Companies importing and exporting electricity hold regulatory authorization from the CER and are required to report their export/import activities each month. Generated electricity not consumed domestically is exported. Electricity trade with United States is affected by prices, weather, power-line infrastructure and regional supply and demand. All these cause trade to vary from year to year. Canada also imports some electricity from the United States. The integrated Canada-US power grid allows for bi-directional flows to help meet fluctuating regional supply and demand. This dataset provides historical import and export volumes, values, and prices (by year and month) broken out by source and destination.

The domain of interest is Energy; however, the focus is to observe the trends between the different sources used for electricity generation among Canada and its provinces from 2005 to 2016, and to compare the trends for electricity generation to electricity consumption in Canada from 2005 to 2015. The main problem that will be investigated is how much of a particular source is used for electricity generation in Canada over these eleven years and what is the least and most used source of electricity generation over Canada. It will also be observed whether the proportion of electricity generated by each source in Canada during 2016, is consistent with the proportion of electricity generated by each source in every province. Additionally electricity consumption for the provinces will be studied to determine which province consumes the most and least amounts of electricity in Canada. The significance of this problem is to understand which sources are highly used to generate electric power in the provinces and in Canada. If a source is being used the most in Canada and in the provinces, it will lead us to find possible ways to generate electricity from the least used sources, so the country and its provinces do not depend on one source for electric power. It will also be observed if the electricity generation by each province has increased, decreased or remain constant from 2005-2016. From this data we can also infer which province generates the most and least amount of electric power and determine which abundant resources are available to each province for its electricity generation. Moreover, by comparing the trends for electricity consumption and electricity generation it will be observed if any province consumes more electricity than it generates. If so we can find ways to provide that province with more electrcity by importing it from other provinces.

Mapping Resources on energy infrastructure and potential implemented as part of the North American Cooperation on Energy Information (NACEI) between the Department of Energy of the United States of America, the Department of Natural Resources of Canada, and the Ministry of Energy of the United Mexican States. Natural Gas Processing Plants: Facilities designed to recover natural gas liquids from a stream of natural gas. These facilities control the quality of the natural gas to be marketed. Refineries: Facilities that separate and convert crude oil or other feedstock into liquid petroleum products, including upgraders and asphalt refineries. Liquefied Natural Gas Terminals: Natural gas onshore facilities used to receive, unload, load, store, gasify, liquefy, process and transport by ship, natural gas that is imported from a foreign country, exported to a foreign country, or for interior commerce. Power Plants, 100 MW or more: Stations containing prime movers, electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical, and/or fission energy into electric energy with an installed capacity of 100 megawatts or more. Renewable Power Plants, 1 MW or more: Stations containing prime movers, electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical into electric energy with an installed capacity of 1 Megawatt or more generated from renewable energy, including biomass, hydroelectric, pumped-storage hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, and wind. Natural Gas Underground Storage: Sub-surface facilities used for storing natural gas. The facilities are usually hollowed-out salt domes, geological reservoirs (depleted oil or gas field) or water bearing sands (called aquifers) topped by an impermeable cap rock. Border Crossings: Electric transmission lines, liquids pipelines and gas pipelines. Solar Resource, NSRDB PSM Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI): Average of the hourly Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) over 17 years (1998-2014). Data extracted from the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB) developed using the Physical Solar Model (PSM) by National Renewable Energy Laboratory ("NREL"), Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, U.S. Department of Energy ("DOE"). Solar Resource, NSRDB PSM Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI): Average of the hourly Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) over 17 years (1998-2014). Data extracted from the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB) developed using the Physical Solar Model (PSM) by National Renewable Energy Laboratory ("NREL"), Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, U.S. Department of Energy ("DOE"). The participating Agencies and Institutions shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. These data and related graphics, if available, are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such. The information contained in these data is dynamic and may change over time and may differ from other official information. The Agencies and Institutions participants give no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data.

Stations containing prime movers, electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical into electric energy with an installed capacity of 1 Megawatt or more generated from renewable energy, including biomass, hydroelectric, pumped-storage hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, and wind. Mapping Resources implemented as part of the North American Cooperation on Energy Information (NACEI) between the Department of Energy of the United States of America, the Department of Natural Resources of Canada, and the Ministry of Energy of the United Mexican States. The participating Agencies and Institutions shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. These data and related graphics, if available, are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such. The information contained in these data is dynamic and may change over time and may differ from other official information. The Agencies and Institutions participants give no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data. Parent Collection: North American Cooperation on Energy Information, Mapping Data

Gate to gate life cycle inventory (LCI) data for the US national grid. Includes generation and transmission of electricity for US electricity grid. Representative of year 2008 mix of fuels used for utility electricity generation in US. Fuels include biomass, coal, petroleum, geothermal, natural gas, nuclear, solar, hydroelectric and wind energy sources.

This data was developed by:

• Alberta Carpenter, NREL
• Chris Goemans, Athena Institute

Data is derived from reports from EIA, IEA, US DOE, Statistics Canada, USEPA, and NERC. A methodology report is available online at the USLCI Database website (http://www.nrel.gov/lci/)

Data is also available with additional information and in ecospold (XLS and XML) formats at the USLCI Database website (http://www.nrel.gov/lci/).

Companies importing and exporting electricity hold regulatory authorization from the CER and are required to report their export/import activities each month. Generated electricity not consumed domestically is exported. Electricity trade with United States is affected by prices, weather, power-line infrastructure and regional supply and demand. All these cause trade to vary from year to year. Canada also imports some electricity from the United States. The integrated Canada-US power grid allows for bi-directional flows to help meet fluctuating regional supply and demand. This dataset provides historical import and export volumes, values, and prices (by year and month) broken out by source and destination.

The Remote Communities Energy Database is a public resource that provides pertinent factual information about the generation and use of electricity and other energy sources for all remote communities in Canada. Communities are identified as remote communities if they are not currently connected to the North-American electrical grid nor to the piped natural gas network; and is a permanent or long-term (5 years or more) settlement with at least 10 dwellings. The Remote Communities Energy Database is the only national data source on energy in remote communities that is publically available on one centralized site. The Remote Communities Energy Database allows users to search and conduct analyses of remote communities and their energy context. Users are also able download the data from the Remote Communities Energy Database dataset in CSV (i.e., excel compatible) format. This data is collected from a number of sources including the remote communities themselves, local utilities, provincial and territorial government’s, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC), Statistics Canada, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) and various other stakeholders.

The presented dataset contains the following simulation-based monthly hydropower generation data for 110 facilities in British Columbia and Alberta, to support Western-US interconnect grid system studies:
1) Monthly hydropower generation estimates
2) Monthly hydropower flexibility metrics (minimum and maximum hourly generation and daily fluctuations)

The hydropower generation estimates are provided with reference to the facility list that contains the corresponding metadata for each facility.

For more details, please refer to Son et al. (2024). Monthly hydropower generation data for Western Canada to support Western-US interconnect power system studies [Manuscript submitted for publication].

Corresponding author(s): Youngjun Son (youngjun.son@pnnl.gov) and Nathalie Voisin (nathalie.voisin@pnnl.gov)

For data reproduction, please see the GitHub repository at https://github.com/GODEEEP/tgw-hydro-canada" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/GODEEEP/tgw-hydro-canada.

Hydropower Facility List

The file, CAN_hydropower_facilities.csv, provides essential information on 146 hydropower facilities in British Columbia and Alberta, derived from https://www.eia.gov/trilateral/#!/maps" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Renewable Energy Power Plants, 1 MW or more, by Energy Source by North American Cooperation on Energy Information (NACEI). Additionally, the facility information has been updated with corresponding https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/a4b190fe-e090-4e6d-881e-b87956c07977">National Hydrographic Network (NHN) Work Units, global reservoir and lake database (https://www.globaldamwatch.org/grand" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GRanD: Global Reservoirs and Dams Database and https://www.hydrosheds.org/products/hydrolakes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">HydroLAKES), diversion intake flow rates based on water license information (hydropower), and so on. Below are the descriptions for each column in the facility metadata:

• fid: Facility id according to NACEI data. New four-digit id starting with '9' are assigned for facilities with no fid in NACEI data
• Facility: Name of the facility
• X: Longitude of the facility's powerhouse
• Y: Latitude of the facility's powerhouse
• Province: Province where the facility is located
• Hydro_MW: Nameplate capacity of the facility
• NHN_Work_U: Associated NHN Work Units
• GRanD_ID: Associated reservoir id from the GRanD dataset
• HydroLAKES_ID: Associated lake id from the HydroLAKES dataset
• GINDEX: Grid id from the mosartwmpy Canada model
• GINDEX_CONUS: Grid id from the mosartwmpy CONUS model, used for facilities in the Columbia River Basin
• Basin_Note: Indicator for facilities located in the Columbia River Basin or outside of the TGW meteorological forcing domain
• WECC_ADS_2032: Indicator for facilities without the WECC ADS 2032 reference hydropower generation data
• Intake_Flow_Rate: Diversion intake flow rates based on hydropower water license information
• Type: Type of facility
• Water_License: Link to the source of water license information

Among the 146 hydropower facilities listed, only 110 facilities, which are within the TGW meteorological forcings domain and have reference hydropower generation data, are considered for monthly hydropower generation estimates.

Monthly Hydropower Generation Estimates and Flexibility Metrics

Each file contains a monthly timeseries dataset (rows: monthly timestamps) from 1981 to 2019 for 110 facilities (columns: Facility listed in CAN_hydropower_facilities.csv).

1. CAN_hydropower_monthly_generation_MWh.csv: monthly total hydropower generation in MWh
2. CAN_hydropower_monthly_p_min_MW.csv: monthly flexibility metric of minimum generation capacity in MW
3. CAN_hydropower_monthly_p_max_MW.csv: monthly flexibility metric of maximum generation capacity in MW
4. CAN_hydropower_monthly_p_ador_MW.csv: monthly flexibility metric of the daily operation range in MW

Funding Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Grid Operations, Decarbonization, Environmental and Energy Equity Platform (GODEEEP) Investment, under the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL).

The PNNL is a multi-program national laboratory operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC05-76RL01830.

Disclaimer

The presented dataset was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the U.S. Government. Neither the U.S. Government nor the U.S. Department of Energy, nor the Contractor, nor any or their employees, nor any jurisdiction or organization that has cooperated in the development of these materials, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness or any information, apparatus, product, software, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof, or Battelle Memorial Institute.

Canada Electricity: TR: Other Receipts from US data was reported at 80,640.000 MWh in Dec 2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 198.000 MWh for Nov 2011. Canada Electricity: TR: Other Receipts from US data is updated monthly, averaging 145,434.500 MWh from Jan 1989 (Median) to Dec 2011, with 272 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,331,565.000 MWh in Aug 1994 and a record low of -323,829.000 MWh in Mar 2002. Canada Electricity: TR: Other Receipts from US data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Canada. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.RB004: Electricity Receipts and Deliveries.

The United States electric grid, a vast and complex infrastructure, has experienced numerous outages from 2002 to 2023, with causes ranging from extreme weather events to cyberattacks and aging infrastructure. The resilience of the grid has been tested repeatedly as demand for electricity continues to grow while climate change exacerbates the frequency and intensity of storms, wildfires, and other natural disasters.

Between 2002 and 2023, the U.S. Department of Energy recorded thousands of power outages, varying in scale from localized blackouts to large-scale regional failures affecting millions. The Northeast blackout of 2003 was one of the most significant, impacting 50 million people across the United States and Canada. A software bug in an alarm system prevented operators from recognizing and responding to transmission line failures, leading to a cascading effect that took hours to contain and days to restore completely.

Weather-related disruptions have been among the most common causes of outages, particularly hurricanes, ice storms, and heatwaves. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina devastated the Gulf Coast, knocking out power for over 1.7 million customers. Similarly, in 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused widespread destruction in the Northeast, leaving over 8 million customers in the dark. More recently, the Texas winter storm of February 2021 resulted in one of the most catastrophic power failures in state history. Unusually cold temperatures overwhelmed the state’s independent power grid, leading to equipment failures, frozen natural gas pipelines, and rolling blackouts that lasted days. The event highlighted vulnerabilities in grid preparedness for extreme weather, particularly in regions unaccustomed to such conditions.

Wildfires in California have also played a significant role in grid outages. The state's largest utility companies, such as Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), have implemented preemptive power shutoffs to reduce wildfire risks during high-wind events. These Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS) have affected millions of residents, causing disruptions to businesses, emergency services, and daily life. The 2018 Camp Fire, the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in California history, was ignited by faulty PG&E transmission lines, leading to increased scrutiny over utility maintenance and fire mitigation efforts.

In addition to natural disasters, cyber threats have emerged as a growing concern for the U.S. electric grid. In 2015 and 2016, Russian-linked cyberattacks targeted Ukraine’s power grid, serving as a stark warning of the potential vulnerabilities in American infrastructure. In 2021, the Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack, while not directly targeting the electric grid, demonstrated how critical energy infrastructure could be compromised, leading to widespread fuel shortages and economic disruptions. Federal agencies and utility companies have since ramped up investments in cybersecurity measures to protect against potential attacks.

Aging infrastructure remains another pressing issue. Many parts of the U.S. grid were built decades ago and have not kept pace with modern energy demands or technological advancements. The shift towards renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, presents new challenges for grid stability, requiring updated transmission systems and improved energy storage solutions. Federal and state governments have initiated grid modernization efforts, including investments in smart grids, microgrids, and battery storage to enhance resilience and reliability.

Looking forward, the future of the U.S. electric grid depends on continued investments in infrastructure, cybersecurity, and climate resilience. With the increasing electrification of transportation and industry, demand for reliable and clean energy will only grow. Policymakers, utility companies, and regulators must collaborate to address vulnerabilities, adapt to emerging threats, and ensure a more robust, efficient, and sustainable electric grid for the decades to come.

Data on the quantity of energy purchased and the energy expenses are presented at the national level, by energy source (electricity, heavy fuel oil, diesel, natural gas, etc.) and by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Not all combinations may be available.

Electric Transmission Border Crossings in North AmericaImportant Note: This item is in mature support as of May, 2025 and will be retired in September, 2025. This feature layer, utilizing data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), depicts electric transmission border crossings in North America. According to the American Petroleum Institute, "North American energy markets...are integrated and interdependent with energy infrastructure crossing the borders of the U.S., Canada and Mexico. The trade in...electricity between the U.S., Canada and Mexico is multi-directional". Electric Transmission Border CrossingsData Currency: This cached Esri service is checked monthly for updates from its federal source (Border Crossings - Electricity).Data Modification(s): NoneFor more information, please visit: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)For feedback: ArcGIScomNationalMaps@esri.comEnergy Information AdministrationPer EIA, "The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) collects, analyzes, and disseminates independent and impartial energy information to promote sound policymaking, efficient markets, and public understanding of energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment."

Over the past half a century, the world's electricity consumption has continuously grown, reaching approximately 27,000 terawatt-hours by 2023. Between 1980 and 2023, electricity consumption more than tripled, while the global population reached eight billion people. Growth in industrialization and electricity access across the globe have further boosted electricity demand. China's economic rise and growth in global power use Since 2000, China's GDP has recorded an astonishing 15-fold increase, turning it into the second-largest global economy, behind only the United States. To fuel the development of its billion-strong population and various manufacturing industries, China requires more energy than any other country. As a result, it has become the largest electricity consumer in the world. Electricity consumption per capita In terms of per capita electricity consumption, China and other BRIC countries are still vastly outpaced by developed economies with smaller population sizes. Iceland, with a population of less than half a million inhabitants, consumes by far the most electricity per person in the world. Norway, Qatar, Canada, and the United States also have among the highest consumption rates. Multiple contributing factors such as the existence of power-intensive industries, household sizes, living situations, appliance and efficiency standards, and access to alternative heating fuels determine the amount of electricity the average person requires in each country.

This feature layer, utilizing data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), depicts electric transmission border crossings in North America. According to the American Petroleum Institute, "North American energy markets...are integrated and interdependent with energy infrastructure crossing the borders of the U.S., Canada and Mexico. The trade in...electricity between the U.S., Canada and Mexico is multi-directional". Electric Transmission Border CrossingsData Currency: This cached Esri service is checked weekly for updates from its federal source (Border Crossings, Electricity).Data Modification(s): NoneFor more information, please visit: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)For feedback: ArcGIScomNationalMaps@esri.comThumbnail source image courtesy of: Chris HunkelerEnergy Information AdministrationPer EIA, "The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) collects, analyzes, and disseminates independent and impartial energy information to promote sound policymaking, efficient markets, and public understanding of energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment."

Border crossings of electric transmission lines. Mapping Resources implemented as part of the North American Cooperation on Energy Information (NACEI) between the Department of Energy of the United States of America, the Department of Natural Resources of Canada, and the Ministry of Energy of the United Mexican States. The participating Agencies and Institutions shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. These data and related graphics, if available, are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such. The information contained in these data is dynamic and may change over time and may differ from other official information. The Agencies and Institutions participants give no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data. Parent Collection: North American Cooperation on Energy Information, Mapping Data

Every two years the WECC (Western Electricity Coordinating Council) releases an Anchor Data Set (ADS) to be analyzed with a Production Cost Models (PCM) and which represents the expected loads, resources, and transmission topology 10 years in the future from a given reference year. For hydropower resources, the WECC relies on members to provide data to parameterize the hydropower representation in production cost models. The datasets consist of plant-level hydropower generation, flexibility, ramping, and mode of operations and are tied to the hydropower representation in those production cost models.

In 2022, PNNL supported the WECC by developing the WECC ADS 2032 hydropower dataset [1]. The WECC ADS 2032 hydropower dataset (generation and flexibility) included an update of the climate year conditions (2018 calendar year), consistency in representation across the entire US WECC footprint, updated hydropower operations over the core Columbia River, and a higher temporal resolution (weekly instead of monthly)[1] associated with a GridView software update (weekly hydro logic). Proprietary WECC utility hydropower data were used when available to develop the monthly and weekly datasets and were completed with HydroWIRES B1 methods to develop the Hydro 923 plus (now RectifHydPlus weekly hydropower dataset) [2] and the flexibility parameterization [3]. The team worked with Bonneville Power Administration to develop hydropower datasets over the core Columbia River representative of the post-2018 change in environmental regulation (flex spill). Ramping data are considered proprietary, were leveraged from WECC ADS 2030, and were not provided in the release, nor are the WECC-member hydropower data.

This release represents the WECC ADS 2034 hydropower dataset. The generator database was first updated by WECC. Based on a review of hourly generation profiles, 16 facilities were transitioned from fixed schedule to dispatchable (380.5MW). The operations of the core Columbia River were updated based on Bonneville Power Administration's long-term hydro-modeling using 2020-level of modified flows and using fiscal year 2031 expected operations. The update was necessary to reflect the new environmental regulation (EIS2023). The team also included a newly developed extension over Canada [4] that improves upon existing data and synchronizes the US and Canadian data to the same 2018 weather year. Canadian facilities over the Peace River were not updated due to a lack of available flow data. The team was able to modernize and improve the overall data processing using modern tools as well as provide thorough documentation and reproducible workflows [5,6]. The datasets have been incorporated into the 2034 ADS and are in active use by WECC and the community.

WECC ADS 2034 hydropower datasets contain generation at weekly and monthly timesteps, for US hydropower plants, monthly generation for Canadian hydropower plants, and the two merged together. Separate datasets are included for generation by hydropower plant and generation by individual generator units. Only processed data are provided. Original WECC-utility hourly data are under a non-disclosure agreement and for the sole use of developing this dataset.

[1] Voisin, N., Harris, K. M., Oikonomou, K., Turner, S., Johnson, A., Wallace, S., Racht, P., et al. (2022). WECC ADS 2032 Hydropower Dataset (PNNL-SA-172734). See presentation (Voisin N., K.M. Harris, K. Oikonomou, and S. Turner. 04/05/2022. "WECC 2032 Anchor Dataset - Hydropower." Presented by N. Voisin, K. Oikonomou at WECC Production Cost Model Dataset Subcommittee Meeting, Online, Utah. PNNL-SA-171897.).

[2] Turner, S. W. D., Voisin, N., Oikonomou, K., & Bracken, C. (2023). Hydro 923: Monthly and Weekly Hydropower Constraints Based on Disaggregated EIA-923 Data (v1.1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8212727

[3] Stark, G., Barrows, C., Dalvi, S., Guo, N., Michelettey, P., Trina, E., Watson, A., Voisin, N., Turner, S., Oikonomou, K. and Colotelo, A. 2023 Improving the Representation of Hydropower in Production Cost Models, NREL/TP-5700-86377, United States. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1993943

[4] Son, Y., Bracken, C., Broman, D., & Voisin, N. (2025). Monthly Hydropower Generation Dataset for Western Canada (1.1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14984725

[5] https://github.com/HydroWIRES-PNNL/weccadshydro/

Dataset Files:

Data Description:

Each dataset contains the following column headers:

Data Source (Method)

The dataset contains data from four different data sources, developed using different methods:

Stations containing prime movers, electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical, and/or fission energy into electric energy with an installed capacity of 100 megawatts or more. Mapping Resources implemented as part of the North American Cooperation on Energy Information (NACEI) between the Department of Energy of the United States of America, the Department of Natural Resources of Canada, and the Ministry of Energy of the United Mexican States. The participating Agencies and Institutions shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. These data and related graphics, if available, are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such. The information contained in these data is dynamic and may change over time and may differ from other official information. The Agencies and Institutions participants give no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data. Parent Collection: North American Cooperation on Energy Information, Mapping Data

Stations containing prime movers, electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical into electric energy with an installed capacity of 1 Megawatt or more generated from renewable energy, including biomass, hydroelectric, pumped-storage hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, and wind. Mapping Resources implemented as part of the North American Cooperation on Energy Information (NACEI) between the Department of Energy of the United States of America, the Department of Natural Resources of Canada, and the Ministry of Energy of the United Mexican States. The participating Agencies and Institutions shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. These data and related graphics, if available, are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such. The information contained in these data is dynamic and may change over time and may differ from other official information. The Agencies and Institutions participants give no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data. Parent Collection: North American Cooperation on Energy Information, Mapping Data

Mapping Resources on energy infrastructure and potential implemented as part of the North American Cooperation on Energy Information (NACEI) between the Department of Energy of the United States of America, the Department of Natural Resources of Canada, and the Ministry of Energy of the United Mexican States. Natural Gas Processing Plants: Facilities designed to recover natural gas liquids from a stream of natural gas. These facilities control the quality of the natural gas to be marketed. Refineries: Facilities that separate and convert crude oil or other feedstock into liquid petroleum products, including upgraders and asphalt refineries. Liquefied Natural Gas Terminals: Natural gas onshore facilities used to receive, unload, load, store, gasify, liquefy, process and transport by ship, natural gas that is imported from a foreign country, exported to a foreign country, or for interior commerce. Power Plants, 100 MW or more: Stations containing prime movers, electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical, and/or fission energy into electric energy with an installed capacity of 100 megawatts or more. Renewable Power Plants, 1 MW or more: Stations containing prime movers, electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical into electric energy with an installed capacity of 1 Megawatt or more generated from renewable energy, including biomass, hydroelectric, pumped-storage hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, and wind. Natural Gas Underground Storage: Sub-surface facilities used for storing natural gas. The facilities are usually hollowed-out salt domes, geological reservoirs (depleted oil or gas field) or water bearing sands (called aquifers) topped by an impermeable cap rock. Border Crossings: Electric transmission lines, liquids pipelines and gas pipelines. Solar Resource, NSRDB PSM Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI): Average of the hourly Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) over 17 years (1998-2014). Data extracted from the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB) developed using the Physical Solar Model (PSM) by National Renewable Energy Laboratory ("NREL"), Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, U.S. Department of Energy ("DOE"). Solar Resource, NSRDB PSM Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI): Average of the hourly Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) over 17 years (1998-2014). Data extracted from the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB) developed using the Physical Solar Model (PSM) by National Renewable Energy Laboratory ("NREL"), Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, U.S. Department of Energy ("DOE"). The participating Agencies and Institutions shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. These data and related graphics, if available, are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such. The information contained in these data is dynamic and may change over time and may differ from other official information. The Agencies and Institutions participants give no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data.

Prices in US dollars per barrel of WCS oil and in Canadian dollars per gigajoule of natural gas.