Abstract

The main objective of the HEIS survey is to obtain detailed data on household expenditure and income, linked to various demographic and socio-economic variables, to enable computation of poverty indices and determine the characteristics of the poor and prepare poverty maps. Therefore, to achieve these goals, the sample had to be representative on the sub-district level. The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Office was cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major research project to develop and expand knowledge on equity and inequality in the Arab region. The main focus of the project is to measure the magnitude and direction of change in inequality and to understand the complex contributing social, political and economic forces influencing its levels. However, the measurement and analysis of the magnitude and direction of change in this inequality cannot be consistently carried out without harmonized and comparable micro-level data on income and expenditures. Therefore, one important component of this research project is securing and harmonizing household surveys from as many countries in the region as possible, adhering to international statistics on household living standards distribution. Once the dataset has been compiled, the Economic Research Forum makes it available, subject to confidentiality agreements, to all researchers and institutions concerned with data collection and issues of inequality.

Data collected through the survey helped in achieving the following objectives: 1. Provide data weights that reflect the relative importance of consumer expenditure items used in the preparation of the consumer price index 2. Study the consumer expenditure pattern prevailing in the society and the impact of demograohic and socio-economic variables on those patterns 3. Calculate the average annual income of the household and the individual, and assess the relationship between income and different economic and social factors, such as profession and educational level of the head of the household and other indicators 4. Study the distribution of individuals and households by income and expenditure categories and analyze the factors associated with it 5. Provide the necessary data for the national accounts related to overall consumption and income of the household sector 6. Provide the necessary income data to serve in calculating poverty indices and identifying the poor chracteristics as well as drawing poverty maps 7. Provide the data necessary for the formulation, follow-up and evaluation of economic and social development programs, including those addressed to eradicate poverty

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household/families
• Individuals

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2008 Household Expenditure and Income Survey sample was designed using two-stage cluster stratified sampling method. In the first stage, the primary sampling units (PSUs), the blocks, were drawn using probability proportionate to the size, through considering the number of households in each block to be the block size. The second stage included drawing the household sample (8 households from each PSU) using the systematic sampling method. Fourth substitute households from each PSU were drawn, using the systematic sampling method, to be used on the first visit to the block in case that any of the main sample households was not visited for any reason.

To estimate the sample size, the coefficient of variation and design effect in each subdistrict were calculated for the expenditure variable from data of the 2006 Household Expenditure and Income Survey. This results was used to estimate the sample size at sub-district level, provided that the coefficient of variation of the expenditure variable at the sub-district level did not exceed 10%, with a minimum number of clusters that should not be less than 6 at the district level, that is to ensure good clusters representation in the administrative areas to enable drawing poverty pockets.

It is worth mentioning that the expected non-response in addition to areas where poor families are concentrated in the major cities were taken into consideration in designing the sample. Therefore, a larger sample size was taken from these areas compared to other ones, in order to help in reaching the poverty pockets and covering them.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

List of survey questionnaires: (1) General Form (2) Expenditure on food commodities Form (3) Expenditure on non-food commodities Form

Cleaning operations

Raw Data The design and implementation of this survey procedures were: 1. Sample design and selection 2. Design of forms/questionnaires, guidelines to assist in filling out the questionnaires, and preparing instruction manuals 3. Design the tables template to be used for the dissemination of the survey results 4. Preparation of the fieldwork phase including printing forms/questionnaires, instruction manuals, data collection instructions, data checking instructions and codebooks 5. Selection and training of survey staff to collect data and run required data checkings 6. Preparation and implementation of the pretest phase for the survey designed to test and develop forms/questionnaires, instructions and software programs required for data processing and production of survey results 7. Data collection 8. Data checking and coding 9. Data entry 10. Data cleaning using data validation programs 11. Data accuracy and consistency checks 12. Data tabulation and preliminary results 13. Preparation of the final report and dissemination of final results

Harmonized Data - The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to clean and harmonize the datasets - The harmonization process started with cleaning all raw data files received from the Statistical Office - Cleaned data files were then all merged to produce one data file on the individual level containing all variables subject to harmonization - A country-specific program was generated for each dataset to generate/compute/recode/rename/format/label harmonized variables - A post-harmonization cleaning process was run on the data - Harmonized data was saved on the household as well as the individual level, in SPSS and converted to STATA format

Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants in Amhara Region Referral Hospitals, Ethiopia.

Abstract

The Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey (HIECS) is of great importance among other household surveys conducted by statistical agencies in various countries around the world. This survey provides a large amount of data to rely on in measuring the living standards of households and individuals, as well as establishing databases that serve in measuring poverty, designing social assistance programs, and providing necessary weights to compile consumer price indices, considered to be an important indicator to assess inflation.

The survey's main objectives are: - To identify expenditure levels and patterns of population as well as socio- economic and demographic differentials. - To estimate the quantities, values of commodities and services consumed by households during the survey period to determine the levels of consumption and estimate the current demand which is important to predict future demands. - To measure mean household and per-capita expenditure for various expenditure items along with socio-economic correlates. - To define percentage distribution of expenditure for various items used in compiling consumer price indices which is considered important indicator for measuring inflation. - To define mean household and per-capita income from different sources. - To provide data necessary to measure standard of living for households and individuals. Poverty analysis and setting up a basis for social welfare assistance are highly dependent on the results of this survey. - To provide essential data to measure elasticity which reflects the percentage change in expenditure for various commodity and service groups against the percentage change in total expenditure for the purpose of predicting the levels of expenditure and consumption for different commodity and service items in urban and rural areas. - To provide data essential for comparing change in expenditure against change in income to measure income elasticity of expenditure. - To study the relationships between demographic, geographical, housing characteristics of households and their income and expenditure for commodities and services. - To provide data necessary for national accounts especially in compiling inputs and outputs tables. - To identify consumers behavior changes among socio-economic groups in urban and rural areas. - To identify per capita food consumption and its main components of calories, proteins and fats according to its sources and the levels of expenditure in both urban and rural areas. - To identify the value of expenditure for food according to sources, either from household production or not, in addition to household expenditure for non-food commodities and services. - To identify distribution of households according to the possession of some appliances and equipment such as (cars, satellites, mobiles ...) in urban and rural areas. - To identify the percentage distribution of income recipients according to some background variables such as housing conditions, size of household and characteristics of head of household.

Geographic coverage

Covering a sample of urban and rural areas in all the governorates.

Analysis unit

• Household/families
• Individuals

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2008/2009 HIECS is a two-stage stratified cluster sample, approximately self-weighted, of nearly 48000 household in urban and rural areas. The main elements of the sampling design are described below.

• Sample Size: It has been deemed important to retain the same sample size of the previous two HIECS rounds. Thus, a sample of about 48000 households has been considered. The justification of maintaining the sample size at this level is to have estimates with levels of precision similar to those of the previous two rounds: therefore trend analysis with the previous two surveys will not be distorted by substantial changes in sampling errors from round to another. In addition, this relatively large national sample implies proportional samples of reasonable sizes for smaller governorates. Nonetheless, oversampling has been introduced to raise the sample size of small governorates to about 1000 households. As a result, reasonably precise estimates could be extracted for those governorates. The oversampling has resulted in a slight increase in the national sample to 48658 households.

• Cluster size: An important lesson learned from the previous two HIECS rounds is that the cluster size applied in both surveys is found to be too large to yield an accepted design effect estimates. The cluster size was 40 households in the 2004-2005 round, descending from 80 households in the 1999-2000 round. The estimates of the design effect (deft) for most survey measures of the latest round were extraordinary large. As a result, the cluster size was decreased to only 19 households (20 households in urban governorates to account for anticipated non-response in those governorate. In view of past experience non-response is almost nil in rural governorates).

A more detailed description of the different sampling stages and allocation of sample across governorates is provided in the Methodology document that is provided as an external resources in both Arabic and English.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three different questionnaires were used: 1- Expenditure and consumption questionnaire 2- Diary questionnaire for expenditure and consumption 3- Income questionnaire

Cleaning operations

Harmonized Data - The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) is used to clean and harmonize the datasets. - The harmonization process starts with cleaning all raw data files received from the Statistical Office. - Cleaned data files are then all merged to produce one data file on the individual level containing all variables subject to harmonization. - A country-specific program is generated for each dataset to generate/compute/recode/rename/format/label harmonized variables. - A post-harmonization cleaning process is run on the data. - Harmonized data is saved on the household as well as the individual level, in SPSS and converted to STATA format.

Response rate

For the total sample, the response rate was 96.3% (93.95% in urban areas and 98.4% in rural areas).

Sampling error estimates

The sampling error of major survey estimates has been derived using the Ultimate Cluster Method as applied in the CENVAR Module of the Integrated Microcomputer Processing System (IMPS) Package. In addition to the estimate of sampling error, the output includes estimates of coefficient of variation, design effect (DEFF) and 95% confidence intervals.

Data appraisal

The precision of survey results depends to a large extent on how the survey has been prepared for. As such, it was deemed crucial to exert much effort and to take necessary actions towards rigorous preparation for the present survey. The preparatory activities, extended over 3 months, included forming Technical Committee. The Committee has set up the general framework of survey implementation such as:

1- Applying the recent international recommendations of different concepts and definitions of income and expenditure considering maintaining the consistency with the previous surveys in order to compare and study the changes in pertinent indicators.

2- Evaluating the quality of data in all different Implementation stages to avoid or minimize errors to the lowest extent possible through: - Implementing field editing after finishing data collection for households in governorates to avoid any errors in suitable time. - Setting up a program for the Survey Technical Committee Members and survey staff for visiting field work in all governorates (each 15 days) to solve any problem in the proper time. - Re-interviewing a sample of households by Quality Control Department and examining the differences with the original responses. - For the purpose of quality assurance, tables were generated for each survey round where internal consistency checks were performed to study the plausibility of mean household expenditure on major expenditure commodity groups and its variability over major geographic regions.

A number of education data sets are available for use by policymakers, educators, the public, program directors and researchers through the Virginia Longitudinal Data System. For a complete list of all the table descriptions and data elements, refer to the data dictionary https://www.doe.virginia.gov/about-vdoe/search?q=data%20dictionary

These datasets are intended to be used in applications that have filtering and query building capabilities such as spreadsheet applications ( MS Excel or Numbers), analytical applications (SPSS or SAS), or development-type applications. The datasets are compiled using all the possible combinations of all the demographics about students so each row within the dataset contains a rate or count in addition to the demographics used to arrive at the rate or count.

Research Hypothesis H1: There would be a lack of IT employees' knowledge about the importance of good neck posture, isometric and stretching exercises. H2: Isometric and stretching exercises would be a good effect on improving neck pain

Abstract Background: Neck pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints among men and women specifically those working on a computer. Aim to evaluate the effect of an educational program about isometric and stretching exercises on neck pain among Information Technology employees at new Assuit city. Method and material: Quasi-experimental research design and a single population proportion formula to calculate sample size required for the study through using Open Epi, Version 3. Total final size 118 employee and the program was implemented on (73) employees having neck pain according exclusion criteria. Period of collecting data was from the mid of April 2021 to mid of December 2021. Three tools were used, a tool I: A structured questionnaire which consisted of three parts: 1st part: socio-demographic data, 2nd part: assessment of the nature of the work, and 3rd part: assessment of knowledge of employees. Tool (II): Neck Pain Questionnaire(NPQ) was used to evaluate the degree of neck pain and functional disability, tool (III): observational checklist. Data entry and data analysis were done using SPSS version 22 (Statistical Package for Social Science) (SPSS Inc., Chicago, II., USA). Data were presented as number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, median and range. Chi-square test was used to compare qualitative variables. In case of parametric data, Paired samples t-test was done to compare quantitative data between pre-test and post-test. Pearson correlation was done to measure correlation between quantitative variables. While in case of non-parametric data, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was done to compare quantitative variables between pre-test and post-test. P-value considered statistically significant when P < 0.05.

Abstract

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE PALESTINIAN CENTRAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS

The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) carried out four rounds of the Labor Force Survey 2009 (LFS). The survey rounds covered a total sample of about 30,625 households, and the number of completed questionaire is 26,581, which amounts to a sample of around 116,202 individuals aged 10 years and over, including 94,304 individuals in the working-age population 15 years and above.

The importance of this survey lies in that it focuses mainly on labour force key indicators, main characteristics of the employed, unemployed, underemployed and persons outside labour force, labour force according to level of education, distribution of the employed population by occupation, economic activity, place of work, employment status, hours and days worked and average daily wage in NIS for the employees.

The survey main objectives are: - To estimate the labor force and its percentage to the population. - To estimate the number of employed individuals. - To analyze labour force according to gender, employment status, educational level, occupation and economic activity. - To provide information about the main changes in the labour market structure and its socio economic characteristics. - To estimate the numbers of unemployed individuals and analyze their general characteristics. - To estimate the rate of working hours and wages for employed individuals in addition to analyze of other characteristics.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing labor force surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage

Covering a representative sample on the region level (West Bank, Gaza Strip), the locality type (urban, rural, camp) and the governorates.

Analysis unit

1- Household/family. 2- Individual/person.

Universe

The survey covered all Palestinian households who are a usual residence of the Palestinian Territory.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE PALESTINIAN CENTRAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS

The methodology was designed according to the context of the survey, international standards, data processing requirements and comparability of outputs with other related surveys.

---> Target Population: All Palestinians aged 10 years and over living in the Palestinian Territory, excluding persons living in institutions such as prisons or shelters.

---> Sampling Frame: The sampling frame consisted of a master sample of enumeration areas (EAs) selected from the population housing and establishment census 2007, the master sample consists of area units of relatively equal size (number of households), these units have been used as primary sampling units (PSUs).

---> Sample Design The sample is a two-stage stratified cluster random sample.

---> Stratification: Four levels of stratification were made: 1. Stratification by Governorates. 2. Stratification by type of locality which comprises: (a) Urban (b) Rural (c) Refugee Camps 3. Stratification by classifying localities, excluding governorate centers, into three strata based on the ownership of households of durable goods within these localities. 4. Stratification by size of locality (number of households).

---> Sample Size: The sample size was about 7,627 households in the 52 th round and 7,627 households in the 53th round, and 7,677 households in the 54th round and 7,694 households in the 55th round, the total number of the households about 30,625 households, the number of completed questionnaires about 26,590 questionnaires, this number considered appropriate to provide estimations on main labour force characteristics at Palestinian Territory. The sample size in 1st quarter, 2009 consisted of 7,627 households, which amounts 29,559 persons aged 10 years and over (including 23,901 aged 15 years and over). In the 2nd quarter the sample consisted of 7,627 households, which amounts of 27,135 persons aged 10 years and over (including 22,124 aged 15 years and over), in the 3rd quarter the sample consisted of 7,677 households, which amounts of 29,455 persons aged 10 years and over (including 23,907 aged 15 years and over). In the 4th quarter the sample consisted of 7,694 households; which amounts of 30,053 persons aged 10 years and over (including 24,371 aged 15 years and over).

---> Sample Rotation: Each round of the Labor Force Survey covers all the 481 master sample areas. Basically, the areas remain fixed over time, but households in 50% of the EAs are replaced each round. The same household remains in the sample over 2 consecutive rounds, rests for the next two rounds and represented again in the sample for another and last two consecutive rounds before it is dropped from the sample. A 50 % overlap is then achieved between both consecutive rounds and between consecutive years (making the sample efficient for monitoring purposes). In earlier applications of the LFS (rounds 1 to 11); the rotation pattern used was different; requiring a household to remain in the sample for six consecutive rounds, then dropped. The objective of such a pattern was to increase the overlap between consecutive rounds. The new rotation pattern was introduced to reduce the burden on the households resulting from visiting the same household for six consecutive times.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey questionnaire was designed according to the International Labour Organization (ILO) recommendations. The questionnaire includes four main parts:

---> 1. Identification Data: The main objective for this part is to record the necessary information to identify the household, such as, cluster code, sector, type of locality, cell, housing number and the cell code.

---> 2. Quality Control: This part involves groups of controlling standards to monitor the field and office operation, to keep in order the sequence of questionnaire stages (data collection, field and office coding, data entry, editing after entry and store the data.

---> 3. Household Roster: This part involves demographic characteristics about the household, like number of persons in the household, date of birth, sex, educational level…etc.

---> 4. Employment Part: This part involves the major research indicators, where one questionnaire had been answered by every 15 years and over household member, to be able to explore their labour force status and recognize their major characteristics toward employment status, economic activity, occupation, place of work, and other employment indicators.

Cleaning operations

---> Raw Data Data editing took place at a number of stages through the processing including: 1. office editing and coding 2. during data entry 3. structure checking and completeness 4. structural checking of SPSS data files

---> Harmonized Data - The SPSS package is used to clean and harmonize the datasets. - The harmonization process starts with a cleaning process for all raw data files received from the Statistical Agency. - All cleaned data files are then merged to produce one data file on the individual level containing all variables subject to harmonization. - A country-specific program is generated for each dataset to generate/ compute/ recode/ rename/ format/ label harmonized variables. - A post-harmonization cleaning process is then conducted on the data. - Harmonized data is saved on the household as well as the individual level, in SPSS and then converted to STATA, to be disseminated.

Response rate

Errors due to non-response because households were away from home or refused to participate. The overall non response rate amounted to almost 13.2% which is relatively low; a much higher rates is rather common in an international perspective. The refusal rate was only 1.2%. The errors of over coverage rate was only 5.4%. It is difficult however to assess the amount of bias resulting from non response. The PCBS has not yet undertaken any nonresponse study. Such a study may indicate, that non-response is more frequent in some population groups than in others. This is rather normal and such information is necessary to be able to compensate for bias resulting from non-response errors.

Sampling error estimates

---> Statistical Errors Since the data reported here are based on a sample survey and not on a complete enumeration, they are subjected to sampling errors as well as non-sampling errors. Sampling errors are random outcomes of the sample design, and are, therefore, in principle measurable by the statistical concept of standard error. A description of the estimated standard errors and the effects of the sample design on sampling errors are provided in the previous chapter. Data of this survey affected by statistical errors due to use the sample, Therefore, the emergence of certain differences from the real values expect obtained through censuses. It had been calculated variation of the most important indicators exists and the facility with the report and the dissemination levels of the

Abstract

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS OF THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN

The Department of Statistics (DOS) carried out four rounds of the 2008 Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS) during February, May, August and November 2008. The survey rounds covered a total sample of about fifty three thousand households Nation-wide. The sampled households were selected using a stratified multi-stage cluster sampling design. It is noteworthy that the sample represents the national level (Kingdom), governorates, the three Regions (Central, North and South), and the urban/rural areas.

The importance of this survey lies in that it provides a comprehensive data base on employment and unemployment that serves decision makers, researchers as well as other parties concerned with policies related to the organization of the Jordanian labor market.

The survey main objectives are:

• To identify the demographic, social and economic characteristics of the population and manpower.
• To identify the occupational structure and economic activity of the employed persons, as well as their employment status.
• To identify the reasons behind the desire of the employed persons to search for a new or additional job.
• To measure the economic activity participation rates (the number of economically active population divided by the population of 15+ years old).
• To identify the different characteristics of the unemployed persons.
• To measure unemployment rates (the number of unemployed persons divided by the number of economically active population of 15+ years old) according to the various characteristics of the unemployed, and the changes that might take place in this regard.
• To identify the most important ways and means used by the unemployed persons to get a job, in addition to measuring durations of unemployment for such persons.
• To identify the changes overtime that might take place regarding the above-mentioned variables.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing labor force surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage

Covering a sample representative on the national level (Kingdom), governorates, the three Regions (Central, North and South), and the urban/rural areas.

Analysis unit

1- Household/family. 2- Individual/person.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS OF THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN

Survey Frame

The sample of this survey is based on the frame provided by the data of the Population and Housing Census, 2004. The Kingdom was divided into strata, where each city with a population of 100,000 persons or more was considered as a large city. The total number of these cities is 6. Each governorate (except for the 6 large cities) was divided into rural and urban areas. The rest of the urban areas in each governorate was considered as an independent stratum. The same was applied to rural areas where it was considered as an independent stratum. The total number of strata was 30.

In view of the existing significant variation in the socio-economic characteristics in large cities in particular and in urban in general, each stratum of the large cities and urban strata was divided into four sub-stratum according to the socio- economic characteristics provided by the population and housing census with the purpose of providing homogeneous strata.

The frame excludes the population living in remote areas (most of whom are nomads). In addition to that, the frame does not include collective dwellings, such as hotels, hospitals, work camps, prisons and alike.

Sample Design

The sample of this survey was designed, using the two-stage cluster stratified sampling method. The main sample was designed in 2007 based on the data of the population and housing census 2004 for carrying out household surveys. The sample is representative on the Kingdom, rural-urban regions and governorates levels. The total sample size for each round was 1336 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) (clusters). These units were distributed to urban and rural regions in the governorates, in addition to the large cities in each governorate according to the weight of persons and households, and according to the variance within each stratum. Slight modifications regarding the number of these units were made to cope with the multiple of 8, the number of clusters for four rounds was 5344.

The main sample consists of 40 replicates, each replicate consists of 167 PSUs. For the purpose of each round, eight replicates of the main sample were used. The PSUs were ordered within each stratum according to geographic characteristics and then according to socio-economic characteristics in order to ensure good spread of the sample. Then, the sample was selected on two stages. In the first stage, the PSUs were selected using the Probability Proportionate to Size with systematic selection procedure. The number of households in each PSU served as its weight or size. In the second stage, the blocks of the PSUs (cluster) which were selected in the first stage have been updated. Then a constant number of households (10 households) was selected, using the random systematic sampling method as final PSUs from each PSU (cluster).

Sampling notes

It is noteworthy that the sample of the present survey does not represent the non-Jordanian population, due to the fact that it is based on households living in conventional dwellings. In other words, it does not cover the collective households living in collective dwellings. Therefore, the non-Jordanian households covered in the present survey are either private households or collective households living in conventional dwellings. In Jordan, it is well known that a large number of non-Jordanian workers live as groups and spend most of their time at their work places. Hence, it is more unlikely to find them at their residences during daytime (i.e. the time when the data of the survey is collected). Furthermore, most of them live in their work places, such as: workshops, sales stores, guard places, or under construction building's sites. Such places are not classified as occupied dwellings for household sampling purposes. Due to all of the above, the coverage of such population would not be complete in household surveys.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The questionnaire is divided into main topics, each containing a clear and consistent group of questions, and designed in a way that facilitates the electronic data entry and verification. The questionnaire includes the characteristics of household members in addition to the identification information, which reflects the administrative as well as the statistical divisions of the Kingdom.

Cleaning operations

Raw Data

The plan of the tabulation of survey results was guided by former Employment and Unemployment Surveys which were previously prepared and tested. When all data processing procedures were completed, the actual survey results were tabulated using an ORACLE package. The tabulations were then thoroughly checked for consistency of data such as titles, inputs, concepts, as well as the figures. The final survey report was then prepared to include all detailed tabulations as well as the methodology of the survey.

Harmonized Data

• The SPSS package is used to clean and harmonize the datasets.
• The harmonization process starts with a cleaning process for all raw data files received from the Statistical Agency.
• All cleaned data files are then merged to produce one data file on the individual level containing all variables subject to harmonization.
• A country-specific program is generated for each dataset to generate/ compute/ recode/ rename/ format/ label harmonized variables.
• A post-harmonization cleaning process is then conducted on the data.
• Harmonized data is saved on the household as well as the individual level, in SPSS and then converted to STATA, to be disseminated.

Abstract

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 25% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS OF THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN

In light of the rapid socio-economic development in this era, it is necessary to make data on household expenditure and income available, as well as the relationship between those statistics and various variables with direct or indirect impact. Therefore, most of the countries are nowadays keen to periodically carry-out Household Expenditure and Income surveys. Given the continuous changes in spending patterns, income levels and prices, as well as in population both internal and external migration, it was now mandatory to update data for household income and expenditure over time. The main objective of the survey is to obtain detailed data on HH income and expenditure, linked to various demographic and socio-economic variables, to enable computation of poverty indices and determine the characteristics of the poor and prepare poverty maps. Therefore, to achieve these goals, it was well considered that the sample should be representative on the sub-district level. Hence, the data collected through the survey would also enable to achieve the following objectives: 1. Provide data weights that reflect the relative importance of consumer expenditure items used in the preparation of the consumer price index. 2- Study the consumer expenditure pattern prevailing in the society and the impact of demograohic and socio-economic variables on those patterns. 3. Calculate the average annual income of the household and the individual, and assess the relationship between income and different economic and social factors, such as profession and educational level of the head of the household and other indicators. 4. Study the distribution of individuals and households by income and expenditure categories and analyze the factors associated with it. 5. Provide the necessary data for the national accounts related to overall consumption and income of the household sector. 6. Provide the necessary income data to serve in calculating poverty indices and identifying the poor chracteristics as well as drawing poverty maps.. 7. Provide the data necessary for the formulation, follow-up and evaluation of economic and social development programs, including those addressed to eradicate poverty.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing household surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage

This survey was carried-out for a sample of 12678 households distributed on urban and rural areas in all the Kingdom governorates.

Analysis unit

1- Household/family. 2- Individual/person.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 25% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS OF THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN

A two stage stratified cluster sampling technique was used. In the first stage, a cluster sample proportional to the size has been uniformly selected, and in the second stage, a systematic approach guaranteing a representative sample of all sub-districts (Qada) has been applied.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

List of survey questionnaires:

(1) General Form (2) Expenditure on food commodities Form (3) Expenditure on non-food commodities Form

Cleaning operations

Raw Data

The design and implementation of this survey procedures are: 1. Sample design and selection. 2. Design of forms/questionnaires, guidelines to assist in filling out the questionnaires, and preparing instruction manuals. 3. Design the tables template to be used for the dissemination of the survey results. 4. Preparation of the fieldwork phase including printing forms/questionnaires, instruction manuals, data collection instructions, data checking instructions and codebooks. 5. Selection and training of survey staff to collect data and run required data checkings. 6. Preparation and implementation of the pretest phase for the survey designed to test and develop forms/questionnaires, instructions and software programs required for data processing and production of survey results. 7. Data collection. 8. Data checking and coding. 9. Data entry. 10. Data cleaning using data validation programs. 11. Data accuracy and consistency checks. 12. Data tabulation and preliminary results. 13. Preparation of the final report and dissemination of final results.

Harmonized Data

• The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) is used to clean and harmonize the datasets.
• The harmonization process starts with cleaning all raw data files received from the Statistical Agency.
• Cleaned data files are then all merged to produce one data file on the individual level containing all variables subject to harmonization.
• A country-specific program is generated for each dataset to generate/ compute/ recode/ rename/ format/ label harmonized variables.
• A post-harmonization cleaning process is then conducted on the data.
• Harmonized data is saved on the household as well as the individual level, in SPSS and converted to STATA format.

Abstract

The basic goal of this survey is to provide the necessary database for formulating national policies at various levels. It represents the contribution of the household sector to the Gross National Product (GNP). Household Surveys help as well in determining the incidence of poverty, and providing weighted data which reflects the relative importance of the consumption items to be employed in determining the benchmark for rates and prices of items and services. Generally, the Household Expenditure and Consumption Survey is a fundamental cornerstone in the process of studying the nutritional status in the Palestinian territory.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Office was cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major research project to develop and expand knowledge on equity and inequality in the Arab region. The main focus of the project is to measure the magnitude and direction of change in inequality and to understand the complex contributing social, political and economic forces influencing its levels. However, the measurement and analysis of the magnitude and direction of change in this inequality cannot be consistently carried out without harmonized and comparable micro-level data on income and expenditures. Therefore, one important component of this research project is securing and harmonizing household surveys from as many countries in the region as possible, adhering to international statistics on household living standards distribution. Once the dataset has been compiled, the Economic Research Forum makes it available, subject to confidentiality agreements, to all researchers and institutions concerned with data collection and issues of inequality. Data is a public good, in the interest of the region, and it is consistent with the Economic Research Forum's mandate to make micro data available, aiding regional research on this important topic.

Geographic coverage

The target population in the sample survey comprises all private household living in the West Bank and Gaza Srip, excluding nomads and students.

Analysis unit

1- Household/families. 2- Individuals.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all permanently residing individuals in surveyed households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample and Frame:

The target population in the survey sample comprises all households living in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, excluding nomads and students. The sample design is a stratified two-stage design for households selected to be interviewed. At the first stage a sample of cells (PSUs) was selected from PCBS master sample frame. At the second stage, a sample of households was selected after a complete household listing of the sampled cells.

Sample design:

Four levels of stratification have been made: 1. Stratification by District. 2. Stratification by place of residence, which comprises: (a) Municipalities (b) Villages (C) refugees camps 3. Stratification by locality size 4. Stratification by cell identification in that order

Target cluster size:

The target cluster size or "sample-take" is the average number of households to be selected per PSU. In this survey, the sample take is around 10 households.

Sample size:

The total sample size collected, after excluding non-response and related losses, is 2851 households.

Detailed information/formulas on the sampling design are available in the user manual.

Sampling deviation

The standard errors for the main survey estimates were calculated to give the user an idea of their reliability or precision. Whereas, the variance was calculated using the method of ultimate clusters within any domain of estimation.

Detailed information on the sampling design deviation and calculation of the variance is available in the user manual.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The PECS questionnaire consists of two main sections:

First section: Certain articles / provisions of the form filled at the beginning of the month,and the remainder filled out at the end of the month. The questionnaire includes the following provisions:

Cover sheet: It contains detailed and particulars of the family, date of visit, particular of the field/office work team, number/sex of the family members.

Statement of the family members: Contains social, economic and demographic particulars of the selected family.

Statement of the long-lasting commodities and income generation activities: Includes a number of basic and indispensable items (i.e, Livestock, or agricultural lands).

Housing Characteristics: Includes information and data pertaining to the housing conditions, including type of shelter, number of rooms, ownership, rent, water, electricity supply, connection to the sewer system, source of cooking and heating fuel, and remoteness/proximity of the house to education and health facilities.

Monthly and Annual Income: Data pertaining to the income of the family is collected from different sources at the end of the registration / recording period.

Second section: The second section of the questionnaire includes a list of 54 consumption and expenditure groups itemized and serially numbered according to its importance to the family. Each of these groups contains important commodities. The number of commodities items in each for all groups stood at 707 commodities and services items. Groups 1-21 include food, drink, and cigarettes. Group 22 includes homemade commodities. Groups 23-45 include all items except for food, drink and cigarettes. Groups 50-54 include all of the long-lasting commodities. Data on each of these groups was collected over different intervals of time so as to reflect expenditure over a period of one full year.

Cleaning operations

Raw Data

Harmonized Data

• The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) is used to clean and harmonize the datasets.
• The harmonization process starts with cleaning all raw data files received from the Statistical Office.
• Cleaned data files are then all merged to produce one data file on the individual level containing all variables subject to harmonization.
• A country-specific program is generated for each dataset to generate/compute/recode/rename/format/label harmonized variables.
• A post-harmonization cleaning process is run on the data.
• Harmonized data is saved on the household as well as the individual level, in SPSS and converted to STATA format.

Abstract

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE PALESTINIAN CENTRAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS

The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) carried out four rounds of the Labor Force Survey 2010 (LFS). The survey rounds covered a total sample of about 31,179 households, and the number of completed questionaire is 27,510, which amounts to a sample of around 116,439 individuals aged 10 years and over, including 95,067 individuals in the working-age population 15 years and above.

The importance of this survey lies in that it focuses mainly on labour force key indicators, main characteristics of the employed, unemployed, underemployed and persons outside labour force, labour force according to level of education, distribution of the employed population by occupation, economic activity, place of work, employment status, hours and days worked and average daily wage in NIS for the employees.

The survey main objectives are: - To estimate the labor force and its percentage to the population. - To estimate the number of employed individuals. - To analyze labour force according to gender, employment status, educational level, occupation and economic activity. - To provide information about the main changes in the labour market structure and its socio economic characteristics. - To estimate the numbers of unemployed individuals and analyze their general characteristics. - To estimate the rate of working hours and wages for employed individuals in addition to analyze of other characteristics.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing labor force surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage

Covering a representative sample on the region level (West Bank, Gaza Strip), the locality type (urban, rural, camp) and the governorates.

Analysis unit

1- Household/family. 2- Individual/person.

Universe

The survey covered all Palestinian households who are a usual residence of the Palestinian Territory.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE PALESTINIAN CENTRAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS

The methodology was designed according to the context of the survey, international standards, data processing requirements and comparability of outputs with other related surveys.

---> Target Population: All Palestinians aged 10 years and over living in the Palestinian Territory, excluding persons living in institutions such as prisons or shelters.

---> Sampling Frame: The sampling frame consisted of a master sample of enumeration areas (EAs) selected from the population housing and establishment census 2007, the master sample consists of area units of relatively equal size (number of households), these units have been used as primary sampling units (PSUs).

---> Sample Design The sample is a two-stage stratified cluster random sample.

---> Stratification: Four levels of stratification were made: 1. Stratification by Governorates. 2. Stratification by type of locality which comprises: (a) Urban (b) Rural (c) Refugee Camps 3. Stratification by classifying localities, excluding governorate centers, into three strata based on the ownership of households of durable goods within these localities. 4. Stratification by size of locality (number of households).

---> Sample Size: The sample size was about 7,770 households in the 56th round and 7,818 households in the 57th round, and 7,819 households in the 58th round and 7,772 households in the 59th round. The total number of the households was about 31,179 households. The number of completed questionnaires was about 27,514 questionnaires and this was considered appropriate to provide estimations on main labour force characteristics in the Palestinian Territory. The sample size in 1st quarter, 2010 consisted of 7,770 households, which included 29,999 persons aged 10 years and over (including 24,395 aged 15 years and over). In the 2nd quarter, the sample consisted of 7,818 households, which included 29,483 persons aged 10 years and over (including 24,118 aged 15 years and over). In the 3rd quarter, the sample consisted of 7,819 households, which included 28,479 persons aged 10 years and over (including 23,260 aged 15 years and over). In the 4th quarter the sample consisted of 7,772 households; which included 28,478 persons aged 10 years and over (including 23,288 aged 15 years and over).

---> Sample Rotation: Each round of the Labor Force Survey covers all the 481 master sample areas. Basically, the areas remain fixed over time, but households in 50% of the EAs are replaced each round. The same household remains in the sample over 2 consecutive rounds, rests for the next two rounds and represented again in the sample for another and last two consecutive rounds before it is dropped from the sample. A 50 % overlap is then achieved between both consecutive rounds and between consecutive years (making the sample efficient for monitoring purposes). In earlier applications of the LFS (rounds 1 to 11); the rotation pattern used was different; requiring a household to remain in the sample for six consecutive rounds, then dropped. The objective of such a pattern was to increase the overlap between consecutive rounds. The new rotation pattern was introduced to reduce the burden on the households resulting from visiting the same household for six consecutive times.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey questionnaire was designed according to the International Labour Organization (ILO) recommendations. The questionnaire includes four main parts:

---> 1. Identification Data: The main objective for this part is to record the necessary information to identify the household, such as, cluster code, sector, type of locality, cell, housing number and the cell code.

---> 2. Quality Control: This part involves groups of controlling standards to monitor the field and office operation, to keep in order the sequence of questionnaire stages (data collection, field and office coding, data entry, editing after entry and store the data.

---> 3. Household Roster: This part involves demographic characteristics about the household, like number of persons in the household, date of birth, sex, educational level…etc.

---> 4. Employment Part: This part involves the major research indicators, where one questionnaire had been answered by every 15 years and over household member, to be able to explore their labour force status and recognize their major characteristics toward employment status, economic activity, occupation, place of work, and other employment indicators.

Cleaning operations

---> Raw Data Data editing took place at a number of stages through the processing including: 1. office editing and coding 2. during data entry 3. structure checking and completeness 4. structural checking of SPSS data files

---> Harmonized Data - The SPSS package is used to clean and harmonize the datasets. - The harmonization process starts with a cleaning process for all raw data files received from the Statistical Agency. - All cleaned data files are then merged to produce one data file on the individual level containing all variables subject to harmonization. - A country-specific program is generated for each dataset to generate/ compute/ recode/ rename/ format/ label harmonized variables. - A post-harmonization cleaning process is then conducted on the data. - Harmonized data is saved on the household as well as the individual level, in SPSS and then converted to STATA, to be disseminated.

Response rate

Errors due to non-response because households were away from home or refused to participate. The overall non response rate amounted to almost 11.8% which is relatively low; a much higher rates is rather common in an international perspective. The refusal rate was only 1.1% and the coverage rate was only 4.7%. It is difficult; however, to assess the amount of bias resulting from non response. PCBS has not yet undertaken any non-response study. Such a study may indicate, that non-response is more frequent in some population groups than in others. This is rather normal and such information is necessary to be able to compensate for bias resulting from non-response errors.

Sampling error estimates

---> Statistical Errors Since the data reported here are based on a sample survey and not on a complete enumeration, they are subjected to sampling errors as well as non-sampling errors. Sampling errors are random outcomes of the sample design, and are, therefore, in principle measurable by the statistical concept of standard error. A description of the estimated standard errors and the effects of the sample design on sampling errors are provided in the previous chapter. Data of this survey affected by statistical errors due to use the sample, Therefore, the emergence of certain differences from the real values expect obtained through censuses. It had been calculated variation of the most important indicators exists and the facility with the report and the dissemination levels of the data

Participants’ demographic information (N = 559).

Comparison of the hematological profile of HC users and non-users at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021 (Median, IQR, and p-value) (n = 240).

Demographic characteristics of patients (n = 221).