This package contains the results of two pilot surveys collecting field level data on the application of plant protection products. The first survey was completed in 2012 with the aim of collecting information on cumulative exposure to plant protection products for operators and workers. In this pilot six countries participated, covering arable crops, soft fruits, green house cultivation, orchards and vineyards. The dataset contains results from 428 farms, 581 operators, 481 workers resulting 17,058 rows of application events. The second survey was completed in 2015 with the aim of collecting information for use in environmental risk assessments. Applications of plant protection products over multiple years for selected fields was recorded. In this pilot eight countries participated, covering wheat, potatoes, oilseed rape, maize, sugar beet, apples, citrus, grapes and vegetables. The dataset contains results from 419 farms, 580 environmental fields, 414 operators resulting 28,903 rows of application events. In both cases this survey was considered to be a pilot since the number of farms surveyed was insufficient to be representative for any of the participating countries.

The data was collected using standardised questionnaires. Farmers, operators and workers were asked to provide information. The questionnaire was made up of eight topic specific forms.

Form 1 – cropping types and area grown in the year of the survey

Form 2 – farm business details including, size, location, number of spray operators. Information on the use of agronomists, buffer strips and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was added in the second survey

Form 3 – pesticide application details for the principal spray operator on the farm, including date, crop stage, product, method of application, application rate, area treated, start time and duration of application.

Form 3b (second survey only) –off- and in-field margin information

Form 4 – information on the principal operator, age, gender, percentage spraying undertaken, qualifications, time and PPE worn for different on farm activities

Form 5 –details of the sprayers on the farm including make, model, age, tank capacities, filling systems, cab type, age and nozzle sets

Form 6 – worker activities, including date, crop stage, time since last pesticide application, activity types and number of hours

Form 6b (second survey only) – working hours for operators and workerss

Please see description in manuscript & supplementary information.

The application of different pesticide products on field crop or fruit, vegetable, berry, and nut agricultural operations, separated by most common crop. Most common crop is based on seeded area. Available every 5 years.

Data on a sample of cotton farms in Hebei province, out of which a sub-sample was followed about farmers' practices in chemical sprays to control cotton pests

Current control of the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii relies primarily on insecticides, including the incorporation of phagostimulant baits. The impact of insecticidal bait sprays on beneficial insects in crops is largely unknown. Using a laboratory and field trial, we exposed non-target insects to insecticides with or without bait and compared these to non-insecticide controls. In laboratory arena tests, we assessed the impact on mortality. In the subsequent commercial raspberry field trial, 1 m width spray bands of bait were applied weekly, using alternating 25% or 50% field rates of spinosad and cyantraniliprole respectively. Results from the laboratory assays separated the insects into three categories: 1) adult Eupeodes corollae, Forficula auricularia, and Orius laevigatus, 2) adult Drosophila melanogaster, and 3) larval Chrysopa sp. and Adalia bipunctata. In the first group, bait + spinosad or spinosad alone were equally detrimental to the life expectancy of insects. For D. mela..., Two main experiments were done, the first on six non-target insects in a laboratory bioassay evaluating the toxicity of baits alone or in combination with an insecticide (spinosad) in comparison to the insecticide alone, or controls without insecticides. The second was a field trial in a commercial raspberry crop comprising a programme of alternating insecticides (spinosad and cyantraniliprole) as either a full foliar spray or as a reduced rate in combination with a bait spray. Impacts on non-target insects were assessed. Laboratory Bioassays Six non-target insects commonly encountered in fruit crops were tested (Table 1): 1) Orius laevigatus (Fieber) adults, a commonly used predatory biocontrol agent for the control of thrips; 2) Forficula auricularia L. adults, a common generalist predator of orchard pests; 3) Eupeodes corollae Fabricius adults, pollinators with larvae that predate aphids; 4) Drosophila melanogaster Meigen adults, common fruit fly from a wide range of habitats that co..., , # Bait sprays combined with insecticides targeted at Drosophila suzukii have negligible impacts on non-target insects compared to full foliar spray applications

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.pvmcvdnwt

Description of the data and file structure

Dataset was written onto standard company datasheets and then transferred into Excel sheets.

Files and variables

File: Arthropod_survey.xlsx

Description:Â tap samples of invertebrates from raspberry plants

Variables

• 27 arthropod taxa
• 6 treatments which were colour coded
• 4 assessments - including a preassessment

File: Melanogaster_Lab_Assay.xlsx

Description:Â Lab mortality data

Variables

• alive - moving
• l_moribund - moving but not normally
• h_moribund - on back but legs twitching
• dead - immobile
• 3 assessment dates
• 6 replicates
• 5 treatments

File: Orius_Lab_Assay_-_DATAv2.xlsx

Description:Â Lab mortality data

Varia...,

AbstractWe identify the location of ~9,000 organic fields from 2013 — 2019 using field-level crop and pesticide use data, along with state certification data, for Kern County, CA, one of the US’ most valuable crop producing counties. We parse apart how being organic relative to conventional affects decisions to spray pesticides and, if spraying, how much to spray. We show the expected probability of spraying any pesticides is reduced by about 30 percentage points for organic relative to conventional fields, across different metrics of pesticide use including overall weight applied and coarse ecotoxicity metrics. We report little difference, on average, in pesticide use for organic and conventional fields that do spray, though observe substantial crop-specific heterogeneity. MethodsPlease see description in manuscript & supplementary information. Usage notesPlease see README. The Stata code file is a supplementary data file associated with the manuscript. As noted in the README, missing values are represented by empty cells, per the syntax for Stata. See README for an explanation for why different variables have missing data.

In 2014, EFSA has commissioned a study to review and evaluate all published data related to the exposure to pesticides for residents and bystanders and for environmental risk assessment. The aim was to conduct a literature review and to produce a database containing all published data (predominately peer-reviewed publications supplemented by grey-literature) for the last 25-years, which will support the non-dietary exposure assessment to pesticides for bystanders and residents, as well as daily air concentration (vapours and aerosols) of pesticides, drift values from spray, seed and granular applications, and dislodgeable foliar residues.

The data has been collated via a systematic and extensive literature review defined and managed according to a pre-defined 'review protocol'. The data was also exported in a format that meets the requirements of the EFSA Data Collection Framework (DCF).

Based on quality and relevance criteria, articles and related studies have been selected. For dislodgeable foliar residues the assessment includes 27 articles (containing 49 discrete studies); for air concentrations, 26 articles (containing 84 discrete studies); for resident and bystander exposure, 5 articles (containing 8 discrete studies); and for drift values 55 articles (containing 275 discrete studies).

For dislodgeable foliar residues the data retained covered 17 crops (including grass, glasshouse crops, lucerne, and citrus) and 29 pesticides; for air concentrations the data retained covered 21 crops (including fruit, glasshouse crops, ornamentals, grass, vegetables and cereals) and 39 pesticides. For drift values, the data covers a range of crops and landscapes from cereals, grass and turf, orchards, vineyards and regenerated forestry. The vast majority of the data retrieved applies to field studies for liquid spray drift, measured either as ground deposits or collected at various heights and were conducted using fluorescent tracers rather than pesticides. No data was found for microbials (biopesticides). For resident and bystander exposure, many articles were rejected due to the applied inclusion/exclusion criteria.

Abstract The intensive use of pesticides in Brazilian agriculture is a public health issue due to contamination of the environment, food and human health poisoning. The study aimed to show the spatial distribution of the planted area of agricultural crops, the use of pesticides and related health problems, as a Health Surveillance strategy. We obtained data from the planted area of 21 predominant crops, indicators of the consumption of pesticides per hectare for each crop and health problems. The amount of pesticides used in the Brazilian municipalities was spatially distributed and correlated with the incidence of pesticides poisoning: acute, sub-acute and chronic. There was a predominance of soybean, corn and sugar cane crops, which together accounted for 76% of the area planted in Brazil in 2015. Some 899 million liters of pesticides were sprayed in these crops, and Mato Grosso, Paraná and Rio Grande Sul used the largest quantities, respectively. The health problems showed positive and significant correlations with pesticide use. The methodological strategy facilitated the identification of priority municipalities for Health Surveillance and the development of intersectoral actions to prevent and mitigate the impacts of pesticides on health and the environment.

The Integrated Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education (iPiPE) provides an infrastructure with cyberage tools, information products and expert commentary for detection and management of pests that threaten U.S. crops. By categorizing pests, data, and users, it enables sharing observations while protecting privacy of individuals, companies, and government agencies. iPiPE Crop-Pest Programs incentivize growers and consultants to submit observations on important pests by providing tools and information for timely management decision-making. Coordinated by extension professionals from across the nation, programs address a variety of crops and pests and provide undergraduate students with hands-on extension and diagnostic experiences. Risk-based research directs in-field scouting for target pests. iPiPE pest observations are housed in a national pest observation repository to enable future research using geographically extensive, multi-year databases. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: iPiPE. File Name: Web Page, url: http://www.ipipe.org/

This is a compiled unique long-term panel dataset that consists of data on (i) pest severity and insecticide applications per annum per county by pest species, and (ii) land cover/use data. The counties in the database are the 51 most important cotton-growing counties, by production, in the Yangtze River valley and Yellow River valley cotton production regions, while the data covered the years 1991–2015, with complete coverage of counties in all years when cotton was cultivated. Between 2011 and 2013, eight counties in our sample stopped cultivating cotton. The number increased to 11 and 12 counties in 2014 and 2015, respectively, resulting in 47 missing records. The national cotton pests monitoring network, maintained by the Ministry of Agriculture mandates the main cotton-producing counties to collect yearly data on pest infestation levels and insecticide applications for key cotton pests following national standardized monitoring and categorization methods. Tailored scouting methods were used for different pests. In each county, 10–20 fields were selected for pest monitoring in each year. Insect populations were recorded every 3–10 days from early June to late August each year, and the seasonal average abundance across the surveyed fields were used for scoring using a five-point scale of levels I–V. Data on the number of insecticide applications targeted at specific pests were collected by interviewing farmers at each scouting to estimate yearly pest-specific total number of sprays for each county. While the detailed data collection methods and protocols should inspire confidence in the data, the reliability of the pest level data depends on the accuracy, knowledge, and honesty of the respondents, as is the case with any non–first-hand data. County-level land use data were drawn from a national land cover/use database developed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, using satellite remote-sensing data from the Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper images. The database offers the most comprehensive coverage of China’s land use/cover and has been used in a number of published studies. The land use data for 6 years (1990-2015) at 5 years interval were extracted. The proportional area for each six main land use classes as well as the Shannon index for land use diversity for each county for six years was computed. Land use proportions in the intermediate years (e.g., 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, etc.) were calculated by linear interpolation between the data.

Plant leave disease dataset https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/vipoooool/new-plant-diseases-dataset/data.

Eggplant or brinjal (Solanum melongena) is a popular vegetable grown throughout Asia where it is attacked by brinjal fruit and shoot borer (BFSB) (Leucinodes orbonalis). Yield losses in Bangladesh have been reported up to 86% and farmers rely primarily on frequent insecticide applications to reduce injury. Bangladesh has developed and released four brinjal varieties producing Cry1Ac (Bt brinjal) and is the first country to do so. We report on the first replicated field trials comparing four Bt brinjal varieties to their non-Bt isolines, with and without standard insecticide spray regimes. Results of the two-year study (2016-17) indicated Bt varieties had increased fruit production and minimal BFSB fruit infestation compared with their respective non-Bt isolines. Fruit infestation for Bt varieties varied from 0-2.27% in 2016, 0% in 2017, and was not significantly affected by the spray regime in either year. In contrast, fruit infestation in non-Bt lines reached 36.70% in 2016 and 45.51% in 2017, even with weekly spraying. An economic analysis revealed that all Bt lines had higher gross returns than their non-Bt isolines. The non-sprayed non-Bt isolines resulted in negative returns in most cases. Maximum fruit yield was obtained from sprayed plots compared to non-sprayed plots, indicating that other insects such as whiteflies, thrips and mites can reduce plant vigor and subsequent fruit weight. Statistically similar densities of non-target arthropods, including beneficial arthropods, were generally observed in both Bt and non-Bt varieties. An additional trial that focused on a single Bt variety and its isoline provided similar results on infestation levels, with and without sprays, and similarly demonstrated higher gross returns and no significant effects on non-target arthropods. Together, these studies indicate that the four Bt brinjal lines are extremely effective at controlling BFSB in Bangladesh without affecting other arthropods, and provide greater economic returns than their non-Bt isolines.

List of Restricted Use Pesticides in Oregon.

Factors affecting adoption, dis-adoption, and non-adoption of pheromone trap among the vegetable growers.

Comparison between different various models used for plant leaf disease detection and classification.

Supplementary dataset associated with the following publication:Dylan F Ricke, Chia-Hua Lin, Reed M Johnson, Pollen Treated with a Combination of Agrochemicals Commonly Applied During Almond Bloom Reduces the Emergence Rate and Longevity of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Queens, Journal of Insect Science, Volume 21, Issue 6, November 2021, 5, https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieab074Abstract:Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies that pollinate California’s almond orchards are often exposed to mixtures of agrochemicals. Although agrochemicals applied during almond bloom are typically considered bee-safe when applied alone, their combined effects to honey bees are largely untested. In recent years, beekeepers providing pollination services to California’s almond orchards have reported reductions in queen quality during and immediately after bloom, raising concerns that pesticide exposure may be involved. Previous research identified a synergistic effect between the insecticide active ingredient chlorantraniliprole and the fungicide active ingredient propiconazole to lab-reared worker brood, but their effects to developing queens are unknown. To test the individual and combined effects of these pesticides on the survival and emergence of developing queens, we fed worker honey bees in closed queen rearing boxes with pollen artificially contaminated with formulated pesticides containing these active ingredients as well as the spray adjuvant Dyne-Amic, which contains both organosilicone and alkyphenol ethoxylate. The translocation of pesticides from pesticide-treated pollen into the royal jelly secretions of nurse bees was also measured. Despite consistently low levels of all pesticide active ingredients in royal jelly, the survival of queens from pupation to 7 d post-emergence were reduced in queens reared by worker bees fed pollen containing a combination of formulated chlorantraniliprole (Altacor), propiconazole (Tilt), and Dyne-Amic, as well as the toxic standard, diflubenzuron (Dimilin 2L), applied in isolation. These results support recommendations to protect honey bee health by avoiding application of pesticide tank-mixes containing insecticides and adjuvants during almond bloom.

BackgroundUncertainty persists over the environmental effects of genetically-engineered crops that produce the insecticidal Cry proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). We performed meta-analyses on a modified public database to synthesize current knowledge about the effects of Bt cotton, maize and potato on the abundance and interactions of arthropod non-target functional guilds.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe compared the abundance of predators, parasitoids, omnivores, detritivores and herbivores under scenarios in which neither, only the non-Bt crops, or both Bt and non-Bt crops received insecticide treatments. Predators were less abundant in Bt cotton compared to unsprayed non-Bt controls. As expected, fewer specialist parasitoids of the target pest occurred in Bt maize fields compared to unsprayed non-Bt controls, but no significant reduction was detected for other parasitoids. Numbers of predators and herbivores were higher in Bt crops compared to sprayed non-Bt controls, and type of insecticide influenced the magnitude of the difference. Omnivores and detritivores were more abundant in insecticide-treated controls and for the latter guild this was associated with reductions of their predators in sprayed non-Bt maize. No differences in abundance were found when both Bt and non-Bt crops were sprayed. Predator-to-prey ratios were unchanged by either Bt crops or the use of insecticides; ratios were higher in Bt maize relative to the sprayed non-Bt control.Conclusions/SignificanceOverall, we find no uniform effects of Bt cotton, maize and potato on the functional guilds of non-target arthropods. Use of and type of insecticides influenced the magnitude and direction of effects; insecticde effects were much larger than those of Bt crops. These meta-analyses underscore the importance of using controls not only to isolate the effects of a Bt crop per se but also to reflect the replacement of existing agricultural practices. Results will provide researchers with information to design more robust experiments and will inform the decisions of diverse stakeholders regarding the safety of transgenic insecticidal crops.