Analysis of ‘Female Employment vs Socioeconimic Factors’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/mdmuhtasimbillah/female-employment-vs-socioeconimic-factors on 28 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Context

Women roughly occupy half of the world's population but when it comes to the total workforce of a country, the percentage of male and female workers are rarely similar. This is even more prominent for the developing and underdeveloped countries. While several reasons such as the insufficient access to education, religious superstitions, lack of adequate infrastructures are responsible for this discrepancy, it goes way beyond these. And to show the effects of multiple socioeconomic factors on the participation of women in the total workforce, percentage of female employment in the total labor force has been considered. Using multiple linear regression model, the relationship between these factors can be analyzed.

Content

For the current study, the data set has been chosen from a survey performed on the population of Bangladesh. The datasets selected for this study span over 25 years (from 1995 to 2019). Data has been collected separately from multiple datasets from the World Bank databank for the employed women percentage and the related predictor variables. These datasets were compiled into one dataset and it corresponds to the 25 data points for the variables. There is one response variable which is the percentage of the employed women and 10 exlnanatory variables of predictors. Brief descriptions of these variables are given below.

PerFemEmploy Employment to population ratio (%) of women who are of age 15 or older. Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Employment is defined as persons of working age who, during a short reference period, were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period (i.e. who worked in a job for at least one hour) or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangements. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.

FertilityRate Fertility rate (birth per women). Total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with age-specific fertility rates of the specified year.

RatioMaletoFemale Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate. Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate is calculated by dividing female labor force participation rate by male labor force participation rate and multiplying by 100.

PerFemEmployers Employers, female (% of female employment). Employers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners, hold the type of jobs defined as a "self-employment jobs" i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced), and, in this capacity, have engaged, on a continuous basis, one or more persons to work for them as employee(s).

Agriculture Employment in agriculture, female (% of female employment). Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The agriculture sector consists of activities in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, in accordance with division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3) or category A (ISIC 4).

Industry Employment in industry, female (% of female employment). The industry sector consists of mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water), in accordance with divisions 2-5 (ISIC 2) or categories C-F (ISIC 3) or categories B-F (ISIC 4).

Services Employment in services, female (% of female employment). The services sector consists of wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services, in accordance with divisions 6-9 (ISIC 2) or categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4).

Wage.Salaried Wage and salaried workers, female (% of female employment). Wage and salaried workers (employees) are those workers who hold the type of jobs defined as "paid employment jobs," where the incumbents hold explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts that give them a basic remuneration that is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work.

ContrFamWorkers Contributing family workers, female (% of female employment). Contributing family workers are those workers who hold "self-employment jobs" as own-account workers in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household.

OwnAccount Own-account female workers (% of employment). Own-account workers are workers who, working on their own account or with one or more partners, hold the types of jobs defined as "self-employment jobs" and have not engaged on a continuous basis any employees to work for them. Own account workers are a subcategory of "self-employed".

Vulnerable Vulnerable employment, female (% of female employment). Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.

Inspiration

Linear model as well as other statistical methods can be applied on this dataset to analyze if there is any viable relationship between the predictor and the response variables.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

The Bangladesh Interactive Poverty Maps allow you to explore and visualize socioeconomic data at the zila (district) and upazila (sub-district) level. The tool provides users an easy way to access different types of indicators including poverty, demographics of the population, children’s health and nutrition, education, employment, and access to energy, water, and sanitation services. These maps were constructed by combining three different data sources all of which are publicly available. These include the 2010 Bangladesh Poverty Maps, the IPUMS sample from the 2011 Bangladesh Census of Population and Housing, and the 2012 Undernutrition Maps of Bangladesh.

Definition of variables and data sources

These maps were constructed by combining three different data sources all of which are publicly available. These include the 2010 Bangladesh Poverty Maps, the 2011 Census of Population and Housing sample available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series project (IPUMS), and the 2012 Undernutrition Maps of Bangladesh.

The 2010 Bangladesh Poverty Maps technical report describing the metholody used to construct the zila and upazila national poverty statistics can be accessed at the following link: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/09/30/poverty-maps

The Population and Housing Census sample (IPUMS) dataset can be accessed at the following link: https://international.ipums.org/international-action/sample_details/country/bd

The undernutrition maps produced by the World Food Program (WFP) are available at the following link: https://www.wfp.org/content/undernutrition-maps-bangladesh-2012

Detailed information describing the construction of the variables and sources is presented below.

Basic information:

1) Total population: Total population in the zila/upazila. 2) Share of rural population: Share of the zila/upazila population who lives in rural areas. 3) Working population: Total number of working age population (15-64 years) in zila/upazila. 4) Total households: Total number of households in the zila/upazila.

Source: Indicators 1, 2, 3, and 4 were computed using the 2011 Census of Population and Housing.

Poverty (among the population):

5) Poverty headcount ratio (%): Percentage of the population that lives below the official national upper poverty line. 6) Extreme poverty headcount ratio (%): Percentage of the population that lives below the official national lower poverty line. 7) Percentage of population in bottom 40%: Percentage of the population in the zila/upazila that belongs to the bottom 40% of the national real per capita consumption distribution.

Source: Indicators 5, 6, and 7 come from 2010 Bangladesh Poverty Maps. The total number of poor, extreme poor, and population that belongs to the bottom 40% were computed using indicators 5, 6, 7 and indicator 1 (Total population in the zila/upazila).

Demographic (among population):

8) Population between 0 and 6 years old: Total population in the age range of 0-6 years old. 9) Population between 7 and 14 years old: Total population in the age range of 7-14 years old. 10) Population between 15 and 64 years old: Total population in the age range of 15-64 years old. 11) Population ages 65 and above: Total population in the age range of 65 and above.

Source: Indicators 8, 9, 10, and 11 were constructed using question 14 from the 2011 Census of Population and Housing.

Question 14. Age (Completed years)

Nutrition (among children below 5):

12) Percentage of underweight children: Percentage of children under five years of age whose standarized weight-for-age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference. population (WHO standard) 13) Percentage of severely underweight children: Percentage of children under five years of age whose standarized weight-for-age is more than three standard deviations below the median for the international reference population (WHO standard). 14) Percentage of stunted children: Percentage of children under five years of age whose standarized height-for-age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population (WHO standard). 15) Percentage of severely stunted children: Percentage of children under five years of age whose standarized weight-for-age is more than three standard deviations below the median for the international reference population (WHO standard).

Source: Indicators 12, 13, 14, and 15 were produced by the World Food Program (WFP) and are constructed based on data from the Child and Mother Nutrition Survey of Bangladesh 2012 (MICS) and the Health and Morbidity Status Survey 2011 (HMSS). The total number of children under the age of 5 years was estimated using data from the 2011 Census of Population and Housing.

Primary Employment (among working population):

16) Agriculture: If employed, sector of employment is agriculture. 17) Industry: If employed, sector of employment is industry. 18) Services: If employed, sector of employment is services.

Source: Indicators 16, 17, and 18 were constructed using Question 25 from the 2011 Census of Population and Housing. Question 25 was asked for persons 7 years of age and older who reported being employed.

Question 25. If employed, field of employment (1) Agriculture (2) Industry (3) Service

Energy & Sanitation (among households):

19) With Electricity: Percentage of households with access to electricity. 20) With flush toilet: Percentage of households with access to flush toilet. 21) With non-flush, latrine: Percentage of households with access to latrine. 22) Without toilet, open defecation: Percentage of households who practice open defecation. 23) With access to tap water: Percentage of households with access to tap water. 24) With access to tube-well water: Percentage of households with access to tube-well water.

Source: Indicators 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 were constructed using questions 8, 9 and 10 from the 2011 Census of Population and Housing.

Question 8. Source of drinking water (1) Tap (2) Tube-well (3) Other

Question 9. Toilet facilities (1) Sanitary (with water seal) (2) Sanitary (no water seal) (3) Non-sanitary (4) None

Question 10. Electricity connection (1) Yes (2) No

Literacy & Educational Attainment (among adults 18 years and above)

25) Literate population: Percentage of adults who can write a letter. 26) Less than primary completed: Percentage of adults who have not completed primary education. 27) Primary completed: Percentage of adults who have completed primary education. 28) Secondary completed: Percentage of adults who have completed secondary education. 29) University completed: Percentage of adults who have completed univeristy.

Source: Indicators 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 were constructed using Questions 21 and 23 from the 2011 Census of Population and Housing.

Question 21. Highest class passed (write class passed code)

Question 23. Can write a letter? (1) Yes (2) No

School attendance (among school-age children)

30) Overall (6-18 year olds): Percentage of children 6-18 years old who attend school. 31) Primary level (6-10 years): Percentage of children 6-10 years old who attend school. 32) Junior level (11-13 years): Percentage of children 11-13 years old who attend school. 33) Secondary level (14-15 years): Percentage of children 14-15 years old who attend school. 34) High secondary level (16-18 years): Percentage of children 16-18 years old who attend school.

Source: Indicators 30, 31, 32, 33, and 34 were constructed using Question 20 from the 2011 Census of Population and Housing.

Question 20. Student (Currently) (1) Yes (2) No

Additional Notes: * All national averages reported correspond to weighted upazila/zila level means, except for the nutrition variables and the population in national bottom 40% which correspond to unweighted upazila/zila level means.