Advani, Hughson and Tarrant (2021) model the revenue that could be raised from an annual and a one-off wealth tax of the design recommended by Advani, Chamberlain and Summers in the Wealth Tax Commission’s Final Report (2020). This deposit contains the code required to replicate the revenue modelling and distributional analysis. The modelling draws on data from the Wealth and Assets Survey, supplemented with the Sunday Times Rich List, which we use to implement a Pareto correction for the under-coverage of wealth at the top.Around the world, the unprecedented public spending required to tackle COVID-19 will inevitably be followed by a debate about how to rebuild public finances. At the same time, politicians in many countries are already facing far-reaching questions from their electorates about the widening cracks in the social fabric that this pandemic has exposed, as prior inequalities become amplified and public services are stretched to their limits. These simultaneous shocks to national politics inevitably encourage people to 'think big' on tax policy. Even before the current crisis there were widespread calls for reforms to the taxation of wealth in the UK. These proposals have so far focused on reforming existing taxes. However, other countries have begun to raise the idea of introducing a 'wealth tax'-a new tax on ownership of wealth (net of debt). COVID-19 has rapidly pushed this idea higher up political agendas around the world, but existing studies fall a long way short of providing policymakers with a comprehensive blueprint for whether and how to introduce a wealth tax. Critics point to a number of legitimate issues that would need to be addressed. Would it be fair, and would the public support it? Is this type of tax justified from an economic perspective? How would you stop the wealthiest from hiding their assets? Will they all simply leave? How can you value some assets? What happens to people who own lots of wealth, but have little income with which to pay a wealth tax? And if wealth taxes are such a good idea, why have many countries abandoned them? These are important questions, without straightforward answers. The UK government last considered a wealth tax in the mid-1970s. This was also the last time that academics and policymakers in the UK thought seriously about how such a tax could be implemented. Over the past half century, much has changed in the mobility of people, the structure of our tax system, the availability of data, and the scope for digital solutions and coordination between tax authorities. Old plans therefore cannot be pulled 'off the shelf'. This project will evaluate whether a wealth tax for the UK would be desirable and deliverable. We will address the following three main research questions: (1) Is a wealth tax justified in principle, on economic or other grounds? (2) How should a wealth tax be designed, including definition of the tax base and solutions to administrative challenges such as valuation and liquidity? (3) What would be the revenue and distributional effects of a wealth tax in the UK, for a variety of design options and at specified rates/thresholds? To answer these questions, we will draw on a network of world-leading exports on tax policy from across academia, policy spheres, and legal practice. We will examine international experience, synthesising a large body of existing research originating in countries that already have (or have had) a wealth tax. We will add to these resources through novel research that draws on adjacent fields and disciplines to craft new solutions to the practical problems faced in delivering a wealth tax. We will also review common objections to a wealth tax. These new insights will be published in a series of 'evidence papers' made available directly to the public and policymakers. We will also publish a final report that states key recommendations for government and (if appropriate) delivers a 'ready to legislate' design for a wealth tax. We will not recommend specific rates or thresholds for the tax. Instead, we will create an online 'tax simulator' so that policymakers and members of the public can model the revenue and distributional effects of different options. We will also work with international partners to inform debates about wealth taxes in other countries. The modelling draws on data from the Wealth and Assets Survey, supplemented with the Sunday Times Rich List, which we use to implement a Pareto correction for the under-coverage of wealth at the top.

This data collection consists of transcripts from 12 focus group discussions on themes related to social equality in Russia. The focus group discussions were conducted by the Institute of Applied Politics in Moscow, directed by Dr Kryshtanovskaya; using a discussion guide written by the Investigators. They were held in 12 cities chosen to represent different regions of the country, with an emphasis on provincial cities: Ufa, Kaliningrad, Ekaterinburg, Tiumen, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Ivanovo, Irkutsk, Obolensk, Vladivostok and Protvino. The respondents included a mix of ages, genders, blue and white collar workers. The focus groups in Protvino and Ulyanovsk were held only for respondents age 18-29. The focus group discussions dealt with household and national economic change, perceptions of social fairness, and welfare values. Specifically, respondents were asked about the state of the national and local economies, their household economy, how they define rich and poor people and how they position themselves in relation to these categories. They were asked about whether they perceived differences in wealth between individuals, regions and between urban and rural areas as fair, and whether such differences are increasing or decreasing. Finally they were asked about whether the rich should take more responsibility for the welfare of the poor, about their own personal responsibility and that of the state and businesses, as well as about progressive income taxes and the degree to which the state should control the economy. The discussion guide is provided in Russian and English. Basic information about the respondents, including gender, age, and occupation are provided at the top of each focus group transcript. Each participant is identified by their given name only. The transcripts are provided in Russian. The Russian text was transcribed by the Institute of Applied Politics from audio files. A parallel set of focus groups was conducted in China and are available as the collection Social equality forum China: Focus group transcripts (see Related Resources). Taken together, Russia and China account for 41 per cent of the total territory of the BRICs and 63 per cent of their GDP/PPP. On Goldman Sachs projections China will be the world’s largest economy by 2050, and Russia its sixth largest. The project will seek to examine the following propositions: (1) that these two BRIC countries are becoming increasingly unequal; (2) that within them, political power and economic advantage are increasingly closely associated; (3) that their political systems have increasingly been employed to ensure that no effective challenge can be mounted to that combination of government position and economic advantage; (4) that set against a broader comparative perspective, an increasingly unequal society in which government is effectively immune from conventional challenge is likely to become increasingly regressive, or unstable, or both. Evidence will be drawn from official statistics, interviews with policy specialists and government officials, two dozen focus groups, and an analysis of the composition of the management boards of the largest companies in both countries. A final part of the analysis will employ crossnational evidence to test a series of hypotheses relating to the association between inequality and political instability on a more broadly comparative basis. Focus group discussions held in 12 Russian cities with 6 participants each drawn from a range of ages, both genders and different professions. Two focus groups were held for respondents age 18-29 only.

Situation in life, hopes, fears and satisfaction of the people on six continents. Attitude to problems of the present and expectations of the future. Topics: Future desires and future concepts; fears of the future; general contentment with life and feeling of happiness; relative satisfaction in individual areas of life; satisfaction with income; frequency of financial concerns and lack of money for food and clothing; lack of money for medications; satisfaction with medical care; self-assessment of condition of health; satisfaction with family life; most important family problems; ideal number of children; most important training goals; satisfaction with personal training; expected development of the standard of living; number of friends; expected change of the role of women in the country; judgement on equal opportunities for both sexes in occupation and training; satisfaction with housework and interest in taking up employment; work satisfaction and occupational satisfaction; preferred leisure activity; satisfaction with housing conditions and group sharing a residence; preferred size of place of residence; greatest problems of the group sharing a residence; change of quality of life at place of residence; desire for increased industrialization; sense of security at place of residence; personal impact from a crime (victimization); most important problems of the country and assumed reasons for these problems; expected development of living conditions; satisfaction with life in the country; attitude to population growth; attitude to animal protection; judgement on the wealth of one´s own nation; interest in emigration; readiness to travel; preferred destinations; most respected nation; knowledge of foreign languages; attitude to foreign aid; degree of familiarity of the UN and its special organizations; knowledge about UN membership of one´s country; judgement on the effectiveness of the UN; the significance of religious belief and belief in a life after death. Demography: age; sex; marital status; number of children; race; religious denomination; religiousness; school education; employment; household income; size of household; political orientation; possession of durable economic goods; social surroundings. Interviewer rating: willingness to cooperate und social class of respondent; economic status; housing situation. Lebenssituation, Hoffnungen, Befürchtungen und Zufriedenheit der Menschen in sechs Kontinenten. Einstellung zu Problemen der Gegenwart und Erwartungen an die Zukunft. Themen: Zukunftswünsche und Zukunftsvorstellungen; Zukunftsängste; allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit und Glücksgefühl; relative Zufriedenheit in den einzelnen Lebensbereichen; Zufriedenheit mit dem Einkommen; Häufigkeit finanzieller Sorgen und Mangel an Geld für Nahrungsmittel und Kleidung; fehlendes Geld für Medikamente; Zufriedenheit mit der medizinischen Versorgung; Selbsteinschätzung des Gesundheitszustandes; Zufriedenheit mit dem Familienleben; wichtigste Familienprobleme; ideale Kinderzahl; wichtigste Ausbildungsziele; Zufriedenheit mit der eigenen Ausbildung; vermutete Entwicklung des Lebensstandards; Anzahl der Freunde; erwarteter Wandel der Frauenrolle im Lande; Beurteilung der Chancengleichheit der Geschlechter im Beruf und in der Ausbildung; Zufriedenheit mit der Hausarbeit und Interesse an einer Berufsaufnahme; Arbeitszufriedenheit und Berufszufriedenheit; präferierte Freizeitbeschäftigung; Zufriedenheit mit den Wohnverhältnissen und der Wohngemeinde; präferierte Wohnortgröße; größte Probleme der Wohngemeinde; Veränderung der Lebensqualität am Wohnort; Wunsch nach vermehrter Industrialisierung; Sicherheitsgefühl am Wohnort; eigene Betroffenheit von einem Verbrechen (Viktimisierung); wichtigste Probleme des Landes und vermutete Ursachen für diese Probleme; vermutete Entwicklung der Lebensbedingungen; Zufriedenheit mit dem Leben im Lande; Einstellung zum Bevölkerungswachstum; Einstellung zum Tierschutz; Beurteilung des Reichtums der eigenen Nation; Interesse an Auswanderung; Bereitschaft zum Reisen; präferierte Reiseziele; meist geachtete Nation; Fremdsprachenkenntnisse; Einstellung zur Entwicklungshilfe; Bekanntheitsgrad der UNO und ihrer Spezialorganisationen; Kenntnis der UNO-Mitgliedschaft des eigenen Landes; Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit der UNO; die Bedeutung des religiösen Glaubens und Glauben an ein Leben nach dem Tod. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Kinderzahl; Rasse; Konfession; Religiosität; Schulbildung; Berufstätigkeit; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße; politische Orientierung; Besitz langlebiger Wirtschaftsgüter; soziales Umfeld. Interviewerrating: Kooperationsbereitschaft und Schichtzugehörigkeit des Befragten; wirtschaftlicher Status; Wohnsituation.

This table presents income shares, thresholds, tax shares, and total counts of individual Canadian tax filers, with a focus on high income individuals (95% income threshold, 99% threshold, etc.). Income thresholds are geography-specific; for example, the number of Nova Scotians in the top 1% will be calculated as the number of taxfiling Nova Scotians whose total income exceeded the 99% income threshold of Nova Scotian tax filers. Different definitions of income are available in the table namely market, total, and after-tax income, both with and without capital gains.

Sampling Procedure Comment: Probability Sample: Stratified Sample

Consumer Spending in the United States increased to 16350.20 USD Billion in the second quarter of 2025 from 16291.80 USD Billion in the first quarter of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Consumer Spending - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Lebenssituation, Hoffnungen, Befürchtungen und Zufriedenheit derMenschen in sechs Kontinenten. Einstellung zu Problemen der Gegenwartund Erwartungen an die Zukunft. Themen: Zukunftswünsche und Zukunftsvorstellungen; Zukunftsängste;allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit und Glücksgefühl; relative Zufriedenheitin den einzelnen Lebensbereichen; Zufriedenheit mit dem Einkommen;Häufigkeit finanzieller Sorgen und Mangel an Geld für Nahrungsmittel undKleidung; fehlendes Geld für Medikamente; Zufriedenheit mit dermedizinischen Versorgung; Selbsteinschätzung des Gesundheitszustandes;Zufriedenheit mit dem Familienleben; wichtigste Familienprobleme; idealeKinderzahl; wichtigste Ausbildungsziele; Zufriedenheit mit der eigenenAusbildung; vermutete Entwicklung des Lebensstandards; Anzahl derFreunde; erwarteter Wandel der Frauenrolle im Lande; Beurteilung derChancengleichheit der Geschlechter im Beruf und in der Ausbildung;Zufriedenheit mit der Hausarbeit und Interesse an einer Berufsaufnahme;Arbeitszufriedenheit und Berufszufriedenheit; präferierteFreizeitbeschäftigung; Zufriedenheit mit den Wohnverhältnissen und derWohngemeinde; präferierte Wohnortgröße; größte Probleme derWohngemeinde; Veränderung der Lebensqualität am Wohnort; Wunsch nachvermehrter Industrialisierung; Sicherheitsgefühl am Wohnort; eigeneBetroffenheit von einem Verbrechen (Viktimisierung); wichtigste Problemedes Landes und vermutete Ursachen für diese Probleme; vermuteteEntwicklung der Lebensbedingungen; Zufriedenheit mit dem Leben im Lande;Einstellung zum Bevölkerungswachstum; Einstellung zum Tierschutz;Beurteilung des Reichtums der eigenen Nation; Interesse an Auswanderung;Bereitschaft zum Reisen; präferierte Reiseziele; meist geachtete Nation;Fremdsprachenkenntnisse; Einstellung zur Entwicklungshilfe;Bekanntheitsgrad der UNO und ihrer Spezialorganisationen; Kenntnis derUNO-Mitgliedschaft des eigenen Landes; Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit derUNO; die Bedeutung des religiösen Glaubens und Glauben an ein Leben nachdem Tod. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Kinderzahl; Rasse;Konfession; Religiosität; Schulbildung; Berufstätigkeit;Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße; politische Orientierung; Besitzlanglebiger Wirtschaftsgüter; soziales Umfeld. Interviewerrating: Kooperationsbereitschaft und Schichtzugehörigkeitdes Befragten; wirtschaftlicher Status; Wohnsituation. Situation in life, hopes, fears and satisfaction of the people on sixcontinents. Attitude to problems of the present and expectations of the future. Topics: Future desires and future concepts; fears of the future;general contentment with life and feeling of happiness; relativesatisfaction in individual areas of life; satisfaction with income;frequency of financial concerns and lack of money for food andclothing; lack of money for medications; satisfaction with medicalcare; self-assessment of condition of health; satisfaction with familylife; most important family problems; ideal number of children; mostimportant training goals; satisfaction with personal training; expecteddevelopment of the standard of living; number of friends; expectedchange of the role of women in the country; judgement on equalopportunities for both sexes in occupation and training; satisfactionwith housework and interest in taking up employment; work satisfactionand occupational satisfaction; preferred leisure activity; satisfactionwith housing conditions and group sharing a residence; preferred sizeof place of residence; greatest problems of the group sharing aresidence; change of quality of life at place of residence; desire forincreased industrialization; sense of security at place of residence;personal impact from a crime (victimization); most important problemsof the country and assumed reasons for these problems; expecteddevelopment of living conditions; satisfaction with life in thecountry; attitude to population growth; attitude to animal protection;judgement on the wealth of one´s own nation; interest in emigration;readiness to travel; preferred destinations; most respected nation;knowledge of foreign languages; attitude to foreign aid; degree offamiliarity of the UN and its special organizations; knowledge about UNmembership of one´s country; judgement on the effectiveness of the UN;the significance of religious belief and belief in a life after death. Demography: age; sex; marital status; number of children; race;religious denomination; religiousness; school education; employment;household income; size of household; political orientation; possessionof durable economic goods; social surroundings. Interviewer rating: willingness to cooperate und social class ofrespondent; economic status; housing situation.

Soziale Ungleichheit. Themen: Soziale Herkunft, Verdienst, Diskriminierung, Korruption und gute Beziehungen als Voraussetzung für Erfolg in der Gesellschaft (wohlhabende Familie, gut ausgebildete Eltern, gute Ausbildung, Ehrgeiz, harte Arbeit, die richtigen Leute kennen, politische Verbindungen, Bestechungen, Rasse und Religion bzw. Geschlecht einer Person); Meinung zur Angleichung der Bildungschancen im Land (Korruption als Mittel für soziale Mobilität, nur Studenten aus den besten Schulen haben gute Chancen, eine Hochschulausbildung zu erhalten, nur Reiche können sich die Kosten für den Besuch einer Universität leisten, gleiche Chancen für alle für den Hochschulzugang, unabhängig von Geschlecht, ethnischer Zugehörigkeit oder sozialer Herkunft); Meinung zum eigenen Gehalt: ausreichendes Einkommen, Einschätzung des tatsächlichen und des angemessenen Einkommens für ausgewählte Berufsgruppen: Arzt, Vorsitzender eines großen nationalen Unternehmens, Verkäufer, Hilfsarbeiter in einer Fabrik, Minister in der nationalen Regierung; zu große Einkommensunterschiede im eigenen Land; Verantwortlichkeit der Regierung zur Verringerung von Einkommensunterschieden; Forderung nach staatlich garantiertem angemessenen Lebensstandard für Arbeitslose anstelle von Sozialleistungen für Arme; Forderung nach höheren Steuern für Menschen mit hohem Einkommen; Einstellung zu Steuern für Menschen mit hohem Einkommen; Rechtfertigung von besserer medizinischer Versorgung und Bildung für Menschen mit höherem Einkommen; Wahrnehmung von Klassenkonflikten zwischen sozialen Gruppen in dem Land (Arm und Reich, Arbeiterklasse und Mittelschicht, Arbeitgeber und Arbeitnehmer, Menschen an der Spitze der Gesellschaft und Menschen am unteren Rand); Selbsteinschätzung der Herkunftsfamilie des Befragten auf einer Oben-Unten-Skala; Vergleich der persönlichen sozialen Lage mit der des Vaters (soziale Mobilität); Gehaltkriterien (Skala: Verantwortung, Bildung, benötigte Unterstützung für Familien und Kinder, Qualität der Arbeitsleistung oder harte Arbeit); Gefühl von gerechter Bezahlung; Charakterisierung des tatsächlichen und des gewünschten sozialen Systems des Landes, gemessen an der Einstufung auf einem Pyramidendiagramm (Bild der Gesellschaft). Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Familienstand; Zusammenleben mit einem Partner; Jahre der Schulbildung; höchster Bildungsabschluss; länderspezifischer Bildungsgrad; derzeitiger Erwerbsstatus (Befragter und Partner); Wochenarbeitszeit, Beruf (ISCO 88) (Befragter und Partner); Vorgesetztenfunktion bei der Arbeit, Erwerbstätigkeit im privaten oder öffentliche Sektor oder Selbständigkeit (Befragte und Partner); Selbständige wurden gefragt: Zahl der Mitarbeiter; Mitgliedschaft in einer Gewerkschaft; Einkommen des Befragten (länderspezifisch); Familieneinkommen (länderspezifisch), Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltszusammensetzung, Parteipräferenz (links-rechts); länderspezifische Parteipräferenz; Wahlbeteiligung an der letzten Wahl; Konfession; religiöse Hauptgruppe; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Selbsteinschätzung auf einer Oben-Unten-Skala; Region (länderspezifisch), Ortsgröße (länderspezifisch); Urbanisierungsgrad; Herkunftsland oder ethnische Gruppenzugehörigkeit; Erwerbsstatus und Beruf von Vater und Mutter während der Jugend des Befragten (ISCO 88); Anzahl der Bücher im Elternhaus während der Jugend der Befragten (kulturelle Ressourcen); berufliche Stellung im ersten und derzeitigen Job (ISCO 88 und Arbeitstyp); Selbsteinschätzung der sozialen Klasse; geschätzter Betrag des Familienvermögens (Geld und Vermögenswerte); Arbeitsorientierung: Selbst-Charakterisierung derzeit und in der Jugend der Befragten bezüglich seiner Leistung am Arbeitsplatz bzw. in der Schule. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Art der Datenerhebung; Gewichtungsfaktor; case substitution. Social inequality. Themes: Importance of social background, merit, discrimination, corruption and good relations as prerequisites for success in society (wealthy family, well-educated parents, good education, ambitions, hard working, knowing the right people, political connections, giving bribes, person´s race and religion, gender); attitude towards equality of educational opportunity in one´s country (corruption as criteria for social mobility, only students from the best secondary schools have a good chance to obtain a university education, only rich people can afford the costs of attending university, same chances for everyone to enter university, regardless of gender, ethnicity or social background); opinion about own salary: actual occupational earning is adequate; estimation of actual and reasonable earnings for occupational groups: doctor, chairman of a large national corporation, shop assistant, unskilled worker in a factory, cabinet minister in the national government; income differences are too large in the respondent´s country; responsibility of government to reduce income differences; government should provide a decent standard of living for the unemployed and spend less on benefits for poor people; demand for higher taxes for people with high incomes; opinion on taxes for people with high income; justification of better medical supply and better education for people with higher income; perception of class conflicts between social groups in the country (poor and rich people, working class and middle class, management and workers, people at the top of society and people at the bottom); self-assessment and assessment of the family the respondent grew up in on a top-bottom-scale; social position compared to father (social mobility); salary criteria (scale: responsibility, education, needed support for family and children, quality of job performance or hard work at the job); feeling of a just payment; characterisation of the actual and the desired social system of the country, measured by classification on pyramid diagrams (image of society). Demography: sex; age; marital status; steady life partner; years of schooling; highest education level; country specific education and degree; current employment status (respondent and partner); hours worked weekly; occupation (ISCO 1988) (respondent and partner); supervising function at work; working for private or public sector or self-employed (respondent and partner); if self-employed: number of employees; trade union membership; earnings of respondent (country specific); family income (country specific); size of household; household composition; party affiliation (left-right); country specific party affiliation; participation in last election; religious denomination; religious main groups; attendance of religious services; self-placement on a top-bottom scale; region (country specific); size of community (country specific); type of community: urban-rural area; country of origin or ethnic group affiliation; occupation status and profession of respondent´s father and mother during the youth of the respondent (ISCO 88); number of books in the parental home during the youth of the respondent (cultural resources); occupational status and profession in the first job and the current job (ISCO 88 and working type); self-assessment of the social class; estimated amount of family wealth (monetary value of assets); work orientation: self-characterisation at this time and in the youth of the respondent concerning his performance at work respectively at school. Additionally coded: administrative mode of data-collection; weighting factor; case substitution.

This statistic shows a ranking of the estimated number of High Net Worth Individuals (HNWI) in 2020 in Asia, differentiated by country. High Net Worth Individuals are here defined as persons with investible assets of at least 1 million US$ in current exchange rate terms.The shown data are an excerpt of Statista's Key Market Indicators (KMI). The KMI are a collection of primary and secondary indicators on the macro-economic, demographic and technological environment in more than 150 countries and regions worldwide. All input data are sourced from international institutions, national statistical offices, and trade associations. All data has been are processed to generate comparable datasets (see supplementary notes under details for more information).