Dataset Overview 📝

This dataset includes key tourism and economic indicators for over 200 countries, spanning the years from 1999 to 2023. It covers a wide range of data related to tourism arrivals, expenditures, receipts, GDP, unemployment, and inflation, helping to explore the relationship between tourism and economic growth globally.

Tourism & Economic Indicators:

• tourism_receipts 💰: The total income a country generates from international tourism, measured in current US dollars.
• tourism_arrivals 🌍: The total number of international tourists who arrive in a country, measured in count.
• tourism_expenditures 🛍️: The amount of money spent by international tourists within the country, measured in current US dollars.
• tourism_exports 📈: The percentage of a country’s total exports derived from international tourism receipts.
• tourism_departures ✈️: The number of citizens or residents of a country who travel abroad for tourism.
• tourism_expenditures 🛫: The percentage of a country’s total imports spent on international tourism.
• gdp 📊: The total value of all goods and services produced in a country, expressed in current US dollars.
• inflation 📉: The annual percentage change in the average price of goods and services in a country.
• unemployment 👷‍♂️: The percentage of people within the labor force who are unemployed but actively seeking work.

Data Source 🌐

• World Bank: The dataset is sourced from the World Bank’s economic and tourism databases, offering reliable and up-to-date statistics on global tourism and economic indicators.

Potential Use Cases 🔍

• Tourism & Economic Impact Analysis 🌏: Analyzing the contribution of tourism to a country’s GDP, as well as how tourism spending impacts national economies.
• Cross-Country Comparison 📊: Comparing tourism arrivals, expenditures, and receipts relative to GDP and unemployment across countries and regions.
• Predictive Modeling 🤖: Building models to predict the future impact of tourism on economic growth and identify emerging trends.
• Policy Evaluation 🏛️: Helping policymakers assess the role of tourism in economic planning, especially regarding inflation and unemployment.
• Economic Forecasting 📈: Using historical data to forecast how tourism will influence economic conditions, helping in the development of economic policies.

Key Questions You Can Explore 🤔

• How do tourism receipts correlate with GDP growth in different countries? 💵
• What is the relationship between tourism expenditure and inflation rates? 📉
• How do tourism arrivals and departures vary by region and what are the key drivers? 🌍
• What role does tourism play in shaping unemployment rates across countries? 👥
• Which countries have seen the largest increase in tourism receipts over the past two decades? 📊

Important Notes ⚠️

• Missing Data 🚨: Some values may be missing for certain years or countries, especially for specific tourism indicators. Techniques like forward filling, backward filling, or interpolation may help in handling missing values during time series analysis.
• Currency & Inflation Adjustments 💲: When comparing tourism receipts and expenditures across countries, consider adjusting for inflation and exchange rates to ensure accurate year-on-year comparisons.

The dataset is part of the World Bank's extensive data on international tourism, specifically focused on capturing annual tourist arrivals across global destinations. This data helps in identifying tourism trends, economic impacts, and patterns in visitor growth by region and income level. By analyzing these trends, countries can gain insights into tourism’s role in their economy, the appeal of their destination on a global scale, and potential growth opportunities within the sector.

Sources The data is sourced from the World Bank's International Tourism dataset, which collects information from national tourism boards and government agencies worldwide. The World Bank collaborates with these sources to maintain consistent, reliable metrics on international tourism trends, which is essential for policy development and economic planning. The dataset is updated periodically to reflect new figures and adjusted estimates.

Inspiration This dataset serves as a foundation for understanding how tourism trends evolve over time and how global events can influence travel patterns. The inspiration for this analysis stems from the growing importance of tourism in the global economy and the need for destination countries to understand their positioning in the tourism market. Analyzing these data points offers a path to explore strategic initiatives, compare regional visitor trends, and identify emerging tourist hotspots.

Sri Lanka Tourism Contribution: GDP data was reported at 2.500 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.800 % for 2020. Sri Lanka Tourism Contribution: GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 3.400 % from Dec 2018 (Median) to 2023, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.900 % in 2018 and a record low of 0.800 % in 2020. Sri Lanka Tourism Contribution: GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sri Lanka – Table LK.Q007: Tourism Receipts.

Tourism is important because it can contribute significantly to a country's economy by creating jobs, generating income, and promoting the development of infrastructure and services. It can also foster cultural exchange and understanding between people from different parts of the world, and help preserve natural and cultural heritage.

This dataset contains information about international tourism receipts for various countries. International tourism receipts refer to the expenditures made by international visitors on their trips to a country, including accommodation, food and beverage, transportation, and other tourism-related expenses. This data can help researchers, policymakers, and businesses gain insights into the tourism industry and its impact on economies around the world.

The dataset includes information on tourism receipts for over 100 countries from the year 1995 to 2020. Sourced from the World Bank,

The columns in this dataset:

• name: The name of the country
• code: The alpha_3 (iso3) code of the country
• year: The year the data was recorded
• value_$: The total amount of international tourism receipts in US dollars

The dataset can be used to analyze trends and patterns in international tourism receipts over time and across countries. It can also be used to compare the performance of different countries in the tourism industry, as well as to identify potential opportunities and challenges in the industry.

ML: International Tourism: Receipts: % of Total Exports data was reported at 6.614 % in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 5.397 % for 2013. ML: International Tourism: Receipts: % of Total Exports data is updated yearly, averaging 8.161 % from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2014, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.805 % in 2003 and a record low of 3.890 % in 1997. ML: International Tourism: Receipts: % of Total Exports data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mali – Table ML.World Bank: Tourism Statistics. International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include receipts for passenger transport items. Their share in exports is calculated as a ratio to exports of goods and services, which comprise all transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world involving a change of ownership from residents to nonresidents of general merchandise, goods sent for processing and repairs, nonmonetary gold, and services.; ; World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files, and IMF and World Bank exports estimates.; Weighted average;

United States US: International Tourism: Receipts: % of Total Exports data was reported at 11.082 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 10.928 % for 2015. United States US: International Tourism: Receipts: % of Total Exports data is updated yearly, averaging 9.955 % from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2016, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.000 % in 1996 and a record low of 8.697 % in 2006. United States US: International Tourism: Receipts: % of Total Exports data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.World Bank.WDI: Tourism Statistics. International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include receipts for passenger transport items. Their share in exports is calculated as a ratio to exports of goods and services, which comprise all transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world involving a change of ownership from residents to nonresidents of general merchandise, goods sent for processing and repairs, nonmonetary gold, and services.; ; World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files, and IMF and World Bank exports estimates.; Weighted average;

Laos LA: International Tourism: Number of Arrivals data was reported at 3,315,000.000 Person in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3,543,000.000 Person for 2015. Laos LA: International Tourism: Number of Arrivals data is updated yearly, averaging 757,000.000 Person from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2016, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,543,000.000 Person in 2015 and a record low of 60,000.000 Person in 1995. Laos LA: International Tourism: Number of Arrivals data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Laos – Table LA.World Bank.WDI: Tourism Statistics. International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited. When data on number of tourists are not available, the number of visitors, which includes tourists, same-day visitors, cruise passengers, and crew members, is shown instead. Sources and collection methods for arrivals differ across countries. In some cases data are from border statistics (police, immigration, and the like) and supplemented by border surveys. In other cases data are from tourism accommodation establishments. For some countries number of arrivals is limited to arrivals by air and for others to arrivals staying in hotels. Some countries include arrivals of nationals residing abroad while others do not. Caution should thus be used in comparing arrivals across countries. The data on inbound tourists refer to the number of arrivals, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips to a country during a given period is counted each time as a new arrival.; ; World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files.; Gap-filled total;

Germany DE: International Tourism: Receipts: % of Total Exports data was reported at 3.473 % in 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.431 % for 2018. Germany DE: International Tourism: Receipts: % of Total Exports data is updated yearly, averaging 3.753 % from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2019, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.461 % in 1997 and a record low of 3.347 % in 2011. Germany DE: International Tourism: Receipts: % of Total Exports data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.World Bank.WDI: Tourism Statistics. International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include receipts for passenger transport items. Their share in exports is calculated as a ratio to exports of goods and services, which comprise all transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world involving a change of ownership from residents to nonresidents of general merchandise, goods sent for processing and repairs, nonmonetary gold, and services.;World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files, and IMF and World Bank exports estimates.;Weighted average;

United States US: International Tourism: Number of Departures data was reported at 73,453,000.000 Person in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 68,176,000.000 Person for 2014. United States US: International Tourism: Number of Departures data is updated yearly, averaging 61,061,000.000 Person from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2015, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 73,453,000.000 Person in 2015 and a record low of 51,285,000.000 Person in 1995. United States US: International Tourism: Number of Departures data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.World Bank.WDI: Tourism Statistics. International outbound tourists are the number of departures that people make from their country of usual residence to any other country for any purpose other than a remunerated activity in the country visited. The data on outbound tourists refer to the number of departures, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips from a country during a given period is counted each time as a new departure.; ; World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files.; Gap-filled total;

Azerbaijan International Tourism: Expenditures data was reported at 439.000 USD mn in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.839 USD bn for 2019. Azerbaijan International Tourism: Expenditures data is updated yearly, averaging 410.000 USD mn from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2020, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.163 USD bn in 2014 and a record low of 110.000 USD mn in 2002. Azerbaijan International Tourism: Expenditures data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Azerbaijan – Table AZ.World Bank.WDI: Tourism Statistics. International tourism expenditures are expenditures of international outbound visitors in other countries, including payments to foreign carriers for international transport. These expenditures may include those by residents traveling abroad as same-day visitors, except in cases where these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include expenditures for passenger transport items. Data are in current U.S. dollars.;World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files.;Gap-filled total;

Dominican Republic DO: International Tourism: Receipts: % of Total Exports data was reported at 37.044 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 36.011 % for 2015. Dominican Republic DO: International Tourism: Receipts: % of Total Exports data is updated yearly, averaging 44.986 % from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2016, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 50.726 % in 2009 and a record low of 30.957 % in 2011. Dominican Republic DO: International Tourism: Receipts: % of Total Exports data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Dominican Republic – Table DO.World Bank.WDI: Tourism Statistics. International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include receipts for passenger transport items. Their share in exports is calculated as a ratio to exports of goods and services, which comprise all transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world involving a change of ownership from residents to nonresidents of general merchandise, goods sent for processing and repairs, nonmonetary gold, and services.; ; World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files, and IMF and World Bank exports estimates.; Weighted average;

Jordan JO: International Tourism: Receipts data was reported at 4.943 USD bn in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4.968 USD bn for 2015. Jordan JO: International Tourism: Receipts data is updated yearly, averaging 2.092 USD bn from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2016, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.518 USD bn in 2014 and a record low of 884.000 USD mn in 2001. Jordan JO: International Tourism: Receipts data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Jordan – Table JO.World Bank.WDI: Tourism Statistics. International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include receipts for passenger transport items. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files.; Gap-filled total;

Ireland IE: International Tourism: Number of Departures data was reported at 7,646,000.000 Person in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 7,094,000.000 Person for 2015. Ireland IE: International Tourism: Number of Departures data is updated yearly, averaging 6,313,500.000 Person from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2016, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7,877,000.000 Person in 2008 and a record low of 2,547,000.000 Person in 1995. Ireland IE: International Tourism: Number of Departures data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ireland – Table IE.World Bank.WDI: Tourism Statistics. International outbound tourists are the number of departures that people make from their country of usual residence to any other country for any purpose other than a remunerated activity in the country visited. The data on outbound tourists refer to the number of departures, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips from a country during a given period is counted each time as a new departure.; ; World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files.; Gap-filled total;

Dominican Republic DO: International Tourism: Number of Arrivals data was reported at 5,959,300.000 Person in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 5,600,000.000 Person for 2015. Dominican Republic DO: International Tourism: Number of Arrivals data is updated yearly, averaging 3,828,000.000 Person from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2016, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5,959,300.000 Person in 2016 and a record low of 1,776,000.000 Person in 1995. Dominican Republic DO: International Tourism: Number of Arrivals data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Dominican Republic – Table DO.World Bank.WDI: Tourism Statistics. International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited. When data on number of tourists are not available, the number of visitors, which includes tourists, same-day visitors, cruise passengers, and crew members, is shown instead. Sources and collection methods for arrivals differ across countries. In some cases data are from border statistics (police, immigration, and the like) and supplemented by border surveys. In other cases data are from tourism accommodation establishments. For some countries number of arrivals is limited to arrivals by air and for others to arrivals staying in hotels. Some countries include arrivals of nationals residing abroad while others do not. Caution should thus be used in comparing arrivals across countries. The data on inbound tourists refer to the number of arrivals, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips to a country during a given period is counted each time as a new arrival.; ; World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files.; Gap-filled total;

Jordan JO: International Tourism: Receipts: % of Total Exports data was reported at 36.388 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 35.229 % for 2015. Jordan JO: International Tourism: Receipts: % of Total Exports data is updated yearly, averaging 29.459 % from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2016, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 36.388 % in 2016 and a record low of 23.374 % in 2001. Jordan JO: International Tourism: Receipts: % of Total Exports data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Jordan – Table JO.World Bank.WDI: Tourism Statistics. International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include receipts for passenger transport items. Their share in exports is calculated as a ratio to exports of goods and services, which comprise all transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world involving a change of ownership from residents to nonresidents of general merchandise, goods sent for processing and repairs, nonmonetary gold, and services.; ; World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files, and IMF and World Bank exports estimates.; Weighted average;

Sierra Leone SL: International Tourism: Receipts: for Travel Items data was reported at 37.000 USD mn in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 35.000 USD mn for 2014. Sierra Leone SL: International Tourism: Receipts: for Travel Items data is updated yearly, averaging 34.000 USD mn from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2015, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 66.000 USD mn in 2013 and a record low of 6.000 USD mn in 1999. Sierra Leone SL: International Tourism: Receipts: for Travel Items data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sierra Leone – Table SL.World Bank: Tourism Statistics. International tourism receipts for travel items are expenditures by international inbound visitors in the reporting economy. The goods and services are purchased by, or on behalf of, the traveler or provided, without a quid pro quo, for the traveler to use or give away. These receipts should include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except in cases where these are so important as to justify a separate classification. Excluded is the international carriage of travelers, which is covered in passenger travel items. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files.; Gap-filled total;

Vietnam VN: International Tourism: Number of Arrivals data was reported at 10,013,000.000 Person in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 7,944,000.000 Person for 2015. Vietnam VN: International Tourism: Number of Arrivals data is updated yearly, averaging 3,530,000.000 Person from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2016, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10,013,000.000 Person in 2016 and a record low of 1,351,000.000 Person in 1995. Vietnam VN: International Tourism: Number of Arrivals data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Vietnam – Table VN.World Bank.WDI: Tourism Statistics. International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited. When data on number of tourists are not available, the number of visitors, which includes tourists, same-day visitors, cruise passengers, and crew members, is shown instead. Sources and collection methods for arrivals differ across countries. In some cases data are from border statistics (police, immigration, and the like) and supplemented by border surveys. In other cases data are from tourism accommodation establishments. For some countries number of arrivals is limited to arrivals by air and for others to arrivals staying in hotels. Some countries include arrivals of nationals residing abroad while others do not. Caution should thus be used in comparing arrivals across countries. The data on inbound tourists refer to the number of arrivals, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips to a country during a given period is counted each time as a new arrival.; ; World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files.; Gap-filled total;

Togo TG: International Tourism: Number of Arrivals data was reported at 338,000.000 Person in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 273,000.000 Person for 2015. Togo TG: International Tourism: Number of Arrivals data is updated yearly, averaging 84,500.000 Person from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2016, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 338,000.000 Person in 2016 and a record low of 53,000.000 Person in 1995. Togo TG: International Tourism: Number of Arrivals data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Togo – Table TG.World Bank.WDI: Tourism Statistics. International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited. When data on number of tourists are not available, the number of visitors, which includes tourists, same-day visitors, cruise passengers, and crew members, is shown instead. Sources and collection methods for arrivals differ across countries. In some cases data are from border statistics (police, immigration, and the like) and supplemented by border surveys. In other cases data are from tourism accommodation establishments. For some countries number of arrivals is limited to arrivals by air and for others to arrivals staying in hotels. Some countries include arrivals of nationals residing abroad while others do not. Caution should thus be used in comparing arrivals across countries. The data on inbound tourists refer to the number of arrivals, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips to a country during a given period is counted each time as a new arrival.; ; World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files.; Gap-filled total;

Mexico MX: International Tourism: Expenditures data was reported at 13.648 USD bn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 12.823 USD bn for 2016. Mexico MX: International Tourism: Expenditures data is updated yearly, averaging 8.951 USD bn from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2017, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13.648 USD bn in 2017 and a record low of 3.587 USD bn in 1995. Mexico MX: International Tourism: Expenditures data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.World Bank.WDI: Tourism Statistics. International tourism expenditures are expenditures of international outbound visitors in other countries, including payments to foreign carriers for international transport. These expenditures may include those by residents traveling abroad as same-day visitors, except in cases where these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include expenditures for passenger transport items. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files.; Gap-filled total;

Turkey Tourism Income: Average Expense per Capita data was reported at 612.208 USD/Person in Sep 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 607.071 USD/Person for Aug 2018. Turkey Tourism Income: Average Expense per Capita data is updated monthly, averaging 714.000 USD/Person from Jan 2001 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 213 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 997.260 USD/Person in Dec 2012 and a record low of 539.887 USD/Person in Jun 2010. Turkey Tourism Income: Average Expense per Capita data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Turkish Statistical Institute. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.Q020: Tourism Income and Expenditure.