13 datasets found
  1. Financing the State: Government Tax Revenue from 1800 to 2012, 31 countries

    • icpsr.umich.edu
    ascii, delimited, r +3
    Updated Apr 21, 2022
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    Andersson, Per F.; Brambor, Thomas (2022). Financing the State: Government Tax Revenue from 1800 to 2012, 31 countries [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR38308.v1
    Explore at:
    ascii, r, delimited, spss, stata, sasAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Apr 21, 2022
    Dataset provided by
    Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Researchhttps://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/pages/
    Authors
    Andersson, Per F.; Brambor, Thomas
    License

    https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/38308/termshttps://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/38308/terms

    Time period covered
    1800 - 2012
    Area covered
    New Zealand, Venezuela, Peru, Japan, Spain, Colombia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Norway
    Description

    This dataset presents information on historical central government revenues for 31 countries in Europe and the Americas for the period from 1800 (or independence) to 2012. The countries included are: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany (West Germany between 1949 and 1990), Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In other words, the dataset includes all South American, North American, and Western European countries with a population of more than one million, plus Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Mexico. The dataset contains information on the public finances of central governments. To make such information comparable cross-nationally the researchers chose to normalize nominal revenue figures in two ways: (i) as a share of the total budget, and (ii) as a share of total gross domestic product. The total tax revenue of the central state is disaggregated guided by the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which provides a classification of types of revenue, and describes in detail the contents of each classification category. Given the paucity of detailed historical data and the needs of our project, researchers combined some subcategories. First, they were interested in total tax revenue, as well as the shares of total revenue coming from direct and indirect taxes. Further, they measured two sub-categories of direct taxation, namely taxes on property and income. For indirect taxes, they separated excises, consumption, and customs.

  2. t

    Summary of Receipts by Source, and Outlays by Function of the U.S....

    • fiscaldata.treasury.gov
    Updated Jul 13, 2020
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    (2020). Summary of Receipts by Source, and Outlays by Function of the U.S. Government [Dataset]. https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/datasets/monthly-treasury-statement/
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    Dataset updated
    Jul 13, 2020
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    This summary table shows, for Budget Receipts, the total amount of activity for the current month, the current fiscal year-to-date, the comparable prior period year-to-date and the budgeted amount estimated for the current fiscal year for various types of receipts (i.e. individual income tax, corporate income tax, etc.). The Budget Outlays section of the table shows the total amount of activity for the current month, the current fiscal year-to-date, the comparable prior period year-to-date and the budgeted amount estimated for the current fiscal year for functions of the federal government. The table also shows the amounts for the budget/surplus deficit categorized as listed above. This table includes total and subtotal rows that should be excluded when aggregating data. Some rows represent elements of the dataset's hierarchy, but are not assigned values. The classification_id for each of these elements can be used as the parent_id for underlying data elements to calculate their implied values. Subtotal rows are available to access this same information.

  3. o

    USA IRS Zipcode data

    • public.opendatasoft.com
    • data.smartidf.services
    csv, excel, json
    Updated Mar 12, 2020
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    (2020). USA IRS Zipcode data [Dataset]. https://public.opendatasoft.com/explore/dataset/usa-irs-zipcode-data/
    Explore at:
    csv, excel, jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Mar 12, 2020
    License

    https://www.usa.gov/government-workshttps://www.usa.gov/government-works

    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    This dataset combines annual files from 2005 to 2017 published by the IRS. ZIP Code data show selected income and tax items classified by State, ZIP Code, and size of adjusted gross income. Data are based on individual income tax returns filed with the IRS. The data include items, such as:

    Number of returns, which approximates the number of householdsNumber of personal exemptions, which approximates the populationAdjusted gross income (AGI)Wages and salariesDividends before exclusionInterest received Enrichment and notes:- the original data sheets (a column per variable, a line per year, zipcode and AGI group) have been transposed to get a record per year, zipcode, AGI group and variable- the data for Wyoming in 2006 was removed because AGI classes were not correctly defined, making the resulting data unfit for analysis.- the AGI groups have seen their definitions change: the variable "AGI Class" was used until 2008, with various intervals of AGI; "AGI Stub" replaced it in 2009. We provided the literal intervals (eg. "$50,000 under $75,000") as "AGI Group" in each case to help the analysis.- the codes for each tax item have been joined with a dataset of variables to provide full names.- some tax items are available since 2005, others since more recent years, depending on their introduction date (available in the dataset of variables); as a consequence, the time range of the plots or graphs may vary.- the unit for amounts and AGIs is a thousand dollars.

  4. Replication dataset and calculations for PIIE Briefing 25-2 The US Revenue...

    • piie.com
    Updated Apr 22, 2025
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    Warwick J. McKibbin; Geoffrey Shuetrim (2025). Replication dataset and calculations for PIIE Briefing 25-2 The US Revenue Implications of President Trump’s 2025 Tariffs by Warwick McKibbin and Geoffrey Shuetrim (2025). [Dataset]. https://www.piie.com/publications/piie-briefings/2025/us-revenue-implications-president-trumps-2025-tariffs
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    Dataset updated
    Apr 22, 2025
    Dataset provided by
    Peterson Institute for International Economicshttp://www.piie.com/
    Authors
    Warwick J. McKibbin; Geoffrey Shuetrim
    Description

    This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts, tables, and calculations presented in The US Revenue Implications of President Trump’s 2025 Tariffs, PIIE Briefing 25-2.

    If you use the data, please cite as:

    McKibbin, Warwick, and Geoffrey Shuetrim. 2025. The US Revenue Implications of President Trump’s 2025 Tariffs. PIIE Briefing 25-2. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

  5. t

    Receipts of the U.S. Government

    • fiscaldata.treasury.gov
    Updated Jul 13, 2020
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    (2020). Receipts of the U.S. Government [Dataset]. https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/datasets/monthly-treasury-statement/
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    Dataset updated
    Jul 13, 2020
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    This table shows the gross receipts, refunds and net receipts for the current month, the current fiscal year-to-date and the prior fiscal year-to-date for the various receipts of the federal government. This table includes total and subtotal rows that should be excluded when aggregating data. Some rows represent elements of the dataset's hierarchy, but are not assigned values. The classification_id for each of these elements can be used as the parent_id for underlying data elements to calculate their implied values. Subtotal rows are available to access this same information.

  6. t

    Receipts and Outlays of the U.S. Government by Month

    • fiscaldata.treasury.gov
    Updated Jul 13, 2020
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    (2020). Receipts and Outlays of the U.S. Government by Month [Dataset]. https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/datasets/monthly-treasury-statement/
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    Dataset updated
    Jul 13, 2020
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    This table shows the receipts and outlays of the United States Government by month for the current fiscal year, up to and including the current accounting month. The table also shows the total receipts and outlays for the current fiscal year-to-date and the comparable prior fiscal year-to-date. This table includes total and subtotal rows that should be excluded when aggregating data. Some rows represent elements of the dataset's hierarchy, but are not assigned values. The classification_id for each of these elements can be used as the parent_id for underlying data elements to calculate their implied values. Subtotal rows are available to access this same information.

  7. T

    United States Corporate Profits

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • jp.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Updated Jun 26, 2025
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    TRADING ECONOMICS (2025). United States Corporate Profits [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/corporate-profits
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    excel, xml, json, csvAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Jun 26, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Mar 31, 1947 - Mar 31, 2025
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    Corporate Profits in the United States decreased to 3203.60 USD Billion in the first quarter of 2025 from 3312 USD Billion in the fourth quarter of 2024. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Corporate Profits - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

  8. T

    United States Tourism Revenues

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • es.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
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    TRADING ECONOMICS, United States Tourism Revenues [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/tourism-revenues
    Explore at:
    csv, json, excel, xmlAvailable download formats
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Jan 31, 1999 - Apr 30, 2025
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    Tourism Revenues in the United States increased to 21584 USD Million in April from 20071 USD Million in March of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Tourism Revenues- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

  9. Daily Treasury Statement (DTS)

    • fiscaldata.treasury.gov
    csv, json, xml
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    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY, Daily Treasury Statement (DTS) [Dataset]. https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/datasets/daily-treasury-statement/
    Explore at:
    csv, json, xmlAvailable download formats
    Dataset provided by
    United States Department of the Treasuryhttps://treasury.gov/
    Authors
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
    Time period covered
    Oct 3, 2005 - Jul 9, 2025
    Description

    Get data on the daily cash and debt operations of the U.S. Treasury, including cash balance, deposits, and withdrawals; income tax refunds; and debt transactions.

  10. Insightful & Vast USA Statistics

    • kaggle.com
    Updated May 19, 2018
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    Golden Oak Research Group (2018). Insightful & Vast USA Statistics [Dataset]. https://www.kaggle.com/forums/f/6032/insightful-vast-usa-statistics
    Explore at:
    CroissantCroissant is a format for machine-learning datasets. Learn more about this at mlcommons.org/croissant.
    Dataset updated
    May 19, 2018
    Dataset provided by
    Kaggle
    Authors
    Golden Oak Research Group
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    Very Important

    • Check out the new must-see kernel for this dataset Click Here
    • Make Sure to upvote for more datasets and kernel :D

    Overview:

    Explore the dataset and potentially gain valuable insight into your data science project through interesting features. The dataset was developed for a portfolio optimization graduate project I was working on. The goal was to the monetize risk of company deleveraging by associated with changes in economic data. Applications of the dataset may include. To see the data in action visit my analytics page. Analytics Page & Dashboard and to access all 295,000+ records click here.

    • Mortgage-Backed Securities
    • Geographic Business Investment
    • Real Estate Analysis

    For any questions, you may reach us at research_development@goldenoakresearch.com. For immediate assistance, you may reach me on at 585-626-2965. Please Note: the number is my personal number and email is preferred

    Statistical Themes:

    Note: in total there are 75 fields the following are just themes the fields fall under Home Owner Costs: Sum of utilities, property taxes.

    • Second Mortgage: Households with a second mortgage statistics.
    • Home Equity Loan: Households with a Home equity Loan statistics.
    • Debt: Households with any type of debt statistics.
    • Mortgage Costs: Statistics regarding mortgage payments, home equity loans, utilities and property taxes
    • Home Owner Costs: Sum of utilities, property taxes statistics
    • Gross Rent: Contract rent plus the estimated average monthly cost of utility features
    • Gross Rent as Percent of Income Gross rent as the percent of income very interesting
    • High school Graduation: High school graduation statistics.
    • Population Demographics: Population demographic statistics.
    • Age Demographics: Age demographic statistics.
    • Household Income: Total income of people residing in the household.
    • Family Income: Total income of people related to the householder.

    Sources, if you wish to get the data your self :)

    2012-2016 ACS 5-Year Documentation was provided by the U.S. Census Reports. Retrieved May 2, 2018, from

    Access All 325,258 Location of Our Most Complete Database Ever:

    Providing you the potential to monetize risk and optimize your investment portfolio through quality economic features at unbeatable price. Access all 295,000+ records on an incredibly small scale, see links below for more details:

  11. d

    B2B Marketing Data | B2B Leads Data | 181M+ Records | Decision Makers,...

    • datarade.ai
    Updated Jul 27, 2023
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    Exellius Systems (2023). B2B Marketing Data | B2B Leads Data | 181M+ Records | Decision Makers, Executives, CEO, MD | 20+ Attributes, Direct E-mail & Phone [Dataset]. https://datarade.ai/data-products/exellius-systems-decision-makers-executives-b2b-contact-data-exellius-systems
    Explore at:
    .xml, .csv, .xls, .txtAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Jul 27, 2023
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Exellius Systems
    Area covered
    Togo, Yemen, Papua New Guinea, Bangladesh, State of, Kiribati, Ghana, Somalia, Antarctica, Albania
    Description

    Transform Your Business with Our Comprehensive B2B Marketing Data Our B2B Marketing Data is designed to be a cornerstone for data-driven professionals looking to optimize their business strategies. With an unwavering commitment to data integrity and quality, our dataset empowers you to make informed decisions, enhance your outreach efforts, and drive business growth.

    Why Choose Our B2B Marketing Data? Unmatched Data Integrity and Quality Our data is meticulously sourced and validated through rigorous processes to ensure its accuracy, relevance, and reliability. This commitment to excellence guarantees that you are equipped with the most up-to-date information, empowering your business to thrive in a competitive landscape.

    Versatile and Strategic Applications This versatile dataset caters to a wide range of business needs, including:

    Lead Generation: Identify and connect with potential clients who align with your business goals. Market Segmentation: Tailor your marketing efforts by segmenting your audience based on industry, company size, or geographical location. Personalized Marketing Campaigns: Craft personalized outreach strategies that resonate with your target audience, increasing engagement and conversion rates. B2B Communication Strategies: Enhance your communication efforts with direct access to decision-makers, ensuring your message reaches the right people. Comprehensive Data Attributes Our B2B Marketing Data offers more than just basic contact information. With over 20+ attributes, you gain in-depth insights into:

    Decision-Maker Roles: Understand the responsibilities and influence of key figures within an organization, such as CEOs, executives, and other senior management. Industry Affiliations: Analyze industry-specific data to tailor your approach to the unique dynamics of each sector. Contact Information: Direct email addresses and phone numbers streamline communication, enabling you to engage with your audience effectively and efficiently. Expansive Global Coverage Our dataset spans a wide array of countries, providing a truly global perspective for your business initiatives. Whether you're looking to expand into new markets or strengthen your presence in existing ones, our data ensures comprehensive coverage across the following regions:

    North America: United States, Canada, Mexico Europe: United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden, and more Asia: China, Japan, India, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, and more South America: Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and more Africa: South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Egypt, and more Australia and Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Middle East: United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Qatar, and more Industry-Wide Reach Our B2B Marketing Data covers an extensive range of industries, ensuring that no matter your focus, you have access to the insights you need:

    Finance and Banking Technology Healthcare Manufacturing Retail Education Energy Real Estate Telecommunications Hospitality Transportation and Logistics Government and Public Sector Non-Profit Organizations And many more… Comprehensive Employee and Revenue Size Information Our dataset includes detailed records on company size and revenue, offering you the ability to:

    Employee Size: From small businesses with a handful of employees to large multinational corporations, we provide data across all scales. Revenue Size: Analyze companies based on their revenue brackets, allowing for precise market segmentation and targeted marketing efforts. Seamless Integration with Broader Data Offerings Our B2B Marketing Data is not just a standalone product; it integrates seamlessly with our broader suite of premium datasets. This integration enables you to create a holistic and customized approach to your data-driven initiatives, ensuring that every aspect of your business strategy is informed by the most accurate and comprehensive data available.

    Elevate Your Business with Data-Driven Precision Optimize your marketing strategies with our high-quality, reliable, and scalable B2B Marketing Data. Identify new opportunities, understand market dynamics, and connect with key decision-makers to drive your business forward. With our dataset, you’ll stay ahead of the competition and foster meaningful business relationships that lead to sustained growth.

    Unlock the full potential of your business with our B2B Marketing Data – the ultimate resource for growth, reliability, and scalability.

  12. Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) Qualified Census Tracts

    • catalog.data.gov
    Updated Mar 1, 2024
    + more versions
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    U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (2024). Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) Qualified Census Tracts [Dataset]. https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/qualified-census-tracts
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    Dataset updated
    Mar 1, 2024
    Dataset provided by
    United States Department of Housing and Urban Developmenthttp://www.hud.gov/
    Description

    A Qualified Census Tract (QCT) is any census tract (or equivalent geographic area defined by the Census Bureau) in which at least 50% of households have an income less than 60% of the Area Median Gross Income (AMGI). HUD has defined 60% of AMGI as 120% of HUD's Very Low Income Limits (VLILs), which are based on 50% of area median family income, adjusted for high cost and low income areas.

  13. 2022 Economic Surveys: NS2200NONEMP | All Sectors: Nonemployer Statistics by...

    • data.census.gov
    Updated Dec 12, 2024
    + more versions
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    ECN (2024). 2022 Economic Surveys: NS2200NONEMP | All Sectors: Nonemployer Statistics by Legal Form of Organization and Receipts Size Class for the U.S., States, and Selected Geographies: 2022 (ECNSVY Nonemployer Statistics) [Dataset]. https://data.census.gov/table/NONEMP2022.NS2200NONEMP?q=Henry+Beers
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    Dataset updated
    Dec 12, 2024
    Dataset provided by
    United States Census Bureauhttp://census.gov/
    Authors
    ECN
    License

    CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedicationhttps://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    2022
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    Key Table Information.Table Title.All Sectors: Nonemployer Statistics by Legal Form of Organization and Receipts Size Class for the U.S., States, and Selected Geographies: 2022.Table ID.NONEMP2022.NS2200NONEMP.Survey/Program.Economic Surveys.Year.2022.Dataset.ECNSVY Nonemployer Statistics.Source.U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Surveys.Release Date.2024-12-12.Release Schedule.Nonemployer Statistics (NES) is a data product that has been produced annually since 1997. Prior to 1997, data were published as part of the Economic Census releases.For more information about NES data releases, see Nonemployer Statistics Updates..Dataset Universe.The dataset universe consists of all nonemployer establishments, classified in one of eighteen in-scope sectors defined by 2022 NAICS, that are in operation for some part of the reference year and are located in one of the 50 U.S. states or the District of Columbia, have no paid employees, are subject to federal income tax, and have receipts of $1,000 or more (or $1 for the Construction sector). For more information, see Nonemployer Statistics Methodology..Methodology.Data Items and Other Identifying Records.Number of nonemployer establishmentsNonemployer sales, value of shipments, or revenue ($1,000)Noise range for nonemployer sales, value of shipments, or revenueDefinitions of data items can be found in the table by clicking on the column header and selecting “Column Notes” or by accessing the Nonemployer Statistics Glossary..Unit(s) of Observation.The units for NES are establishments generated from the income tax forms filed for the reference year by sole proprietorships (IRS Form 1040, Schedule C), partnerships (IRS Form 1065), and corporations (IRS Form 1120)..Geography Coverage.The data are shown at the U.S., State, County, Combined Statistical Area, and Metropolitan/Micropolitan Statistical Area levels that vary by industry.Data are also shown at the U.S. and State level by LFO and the U.S. level by Receipt Size Class.For information about geographic classification, see Nonemployer Statistics Methodology..Industry Coverage.The data are shown at the 2- through (where available) 6-digit NAICS code levels for in-scope sectors. Data for nonemployers generally are provided at broader levels of industry detail than data for employers. For more information, see Nonemployer Statistics Methodology..Sampling.There is no sampling done for Nonemployer Statistics. For more information about methodology and data limitations, see Nonemployer Statistics Methodology..Confidentiality.The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product to ensure appropriate access, use, and disclosure avoidance protection of the confidential source data (Project No. 7503950, Disclosure Review Board (DRB) approval number: CBDRB-FY25-0040).Nonemployer statistics data are released using the Noise Infusion methodology to protect confidentiality.In addition, data rows with fewer than three contributing establishments are not presented. For more information on noise infusion disclosure avoidance, see Nonemployer Statistics Methodology..Technical Documentation/Methodology.For detailed information on the coverage and methodology of the Nonemployer Statistics data series, see Technical Documentation..Weights.No weighting applied to Nonemployer Statistics..Table Information.FTP Download.https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/data/2022.API Information.Nonemployer Statistics data are housed in the Nonemployer Statistics Application Programming Interface (API)..Symbols.S - Withheld to avoid releasing data that do not meet publication standards; data are included in broader industry totalsN - Not available or not comparableG - Low noise - indicates the cell value was changed by less than 2 percent by the application of noiseH - Moderate noise - indicates the cell value was changed by 2 percent or more but less than 5 percent by the application of noiseJ - High noise - indicates the cell value was changed by 5 percent or more by the application of noiseFor a complete list of symbols, see Nonemployer Statistics Glossary..Data-Specific Notes.Methodology changes may impact the comparability of data over time, as the Census Bureau does not restate previously released NES estimates to reflect changes in the industry classifications, geographic definitions, or methodology used to create the NES estimates.For more information, see the Historical Comparability section on the Nonemployer Statistics Methodology Page..Additional Information.Contact Information.U.S. Census BureauEconomy-Wide Statistics DivisionBusiness Statistics Branch(301) 763-2580ewd.nonemployer.statistics@census.govFor additional contacts, see Contact Us..Suggested Citation.U.S. Census Bureau. "All Sectors: Nonemployer Statistics by Legal Form of Organization and Receipts Size Class for the U.S., States, and Selected Geographies: 2022" Economic Surveys, ECNSVY Nonemployer Statistics, Table NS2200NONEMP, 2024, https://data.census.gov/t...

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    Learn how you can add new datasets to our index.

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Andersson, Per F.; Brambor, Thomas (2022). Financing the State: Government Tax Revenue from 1800 to 2012, 31 countries [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR38308.v1
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Financing the State: Government Tax Revenue from 1800 to 2012, 31 countries

Explore at:
ascii, r, delimited, spss, stata, sasAvailable download formats
Dataset updated
Apr 21, 2022
Dataset provided by
Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Researchhttps://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/pages/
Authors
Andersson, Per F.; Brambor, Thomas
License

https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/38308/termshttps://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/38308/terms

Time period covered
1800 - 2012
Area covered
New Zealand, Venezuela, Peru, Japan, Spain, Colombia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Norway
Description

This dataset presents information on historical central government revenues for 31 countries in Europe and the Americas for the period from 1800 (or independence) to 2012. The countries included are: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany (West Germany between 1949 and 1990), Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In other words, the dataset includes all South American, North American, and Western European countries with a population of more than one million, plus Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Mexico. The dataset contains information on the public finances of central governments. To make such information comparable cross-nationally the researchers chose to normalize nominal revenue figures in two ways: (i) as a share of the total budget, and (ii) as a share of total gross domestic product. The total tax revenue of the central state is disaggregated guided by the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which provides a classification of types of revenue, and describes in detail the contents of each classification category. Given the paucity of detailed historical data and the needs of our project, researchers combined some subcategories. First, they were interested in total tax revenue, as well as the shares of total revenue coming from direct and indirect taxes. Further, they measured two sub-categories of direct taxation, namely taxes on property and income. For indirect taxes, they separated excises, consumption, and customs.

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