can be found there too.

Analysis of ‘Top 1000 TikTok Influencers Ranking’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/prasertk/top-1000-tiktok-influencers-ranking on 13 February 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Context

Find the top TikTok accounts.

Content

What's inside is more than just rows and columns. Make it easy for others to get started by describing how you acquired the data and what time period it represents, too.

Acknowledgements

Data source: https://hypeauditor.com/top-tiktok/

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

As of January 2024, Instagram was slightly more popular with men than women, with men accounting for 50.6 percent of the platform’s global users. Additionally, the social media app was most popular amongst younger audiences, with almost 32 percent of users aged between 18 and 24 years.

              Instagram’s Global Audience

              As of January 2024, Instagram was the fourth most popular social media platform globally, reaching two billion monthly active users (MAU). This number is projected to keep growing with no signs of slowing down, which is not a surprise as the global online social penetration rate across all regions is constantly increasing.
              As of January 2024, the country with the largest Instagram audience was India with 362.9 million users, followed by the United States with 169.7 million users.

              Who is winning over the generations?

              Even though Instagram’s audience is almost twice the size of TikTok’s on a global scale, TikTok has shown itself to be a fierce competitor, particularly amongst younger audiences. TikTok was the most downloaded mobile app globally in 2022, generating 672 million downloads. As of 2022, Generation Z in the United States spent more time on TikTok than on Instagram monthly.

In 2023, Meta Platforms had a total annual revenue of over 134 billion U.S. dollars, up from 116 billion in 2022. LinkedIn reported its highest annual revenue to date, generating over 15 billion USD, whilst Snapchat reported an annual revenue of 4.6 billion USD.

How much time do people spend on social media?

              As of 2024, the average daily social media usage of internet users worldwide amounted to 143 minutes per day, down from 151 minutes in the previous year. Currently, the country with the most time spent on social media per day is Brazil, with online users spending an average of three hours and 49 minutes on social media each day. In comparison, the daily time spent with social media in
              the U.S. was just two hours and 16 minutes. Global social media usageCurrently, the global social network penetration rate is 62.3 percent. Northern Europe had an 81.7 percent social media penetration rate, topping the ranking of global social media usage by region. Eastern and Middle Africa closed the ranking with 10.1 and 9.6 percent usage reach, respectively.
              People access social media for a variety of reasons. Users like to find funny or entertaining content and enjoy sharing photos and videos with friends, but mainly use social media to stay in touch with current events friends. Global impact of social mediaSocial media has a wide-reaching and significant impact on not only online activities but also offline behavior and life in general.
              During a global online user survey in February 2019, a significant share of respondents stated that social media had increased their access to information, ease of communication, and freedom of expression. On the flip side, respondents also felt that social media had worsened their personal privacy, increased a polarization in politics and heightened everyday distractions.

Advertising revenue generated by TikTok was expected to increase by ** percent in 2023. That would make it the fastest-growing social media platform among the seven market leaders presented in the data set. As of August 2023, X's (Twitter's) ad revenue was expected to shrink by ** percent in that calendar year.

As of April 2024, around 16.5 percent of global active Instagram users were men between the ages of 18 and 24 years. More than half of the global Instagram population worldwide was aged 34 years or younger.

              Teens and social media

              As one of the biggest social networks worldwide, Instagram is especially popular with teenagers. As of fall 2020, the photo-sharing app ranked third in terms of preferred social network among teenagers in the United States, second to Snapchat and TikTok. Instagram was one of the most influential advertising channels among female Gen Z users when making purchasing decisions. Teens report feeling more confident, popular, and better about themselves when using social media, and less lonely, depressed and anxious.
              Social media can have negative effects on teens, which is also much more pronounced on those with low emotional well-being. It was found that 35 percent of teenagers with low social-emotional well-being reported to have experienced cyber bullying when using social media, while in comparison only five percent of teenagers with high social-emotional well-being stated the same. As such, social media can have a big impact on already fragile states of mind.

In 2021, TikTok accounted for **** percent of influencer marketing spending in the United States. This was the smallest share among the four platforms presented in the data set. However, TikTok was forecast to overtake Facebook already a year later and YouTube in 2023, making it second only to Instagram, whose market share is projected to remain fairly stable in the upcoming years.

TikTok users have the ability to submit reports that identify videos and comments that contain user claims. In a social media platform like TikTok, report a claim typically refers to the feature that allows users to report content that they believe violates the platform's community guidelines or terms of service. When a user reports a claim over a video, they are flagging the content for reviewing by the platform's content moderation team. The team then assess the reported content to determine if it indeed violates the guidelines, and if so, they may take actions such as removing the content, issuing a warning to the user who posted it, or even suspending or banning the user's account who posted the video. Reporting a claim is an important tool for maintaining a safe and respectful environment on social media platforms.

However, this process generates a large number of reports that are challenging to consider in a timely manner. Therefore, TikTok is working on the development of a predictive model that can determine whether a video contains a claim or offers an opinion. With a successful prediction model, TikTok can reduce the backlog of user reports and prioritize them more efficiently.

The TikTok data team is developing a machine learning model for classifying claims made in videos submitted to the platform.

The target variable:

The data dictionary shows that there is a column called claim_status. This is a binary value that indicates whether a video is a claim or an opinion. This is the target variable. In other words, for each video, the model should predict whether the video is a claim or an opinion. This is a classification task because the model is predicting a binary class.

To determine which evaluation metric might be best, consider how the model might be wrong. There are two possibilities for bad predictions:

• False positives: When the model predicts a video is a claim when in fact it is an opinion
• False negatives: When the model predicts a video is an opinion when in fact it is a claim

In the given scenario, it's better for the model to predict false positives when it makes a mistake, and worse for it to predict false negatives. It is very important to identify videos that break the terms of service, even if that means some opinion videos are misclassified as claims. The worst case for an opinion misclassified as a claim is that the video goes to human review. The worst case for a claim that is misclassified as an opinion is that the video does not get reviewed and it violates the terms of service.

Cristiano Ronaldo has one of the most popular Instagram accounts as of April 2024.

              The Portuguese footballer is the most-followed person on the photo sharing app platform with 628 million followers. Instagram's own account was ranked first with roughly 672 million followers.

              How popular is Instagram?

              Instagram is a photo-sharing social networking service that enables users to take pictures and edit them with filters. The platform allows users to post and share their images online and directly with their friends and followers on the social network. The cross-platform app reached one billion monthly active users in mid-2018. In 2020, there were over 114 million Instagram users in the United States and experts project this figure to surpass 127 million users in 2023.

              Who uses Instagram?

              Instagram audiences are predominantly young – recent data states that almost 60 percent of U.S. Instagram users are aged 34 years or younger. Fall 2020 data reveals that Instagram is also one of the most popular social media for teens and one of the social networks with the biggest reach among teens in the United States.

              Celebrity influencers on Instagram
              Many celebrities and athletes are brand spokespeople and generate additional income with social media advertising and sponsored content. Unsurprisingly, Ronaldo ranked first again, as the average media value of one of his Instagram posts was 985,441 U.S. dollars.

As of April 2024, almost 32 percent of global Instagram audiences were aged between 18 and 24 years, and 30.6 percent of users were aged between 25 and 34 years. Overall, 16 percent of users belonged to the 35 to 44 year age group.

              Instagram users

              With roughly one billion monthly active users, Instagram belongs to the most popular social networks worldwide. The social photo sharing app is especially popular in India and in the United States, which have respectively 362.9 million and 169.7 million Instagram users each.

              Instagram features

              One of the most popular features of Instagram is Stories. Users can post photos and videos to their Stories stream and the content is live for others to view for 24 hours before it disappears. In January 2019, the company reported that there were 500 million daily active Instagram Stories users. Instagram Stories directly competes with Snapchat, another photo sharing app that initially became famous due to it’s “vanishing photos” feature.
              As of the second quarter of 2021, Snapchat had 293 million daily active users.

Which county has the most Facebook users?

              There are more than 378 million Facebook users in India alone, making it the leading country in terms of Facebook audience size. To put this into context, if India’s Facebook audience were a country then it would be ranked third in terms of largest population worldwide. Apart from India, there are several other markets with more than 100 million Facebook users each: The United States, Indonesia, and Brazil with 193.8 million, 119.05 million, and 112.55 million Facebook users respectively.

              Facebook – the most used social media

              Meta, the company that was previously called Facebook, owns four of the most popular social media platforms worldwide, WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, Facebook, and Instagram. As of the third quarter of 2021, there were around 3,5 billion cumulative monthly users of the company’s products worldwide. With around 2.9 billion monthly active users, Facebook is the most popular social media worldwide. With an audience of this scale, it is no surprise that the vast majority of Facebook’s revenue is generated through advertising.

              Facebook usage by device
              As of July 2021, it was found that 98.5 percent of active users accessed their Facebook account from mobile devices. In fact, almost 81.8 percent of Facebook audiences worldwide access the platform only via mobile phone. Facebook is not only available through mobile browser as the company has published several mobile apps for users to access their products and services. As of the third quarter 2021, the four core Meta products were leading the ranking of most downloaded mobile apps worldwide, with WhatsApp amassing approximately six billion downloads.

As of April 2024, Bahrain was the country with the highest Instagram audience reach with 95.6 percent. Kazakhstan also had a high Instagram audience penetration rate, with 90.8 percent of the population using the social network. In the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, and Brunei, the photo-sharing platform was used by more than 85 percent of each country's population.

As of January 2024, #love was the most used hashtag on Instagram, being included in over two billion posts on the social media platform. #Instagood and #instagram were used over one billion times as of early 2024.

The number of LinkedIn users in the United Kingdom was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2028 by in total 1.5 million users (+4.51 percent). After the eighth consecutive increasing year, the LinkedIn user base is estimated to reach 34.7 million users and therefore a new peak in 2028. User figures, shown here with regards to the platform LinkedIn, have been estimated by taking into account company filings or press material, secondary research, app downloads and traffic data. They refer to the average monthly active users over the period and count multiple accounts by persons only once.The shown data are an excerpt of Statista's Key Market Indicators (KMI). The KMI are a collection of primary and secondary indicators on the macro-economic, demographic and technological environment in up to 150 countries and regions worldwide. All indicators are sourced from international and national statistical offices, trade associations and the trade press and they are processed to generate comparable data sets (see supplementary notes under details for more information).

The number of Instagram users in the United Kingdom was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2028 by in total 2.1 million users (+7.02 percent). After the ninth consecutive increasing year, the Instagram user base is estimated to reach 32 million users and therefore a new peak in 2028. Notably, the number of Instagram users of was continuously increasing over the past years.User figures, shown here with regards to the platform instagram, have been estimated by taking into account company filings or press material, secondary research, app downloads and traffic data. They refer to the average monthly active users over the period and count multiple accounts by persons only once.The shown data are an excerpt of Statista's Key Market Indicators (KMI). The KMI are a collection of primary and secondary indicators on the macro-economic, demographic and technological environment in up to 150 countries and regions worldwide. All indicators are sourced from international and national statistical offices, trade associations and the trade press and they are processed to generate comparable data sets (see supplementary notes under details for more information).

Instagram’s most popular post

              As of April 2024, the most popular post on Instagram was Lionel Messi and his teammates after winning the 2022 FIFA World Cup with Argentina, posted by the account @leomessi. Messi's post, which racked up over 61 million likes within a day, knocked off the reigning post, which was 'Photo of an Egg'. Originally posted in January 2021, 'Photo of an Egg' surpassed the world’s most popular Instagram post at that time, which was a photo by Kylie Jenner’s daughter totaling 18 million likes.
              After several cryptic posts published by the account, World Record Egg revealed itself to be a part of a mental health campaign aimed at the pressures of social media use.

              Instagram’s most popular accounts

              As of April 2024, the official Instagram account @instagram had the most followers of any account on the platform, with 672 million followers. Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo (@cristiano) was the most followed individual with 628 million followers, while Selena Gomez (@selenagomez) was the most followed woman on the platform with 429 million. Additionally, Inter Miami CF striker Lionel Messi (@leomessi) had a total of 502 million. Celebrities such as The Rock, Kylie Jenner, and Ariana Grande all had over 380 million followers each.

              Instagram influencers

              In the United States, the leading content category of Instagram influencers was lifestyle, with 15.25 percent of influencers creating lifestyle content in 2021. Music ranked in second place with 10.96 percent, followed by family with 8.24 percent. Having a large audience can be very lucrative: Instagram influencers in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom with over 90,000 followers made around 1,221 US dollars per post.

              Instagram around the globe

              Instagram’s worldwide popularity continues to grow, and India is the leading country in terms of number of users, with over 362.9 million users as of January 2024. The United States had 169.65 million Instagram users and Brazil had 134.6 million users. The social media platform was also very popular in Indonesia and Turkey, with 100.9 and 57.1, respectively. As of January 2024, Instagram was the fourth most popular social network in the world, behind Facebook, YouTube and WhatsApp.

As of April 2024, Facebook had an addressable ad audience reach 131.1 percent in Libya, followed by the United Arab Emirates with 120.5 percent and Mongolia with 116 percent. Additionally, the Philippines and Qatar had addressable ad audiences of 114.5 percent and 111.7 percent.

The number of Pinterest users in the United Kingdom was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2028 by in total 0.3 million users (+3.14 percent). After the ninth consecutive increasing year, the Pinterest user base is estimated to reach 9.88 million users and therefore a new peak in 2028. Notably, the number of Pinterest users of was continuously increasing over the past years.User figures, shown here regarding the platform pinterest, have been estimated by taking into account company filings or press material, secondary research, app downloads and traffic data. They refer to the average monthly active users over the period and count multiple accounts by persons only once.The shown data are an excerpt of Statista's Key Market Indicators (KMI). The KMI are a collection of primary and secondary indicators on the macro-economic, demographic and technological environment in up to 150 countries and regions worldwide. All indicators are sourced from international and national statistical offices, trade associations and the trade press and they are processed to generate comparable data sets (see supplementary notes under details for more information).