Here we present a dataset, MNIST4OD, of large size (number of dimensions and number of instances) suitable for Outliers Detection task.The dataset is based on the famous MNIST dataset (http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/).We build MNIST4OD in the following way:To distinguish between outliers and inliers, we choose the images belonging to a digit as inliers (e.g. digit 1) and we sample with uniform probability on the remaining images as outliers such as their number is equal to 10% of that of inliers. We repeat this dataset generation process for all digits. For implementation simplicity we then flatten the images (28 X 28) into vectors.Each file MNIST_x.csv.gz contains the corresponding dataset where the inlier class is equal to x.The data contains one instance (vector) in each line where the last column represents the outlier label (yes/no) of the data point. The data contains also a column which indicates the original image class (0-9).See the following numbers for a complete list of the statistics of each datasets ( Name | Instances | Dimensions | Number of Outliers in % ):MNIST_0 | 7594 | 784 | 10MNIST_1 | 8665 | 784 | 10MNIST_2 | 7689 | 784 | 10MNIST_3 | 7856 | 784 | 10MNIST_4 | 7507 | 784 | 10MNIST_5 | 6945 | 784 | 10MNIST_6 | 7564 | 784 | 10MNIST_7 | 8023 | 784 | 10MNIST_8 | 7508 | 784 | 10MNIST_9 | 7654 | 784 | 10

The zip files contains 12338 datasets for outlier detection investigated in the following papers:

There has been a tremendous increase in the volume of sensor data collected over the last decade for different monitoring tasks. For example, petabytes of earth science data are collected from modern satellites, in-situ sensors and different climate models. Similarly, huge amount of flight operational data is downloaded for different commercial airlines. These different types of datasets need to be analyzed for finding outliers. Information extraction from such rich data sources using advanced data mining methodologies is a challenging task not only due to the massive volume of data, but also because these datasets are physically stored at different geographical locations with only a subset of features available at any location. Moving these petabytes of data to a single location may waste a lot of bandwidth. To solve this problem, in this paper, we present a novel algorithm which can identify outliers in the entire data without moving all the data to a single location. The method we propose only centralizes a very small sample from the different data subsets at different locations. We analytically prove and experimentally verify that the algorithm offers high accuracy compared to complete centralization with only a fraction of the communication cost. We show that our algorithm is highly relevant to both earth sciences and aeronautics by describing applications in these domains. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated on two large publicly available datasets: (1) the NASA MODIS satellite images and (2) a simulated aviation dataset generated by the ‘Commercial Modular Aero-Propulsion System Simulation’ (CMAPSS).

ABSTRACT The considerable volume of data generated by sensors in the field presents systematic errors; thus, it is extremely important to exclude these errors to ensure mapping quality. The objective of this research was to develop and test a methodology to identify and exclude outliers in high-density spatial data sets, determine whether the developed filter process could help decrease the nugget effect and improve the spatial variability characterization of high sampling data. We created a filter composed of a global, anisotropic, and an anisotropic local analysis of data, which considered the respective neighborhood values. For that purpose, we used the median to classify a given spatial point into the data set as the main statistical parameter and took into account its neighbors within a radius. The filter was tested using raw data sets of corn yield, soil electrical conductivity (ECa), and the sensor vegetation index (SVI) in sugarcane. The results showed an improvement in accuracy of spatial variability within the data sets. The methodology reduced RMSE by 85 %, 97 %, and 79 % in corn yield, soil ECa, and SVI respectively, compared to interpolation errors of raw data sets. The filter excluded the local outliers, which considerably reduced the nugget effects, reducing estimation error of the interpolated data. The methodology proposed in this work had a better performance in removing outlier data when compared to two other methodologies from the literature.

These files are supplements to the paper titled 'A Robust Two-step Method for Detection of Outlier Sets'.This paper identifies and addresses the need for a robust method that identifies sets of points that collectively deviate from typical patterns in a dataset, which it calls "outlier sets'', while excluding individual points from detection. This new methodology, Outlier Set Two-step Identification (OSTI) employs a two-step approach to detect and label these outlier sets. First, it uses Gaussian Mixture Models for probabilistic clustering, identifying candidate outlier sets based on cluster weights below a predetermined threshold. Second, OSTI measures the Inter-cluster Mahalanobis distance between each candidate outlier set's centroid and the overall dataset mean. OSTI then tests the null hypothesis that this distance does not significantly differ from its theoretical chi-square distribution, enabling the formal detection of outlier sets. We test OSTI systematically on 8,000 synthetic 2D datasets across various inlier configurations and thousands of possible outlier set characteristics. Results show OSTI robustly and consistently detects outlier sets with an average F1 score of 0.92 and an average purity (the degree to which outlier sets identified correspond to those generated synthetically, i.e., our ground truth) of 98.58%. We also compare OSTI with state-of-the-art outlier detection methods, to illuminate how OSTI fills a gap as a tool for the exclusive detection of outlier sets.

Outliers can be more problematic in longitudinal data than in independent observations due to the correlated nature of such data. It is common practice to discard outliers as they are typically regarded as a nuisance or an aberration in the data. However, outliers can also convey meaningful information concerning potential model misspecification, and ways to modify and improve the model. Moreover, outliers that occur among the latent variables (innovative outliers) have distinct characteristics compared to those impacting the observed variables (additive outliers), and are best evaluated with different test statistics and detection procedures. We demonstrate and evaluate the performance of an outlier detection approach for multi-subject state-space models in a Monte Carlo simulation study, with corresponding adaptations to improve power and reduce false detection rates. Furthermore, we demonstrate the empirical utility of the proposed approach using data from an ecological momentary assessment study of emotion regulation together with an open-source software implementation of the procedures.

These data sets were originally created for the following publications: M. E. Houle, H.-P. Kriegel, P. Kröger, E. Schubert, A. Zimek Can Shared-Neighbor Distances Defeat the Curse of Dimensionality? In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management (SSDBM), Heidelberg, Germany, 2010. H.-P. Kriegel, E. Schubert, A. Zimek Evaluation of Multiple Clustering Solutions In 2nd MultiClust Workshop: Discovering, Summarizing and Using Multiple Clusterings Held in Conjunction with ECML PKDD 2011, Athens, Greece, 2011. The outlier data set versions were introduced in: E. Schubert, R. Wojdanowski, A. Zimek, H.-P. Kriegel On Evaluation of Outlier Rankings and Outlier Scores In Proceedings of the 12th SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (SDM), Anaheim, CA, 2012. They are derived from the original image data available at https://aloi.science.uva.nl/ The image acquisition process is documented in the original ALOI work: J. M. Geusebroek, G. J. Burghouts, and A. W. M. Smeulders, The Amsterdam library of object images, Int. J. Comput. Vision, 61(1), 103-112, January, 2005 Additional information is available at: https://elki-project.github.io/datasets/multi_view The following views are currently available: Feature type Description Files Object number Sparse 1000 dimensional vectors that give the true object assignment objs.arff.gz RGB color histograms Standard RGB color histograms (uniform binning) aloi-8d.csv.gz aloi-27d.csv.gz aloi-64d.csv.gz aloi-125d.csv.gz aloi-216d.csv.gz aloi-343d.csv.gz aloi-512d.csv.gz aloi-729d.csv.gz aloi-1000d.csv.gz HSV color histograms Standard HSV/HSB color histograms in various binnings aloi-hsb-2x2x2.csv.gz aloi-hsb-3x3x3.csv.gz aloi-hsb-4x4x4.csv.gz aloi-hsb-5x5x5.csv.gz aloi-hsb-6x6x6.csv.gz aloi-hsb-7x7x7.csv.gz aloi-hsb-7x2x2.csv.gz aloi-hsb-7x3x3.csv.gz aloi-hsb-14x3x3.csv.gz aloi-hsb-8x4x4.csv.gz aloi-hsb-9x5x5.csv.gz aloi-hsb-13x4x4.csv.gz aloi-hsb-14x5x5.csv.gz aloi-hsb-10x6x6.csv.gz aloi-hsb-14x6x6.csv.gz Color similiarity Average similarity to 77 reference colors (not histograms) 18 colors x 2 sat x 2 bri + 5 grey values (incl. white, black) aloi-colorsim77.arff.gz (feature subsets are meaningful here, as these features are computed independently of each other) Haralick features First 13 Haralick features (radius 1 pixel) aloi-haralick-1.csv.gz Front to back Vectors representing front face vs. back faces of individual objects front.arff.gz Basic light Vectors indicating basic light situations light.arff.gz Manual annotations Manually annotated object groups of semantically related objects such as cups manual1.arff.gz Outlier Detection Versions Additionally, we generated a number of subsets for outlier detection: Feature type Description Files RGB Histograms Downsampled to 100000 objects (553 outliers) aloi-27d-100000-max10-tot553.csv.gz aloi-64d-100000-max10-tot553.csv.gz Downsampled to 75000 objects (717 outliers) aloi-27d-75000-max4-tot717.csv.gz aloi-64d-75000-max4-tot717.csv.gz Downsampled to 50000 objects (1508 outliers) aloi-27d-50000-max5-tot1508.csv.gz aloi-64d-50000-max5-tot1508.csv.gz

The Multi-Domain Outlier Detection Dataset contains datasets for conducting outlier detection experiments for four different application domains:

Astrophysics - detecting anomalous observations in the Dark Energy Survey (DES) catalog (data type: feature vectors)

Planetary science - selecting novel geologic targets for follow-up observation onboard the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover (data type: grayscale images)

Earth science: detecting anomalous samples in satellite time series corresponding to ground-truth observations of maize crops (data type: time series/feature vectors)

Fashion-MNIST/MNIST: benchmark task to detect anomalous MNIST images among Fashion-MNIST images (data type: grayscale images)

Each dataset contains a "fit" dataset (used for fitting or training outlier detection models), a "score" dataset (used for scoring samples used to evaluate model performance, analogous to test set), and a label dataset (indicates whether samples in the score dataset are considered outliers or not in the domain of each dataset).

To read more about the datasets and how they are used for outlier detection, or to cite this dataset in your own work, please see the following citation:

Kerner, H. R., Rebbapragada, U., Wagstaff, K. L., Lu, S., Dubayah, B., Huff, E., Lee, J., Raman, V., and Kulshrestha, S. (2022). Domain-agnostic Outlier Ranking Algorithms (DORA)-A Configurable Pipeline for Facilitating Outlier Detection in Scientific Datasets. Under review for Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences.

Our primary goal is to automatically analyze textual reports from the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) database to detect/discover the anomaly categories reported by the pilots, and to assign each report to the appropriate category/categories. We have used two state-of-the-art models for text analysis: (i) mixture of von Mises Fisher (movMF) distributions, and (ii) latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) on a subset of all ASRS reports. The models achieve a reasonably high performance in discovering anomaly categories and clustering reports. Each category is represented by the most representative words with the highest probability in this category. In addition, since the inference algorithm for LDA was somewhat slow, we have developed a new fast LDA algorithm which is 5-10 times more efficient than the original one, therefore more applicable for the practical use. Further, we have developed a simple visualization tool based on non-linear manifold embedding (ISOMAP) to generate a 2-d visual representation of each report based on its content/topics, which gives a direct view of the structure of the whole dataset as well as the outliers.

As an important technique for data pre-processing, outlier detection plays a crucial role in various real applications and has gained substantial attention, especially in medical fields. Despite the importance of outlier detection, many existing methods are vulnerable to the distribution of outliers and require prior knowledge, such as the outlier proportion. To address this problem to some extent, this article proposes an adaptive mini-minimum spanning tree-based outlier detection (MMOD) method, which utilizes a novel distance measure by scaling the Euclidean distance. For datasets containing different densities and taking on different shapes, our method can identify outliers without prior knowledge of outlier percentages. The results on both real-world medical data corpora and intuitive synthetic datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method compared to state-of-the-art methods.

DISTRIBUTED ANOMALY DETECTION USING SATELLITE DATA FROM MULTIPLE MODALITIES KANISHKA BHADURI, KAMALIKA DAS, AND PETR VOTAVA** Abstract. There has been a tremendous increase in the volume of Earth Science data over the last decade from modern satellites, in-situ sensors and different climate models. All these datasets need to be co-analyzed for finding interesting patterns or for searching for extremes or outliers. Information extraction from such rich data sources using advanced data mining methodologies is a challenging task not only due to the massive volume of data, but also because these datasets ate physically stored at different geographical locations. Moving these petabytes of data over the network to a single location may waste a lot of bandwidth, and can take days to finish. To solve this problem, in this paper, we present a novel algorithm which can identify outliers in the global data without moving all the data to one location. The algorithm is highly accurate (close to 99%) and requires centralizing less than 5% of the entire dataset. We demonstrate the performance of the algorithm using data obtained from the NASA MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite images.

This dataset provides a detailed look into transactional behavior and financial activity patterns, ideal for exploring fraud detection and anomaly identification. It contains 2,512 samples of transaction data, covering various transaction attributes, customer demographics, and usage patterns. Each entry offers comprehensive insights into transaction behavior, enabling analysis for financial security and fraud detection applications.

Key Features:

• TransactionID: Unique alphanumeric identifier for each transaction.
• AccountID: Unique identifier for each account, with multiple transactions per account.
• TransactionAmount: Monetary value of each transaction, ranging from small everyday expenses to larger purchases.
• TransactionDate: Timestamp of each transaction, capturing date and time.
• TransactionType: Categorical field indicating 'Credit' or 'Debit' transactions.
• Location: Geographic location of the transaction, represented by U.S. city names.
• DeviceID: Alphanumeric identifier for devices used to perform the transaction.
• IP Address: IPv4 address associated with the transaction, with occasional changes for some accounts.
• MerchantID: Unique identifier for merchants, showing preferred and outlier merchants for each account.
• AccountBalance: Balance in the account post-transaction, with logical correlations based on transaction type and amount.
• PreviousTransactionDate: Timestamp of the last transaction for the account, aiding in calculating transaction frequency.
• Channel: Channel through which the transaction was performed (e.g., Online, ATM, Branch).
• CustomerAge: Age of the account holder, with logical groupings based on occupation.
• CustomerOccupation: Occupation of the account holder (e.g., Doctor, Engineer, Student, Retired), reflecting income patterns.
• TransactionDuration: Duration of the transaction in seconds, varying by transaction type.
• LoginAttempts: Number of login attempts before the transaction, with higher values indicating potential anomalies.

This dataset is ideal for data scientists, financial analysts, and researchers looking to analyze transactional patterns, detect fraud, and build predictive models for financial security applications. The dataset was designed for machine learning and pattern analysis tasks and is not intended as a primary data source for academic publications.

The dataset is presented in the paper:

Building and analysing a labelled Measure While Drilling dataset from 15 hard rock tunnels in Norway, by T.F. Hansen, Z. Liu, J. Torressen

The paper has a preprint on SSRN: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4729646 and is under review in a peer-reviewed journal.

The dataset is utilised in a machine learning analysis in the paper:

Predicting rock type from MWD tunnel data using a reproducible ML-modelling process, by T.F. Hansen, Z. Liu, J. Torressen

The paper is published in the journal Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2024.105843

Description of the dataset:

Measure While Drilling (MWD) is a technique in rock drilling, mainly used in drill and blast tunnelling, where data about the rock mass is registered by sensors while drilling. The extensive and geologically diversified dataset contains corresponding MWD-data and rock mass mappings for 5205 blasting rounds from 15 hard rock tunnels in Norway. MWD-data are presented as tabular data. 10 different rocktypes are the corresponding labels.

Four files are given:

A csv-file of the training dataset - with outliers removed

A csv-file of the testing dataset (split train/test 0.75/0.25) - with outliers removed

A csv-file with the full unsplitted dataset, cleaned and with outliers removed

A csv-file with the raw dataset, before cleaning, processing and outlier removal

The author gratefully acknowledge the tunnel software/hardware company Bever Control, which have facilitated data from the clients Bane NOR, Statens Vegvesen, Nye Veier, and the contractor AF-Gruppen.

NOTE: The dataset is only available for research, no commercial use.

Context

"This is a dataset originally from the UCI Thyroid Disease Data Set. Then it was modified for unsupervised anomaly detection by Goldstein Markus et al. in 2015."

Content

This dataset has 16 categorical attributes, 5 numerical attributes, and 1 target attribute, then 22 attributes in total.

1) here is the variable description for the categorical attributes: age: continuous. sex: categorical, M, F. on thyroxine: categorical, f, t. query on thyroxine: categorical, f, t. on antithyroid medication: categorical, f, t. sick: categorical, f, t. pregnant: categorical, f, t. thyroid surgery: categorical, f, t. I131 treatment: categorical, f, t. query hypothyroid: categorical, f, t. query hyperthyroid: categorical, f, t. lithium: categorical, f, t. goitre: categorical, f, t. tumor: categorical, f, t. hypopituitary: categorical, f, t. psych: categorical, f, t. For the sake of convenience, age is normalised into (0,1), all the categorical variables are mapped in the following ways: {"M" -> 0 , "F" -> 1}, or {"f" ->0, "t" -> 1}.

2). here is the variable description for the numerical attributes: TSH: continuous. T3: continuous. TT4: continuous. T4U: continuous. FTI: continuous.

3). here is the variable description for the target attributes: outlier_label(target): categorical, o, n. For the target attribute(Outlier_label), "o" means outlier and "n" means normal. By the way, please just remove the last empty column.

Acknowledgements

As stated by the original research paper [1]: "The thyroid dataset is another dataset from UCI machine learning repository in the medical domain. The raw patient measurements contain categorical attributes as well as missing values such that it was preprocessed in order to apply neural networks [2], also known as the “annthyroid” dataset. We make also use of this preprocessing, resulting in 21 dimensions. Normal instances (healthy non-hypothyroid patients) were taken from the train- ing and test datasets. From the test set, we sampled 250 outliers from the two disease classes (subnormal function and hyperfunction) resulting in a new dataset containing 6,916 records with 3.61% anomalies."

Reference

[1] Goldstein M, Uchida S. A comparative evaluation of unsupervised anomaly detection algorithms for multivariate data[J]. PloS one, 2016, 11(4): e0152173. [2] Schiffmann W, Joost M, Werner R. Synthesis and performance analysis of multilayer neural network architectures[J]. 1992. [3] Goldstein, Markus, 2015, "annthyroid-unsupervised-ad.tab", Unsupervised Anomaly Detection Benchmark, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OPQMVF/CJURKL, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:jJUwpBJ4iBlQto8WT6zsUg== [fileUNF]

State politics researchers commonly employ ordinary least squares (OLS) regression or one of its variants to test linear hypotheses. However, OLS is easily influenced by outliers and thus can produce misleading results when the error term distribution has heavy tails. Here we demonstrate that median regression (MR), an alternative to OLS that conditions the median of the dependent variable (rather than the mean) on the independent variables, can be a solution to this problem. Then we propose and validate a hypothesis test that applied researchers can use to select between OLS and MR in a given sample of data. Finally, we present two examples from state politics research in which (1) the test selects MR over OLS and (2) differences in results between the two methods could lead to different substantive inferences. We conclude that MR and the test we propose can improve linear models in state politics research.

The PointDenoisingBenchmark dataset features 28 different shapes, split into 18 training shapes and 10 test shapes.

PointDenoisingBenchmark for outliers removal: contains noisy point clouds with different levels of gaussian noise and the corresponding clean ground truths. PointDenoisingBenchmark for denoising: contains noisy point clouds with different levels of noise and density of outliers and the corresponding clean ground truths.

In this paper we investigate the properties of the Lagrange Multiplier [LM] test for autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) and generalized ARCH (GARCH) in the presence of additive outliers (AOs). We show analytically that both the asymptotic size and power are adversely affected if AOs are neglected: the test rejects the null hypothesis of homoscedasticity too often when it is in fact true, while the test has difficulty detecting genuine GARCH effects. Several Monte Carlo experiments show that these phenomena occur in small samples as well. We design and implement a robust test, which has better size and power properties than the conventional test in the presence of AOs. We apply the tests to a number of US macroeconomic time series, which illustrates the dangers involved when nonrobust tests for ARCH are routinely applied as diagnostic tests for misspecification.

Verbal and Quantitative Reasoning GRE scores and percentiles were collected by querying the student database for the appropriate information. Any student records that were missing data such as GRE scores or grade point average were removed from the study before the data were analyzed. The GRE Scores of entering doctoral students from 2007-2012 were collected and analyzed. A total of 528 student records were reviewed. Ninety-six records were removed from the data because of a lack of GRE scores. Thirty-nine of these records belonged to MD/PhD applicants who were not required to take the GRE to be reviewed for admission. Fifty-seven more records were removed because they did not have an admissions committee score in the database. After 2011, the GRE’s scoring system was changed from a scale of 200-800 points per section to 130-170 points per section. As a result, 12 more records were removed because their scores were representative of the new scoring system and therefore were not able to be compared to the older scores based on raw score. After removal of these 96 records from our analyses, a total of 420 student records remained which included students that were currently enrolled, left the doctoral program without a degree, or left the doctoral program with an MS degree. To maintain consistency in the participants, we removed 100 additional records so that our analyses only considered students that had graduated with a doctoral degree. In addition, thirty-nine admissions scores were identified as outliers by statistical analysis software and removed for a final data set of 286 (see Outliers below). Outliers We used the automated ROUT method included in the PRISM software to test the data for the presence of outliers which could skew our data. The false discovery rate for outlier detection (Q) was set to 1%. After removing the 96 students without a GRE score, 432 students were reviewed for the presence of outliers. ROUT detected 39 outliers that were removed before statistical analysis was performed. Sample See detailed description in the Participants section. Linear regression analysis was used to examine potential trends between GRE scores, GRE percentiles, normalized admissions scores or GPA and outcomes between selected student groups. The D’Agostino & Pearson omnibus and Shapiro-Wilk normality tests were used to test for normality regarding outcomes in the sample. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the relationship between GRE scores, GRE percentiles, admissions scores or GPA (undergraduate and graduate) and time to degree. Candidacy exam results were divided into students who either passed or failed the exam. A Mann-Whitney test was then used to test for statistically significant differences between mean GRE scores, percentiles, and undergraduate GPA and candidacy exam results. Other variables were also observed such as gender, race, ethnicity, and citizenship status within the samples. Predictive Metrics. The input variables used in this study were GPA and scores and percentiles of applicants on both the Quantitative and Verbal Reasoning GRE sections. GRE scores and percentiles were examined to normalize variances that could occur between tests. Performance Metrics. The output variables used in the statistical analyses of each data set were either the amount of time it took for each student to earn their doctoral degree, or the student’s candidacy examination result.

Abstract: Building health management is an important part in running an efficient and cost-effective building. Many problems in a building’s system can go undetected for long periods of time, leading to expensive repairs or wasted resources. This project aims to help detect and diagnose the building‘s health with data driven methods throughout the day. Orca and IMS are two state of the art algorithms that observe an array of building health sensors and provide feedback on the overall system’s health as well as localize the problem to one, or possibly two, components. With this level of feedback the hope is to quickly identify problems and provide appropriate maintenance while reducing the number of complaints and service calls. Introduction: To prepare these technologies for the new installation, the proposed methods are being tested on a current system that behaves similarly to the future green building. Building 241 was determined to best resemble the proposed building 232 and therefore was chosen for this study. Building 241 is currently outfitted with 34 sensors that monitor the heating & cooling temperatures for the air and water systems as well as other various subsystem states. The daily sensor recordings were logged and sent to the IDU group for analysis. The period of analysis was focused from July 1st through August 10th 2009. Methodology: The two algorithms used for analysis were Orca and IMS. Both methods look for anomalies using a distanced based scoring approach. Orca has the ability to use a single data set and find outliers within that data set. This tactic was applied to each day. After scoring each time sample throughout a given day the Orca score profiles were compared by computing the correlation against all other days. Days with high overall correlations were considered normal however days with lower overall correlations were more anomalous. IMS, on the other hand, needs a normal set of data to build a model, which can be applied to a set of test data to asses how anomaly the particular data set is. The typical days identified by Orca were used as the reference/training set for IMS, while all the other days were passed through IMS resulting in an anomaly score profile for each day. The mean of the IMS score profile was then calculated for each day to produce a summary IMS score. These summary scores were ranked and the top outliers were identified (see Figure 1). Once the anomalies were identified the contributing parameters were then ranked by the algorithm. Analysis: The contributing parameters identified by IMS were localized to the return air temperature duct system. -7/03/09 (Figure 2 & 3) AHU-1 Return Air Temperature (RAT) Calculated Average Return Air Temperature -7/19/09 (Figure 3 & 4) AHU-2 Return Air Temperature (RAT) Calculated Average Return Air Temperature IMS identified significantly higher temperatures compared to other days during the month of July and August. Conclusion: The proposed algorithms Orca and IMS have shown that they were able to pick up significant anomalies in the building system as well as diagnose the anomaly by identifying the sensor values that were anomalous. In the future these methods can be used on live streaming data and produce a real time anomaly score to help building maintenance with detection and diagnosis of problems.

Abstract: Building health management is an important part in running an efficient and cost-effective building. Many problems in a building’s system can go undetected for long periods of time, leading to expensive repairs or wasted resources. This project aims to help detect and diagnose the building‘s health with data driven methods throughout the day. Orca and IMS are two state of the art algorithms that observe an array of building health sensors and provide feedback on the overall system’s health as well as localize the problem to one, or possibly two, components. With this level of feedback the hope is to quickly identify problems and provide appropriate maintenance while reducing the number of complaints and service calls. Introduction: To prepare these technologies for the new installation, the proposed methods are being tested on a current system that behaves similarly to the future green building. Building 241 was determined to best resemble the proposed building 232 and therefore was chosen for this study. Building 241 is currently outfitted with 34 sensors that monitor the heating & cooling temperatures for the air and water systems as well as other various subsystem states. The daily sensor recordings were logged and sent to the IDU group for analysis. The period of analysis was focused from July 1st through August 10th 2009. Methodology: The two algorithms used for analysis were Orca and IMS. Both methods look for anomalies using a distanced based scoring approach. Orca has the ability to use a single data set and find outliers within that data set. This tactic was applied to each day. After scoring each time sample throughout a given day the Orca score profiles were compared by computing the correlation against all other days. Days with high overall correlations were considered normal however days with lower overall correlations were more anomalous. IMS, on the other hand, needs a normal set of data to build a model, which can be applied to a set of test data to asses how anomaly the particular data set is. The typical days identified by Orca were used as the reference/training set for IMS, while all the other days were passed through IMS resulting in an anomaly score profile for each day. The mean of the IMS score profile was then calculated for each day to produce a summary IMS score. These summary scores were ranked and the top outliers were identified (see Figure 1). Once the anomalies were identified the contributing parameters were then ranked by the algorithm. Analysis: The contributing parameters identified by IMS were localized to the return air temperature duct system. -7/03/09 (Figure 2 & 3) AHU-1 Return Air Temperature (RAT) Calculated Average Return Air Temperature -7/19/09 (Figure 3 & 4) AHU-2 Return Air Temperature (RAT) Calculated Average Return Air Temperature IMS identified significantly higher temperatures compared to other days during the month of July and August. Conclusion: The proposed algorithms Orca and IMS have shown that they were able to pick up significant anomalies in the building system as well as diagnose the anomaly by identifying the sensor values that were anomalous. In the future these methods can be used on live streaming data and produce a real time anomaly score to help building maintenance with detection and diagnosis of problems.