We modeled a simultaneous multi-round auction with BPMN models, transformed the latter to Petri nets, and used a model checker to verify whether certain outcomes of the auction are possible or not.

Dataset Characteristics: Tabular

Subject Area: Computer Science

Associated Tasks: Classification, Regression

Instances: 2043

Features: 7

Dataset Information

For what purpose was the dataset created? The dataset was created as part of a scientific study. The goal was to find out whether one could replace costly verification of complex process models (here: simultaneous multi-round auctions, as used for auctioning frequency spectra) with predictions of the outcome.

What do the instances in this dataset represent? Each instance represents one verification run. Verification checks whether a particular price is possible for a particular product, and (for only some of the instances) whether a particular bidder might win the product to that price.

Additional Information Our code to prepare the dataset and to make predictions is available here: https://github.com/Jakob-Bach/Analyzing-Auction-Verification

Has Missing Values? No

Introductory Paper

Title: Analyzing and Predicting Verification of Data-Aware Process Models – a Case Study with Spectrum Auctions

Authors: Elaheh Ordoni, Jakob Bach, Ann-Katrin Fleck. 2022

Journal: Published in Journal

Link of Article

Abstract of Introductory Paper

Verification techniques play an essential role in detecting undesirable behaviors in many applications like spectrum auctions. By verifying an auction design, one can detect the least favorable outcomes, e.g., the lowest revenue of an auctioneer. However, verification may be infeasible in practice, given the vast size of the state space on the one hand and the large number of properties to be verified on the other hand. To overcome this challenge, we leverage machine-learning techniques. In particular, we create a dataset by verifying properties of a spectrum auction first. Second, we use this dataset to analyze and predict outcomes of the auction and characteristics of the verification procedure. To evaluate the usefulness of machine learning in the given scenario, we consider prediction quality and feature importance. In our experiments, we observe that prediction models can capture relationships in our dataset well, though one needs to be careful to obtain a representative and sufficiently large training dataset. While the focus of this article is on a specific verification scenario, our analysis approach is general and can be adapted to other domains.

Cite

Citation:Ordoni,Elaheh, Bach,Jakob, Fleck,Ann-Katrin, and Bach,Jakob. (2022). Auction Verification. UCI Machine Learning Repository. https://doi.org/10.24432/C52K6N.

BibTeX:@misc{misc_auction_verification_713, author = {Ordoni,Elaheh, Bach,Jakob, Fleck,Ann-Katrin, and Bach,Jakob}, title = {{Auction Verification}}, year = {2022}, howpublished = {UCI Machine Learning Repository}, note = {{DOI}: https://doi.org/10.24432/C52K6N} }

Import in Python

pip install ucimlrepo

`from ucimlrepo import fetch_ucirepo

fetch dataset

auction_verification = fetch_ucirepo(id=713)

data (as pandas dataframes)

X = auction_verification.data.features y = auction_verification.data.targets

metadata

print(auction_verification.metadata)

variable information

print(auction_verification.variables) `

The goal of prognostics and health management (PHM) systems is to ensure system safety, and reduce downtime and maintenance costs. It is important that a PHM system is verified and validated before it can be successfully deployed. Prognostics algorithms are integral parts of PHM systems. This paper investigates a systematic process of verification of such prognostics algorithms. To this end, first, this paper distinguishes between technology maturation and product development. Then, the paper describes the verification process for a prognostics algorithm as it moves up to higher maturity levels. This process is shown to be an iterative process where verification activities are interleaved with validation activities at each maturation level. In this work, we adopt the concept of technology readiness levels (TRLs) to represent the different maturity levels of a prognostics algorithm. It is shown that at each TRL, the verification of a prognostics algorithm depends on verifying the different components of the algorithm according to the requirements laid out by the PHM system that adopts this prognostics algorithm. Finally, using simplified examples, the systematic process for verifying a prognostics algorithm is demonstrated as the prognostics algorithm moves up TRLs.

Verification and validation (V&V) has been identified as a critical phase in fielding systems with Integrated Systems Health Management (ISHM) solutions to ensure that the results produced are robust, reliable, and can confidently inform about vehicle and system health status and to support operational and maintenance decisions. Prognostics is a key constituent within ISHM. It faces unique challenges for V&V since it informs about the future behavior of a component or subsystem. In this paper, we present a detailed review of identified barriers and solutions to prognostics V&V, and a novel methodological way for the organization and application of this knowledge. We discuss these issues within the context of a prognostics application for the ground support equipment of space vehicle propellant loading, and identify the significant barriers and adopted solution for this application.

The global Information Verification market is projected to reach an estimated market size of approximately $25,500 million by 2025, experiencing robust growth at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of around 12% from 2019-2033. This expansion is fueled by an escalating demand for data accuracy and the increasing prevalence of digital transactions, where the integrity of personal and commercial information is paramount. Key drivers include stringent regulatory compliance mandates across various industries, the rise of identity theft and fraud, and the growing need for businesses to conduct due diligence on customers, employees, and partners. The Personal segment, encompassing identity verification for onboarding and access, is a significant contributor, driven by the proliferation of online services and the "know your customer" (KYC) requirements in financial sectors. Similarly, the Commercial segment, vital for background checks, supplier vetting, and fraud prevention in corporate environments, is witnessing substantial uptake. The market is further segmented by verification types, with Basic Information Verification and Negative Information Verification (checking for criminal records, financial distress, etc.) holding substantial shares due to their foundational role in risk management. Vehicle Information Verification is also gaining traction, especially in the automotive and insurance industries. The competitive landscape is characterized by a blend of established players and emerging innovators, with companies like Tianmian Information Technology, Shanghai Yushan Technology, and Beijing Lingchuang Zhixin Technology actively shaping the market. These companies are investing in advanced technologies such as AI and machine learning to enhance the speed, accuracy, and comprehensiveness of their verification services. Emerging trends indicate a shift towards real-time verification solutions and the integration of blockchain technology for secure and immutable data handling. However, the market faces restraints such as data privacy concerns and evolving regulatory frameworks that can impact operational strategies. Geographically, Asia Pacific, led by China and India, is anticipated to be a significant growth engine due to rapid digitalization and a burgeoning economy. North America and Europe remain mature markets with a high adoption rate of sophisticated verification solutions, driven by established regulatory environments and a strong focus on data security. The continuous innovation and increasing awareness of the importance of reliable data are poised to sustain the market's upward trajectory. This comprehensive report delves into the dynamic landscape of Information Verification, offering a granular analysis of market dynamics, key players, and future trajectories. With a study period spanning from 2019 to 2033, including a base year of 2025 and a forecast period from 2025 to 2033, this report provides invaluable insights for strategic decision-making. The historical period of 2019-2024 offers a foundation for understanding past performance and evolving trends. We leverage million-unit valuations to quantify market sizes and growth projections, painting a clear financial picture of this critical sector.

This is the description of the supplementary archive of example interactive reports for the approach described in the article "Verification-Aided Debugging: An Interactive Web-Service for Exploring Error Witnesses", Proc. CAV'16.

This archive contains a static snapshot of our system that allows the reader to a) experience the features of our web-service without relying on its online availability and b) reproduce the bug reports displayed in this static snapshot by validating the provided witnesses against the source code and the corresponding specifications using CPAchecker.

The witness database is available at: static/index.html The supplied verification tasks can be found at: static/programs/ The supplied error witnesses are grouped by their corresponding verification tasks and can be found at: static/witnesses/ The software verifier CPAchecker is placed at: CPAchecker/

To browse the witness database and explore the supplied error reports, we recommend using the Firefox web browser, because not all features of our bug reports are guaranteed to be available in other browsers.

Like the supplementary archive originally provided to the reviewers, this witness database contains only a small selection of the witnesses harvested from the "Competition on Software Verification 2016", because we do not want to burden the reader with an enormous amount of data that likely is not relevant for understanding the concepts. Also, error witnesses produced by some competition candidates that were not even syntactically correct were removed, because they do not add any value to the evaluation. However, the full data is still available online via our web service, for example, the list of witnesses for a verification task can be requested by computing the SHA-1 hash of the verification task's source code and submitting the following query: http://vcloud.sosy-lab.org/webclient/master/witness?inputFile= The resulting JSON data contains all hashes of witnesses stored for the given program. A witness stored in the database can be requested via its SHA-1 hash by submitting the following query: https://vcloud.sosy-lab.org/webclient/files/ All verification tasks are available at the SV-COMP repository: https://github.com/dbeyer/sv-benchmarks If you use verification tasks from the repository and are interested in validating witnesses produced for SV-COMP '16, please use the 'svcomp16' tag, because the tasks and their hashes might have changed since then.

You can use CPAchecker to validate a witness for a verification task and generate an error report. First, navigate to the CPAchecker directory:

cd CPAchecker/

Now, perform the validation by providing the verification task (consisting of specification and program source code) and a witness:

scripts/cpa.sh -generateReport -witness-validation
-spec

-spec

For example:

scripts/cpa.sh -generateReport -witness-validation
-spec ../static/programs/loop-acceleration/ALL.prp
../static/programs/loop-acceleration/array_false-unreach-call3.i
-spec ../static/witnesses/loop-acceleration/array_false-unreach-call3.i/a4572a0c1b505b1d1170b7347e48a2a93cb3f4c1

The report will be generated in the subdirectory output/report/

Request and perform data origin authentication and data integrity verification on the name/address resolution responses the system receives from authoritative

DEVO is the back-end application for processing SSN verifications and data exchanges. DEVO uses modern technology for parameter driven processing of both batch and real time requests. DEVO provides the capability for SSA to accurately and rapidly respond to customized requests, legislative mandates, and court orders. Legacy verification and data exchange applications (Enumeration Verification System (EVS), Numident Online Verification Utility (NOVU), State Verification Exchange System (SVES), and State Online Query System (SOLQ) are methodically being reengineered into DEVO, which will make use of reusable, flexible software. DEVO interfaces with the Verification Account Management System (VAMS) to determine account status, obtain processing parameters, and store transaction counts for Management Information (MI).

Employment Verification via Data Partners Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Employment Verification via Data Partners market size reached USD 4.2 billion in 2024, demonstrating robust growth driven by increasing demand for secure and efficient background screening processes. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 9.8% from 2025 to 2033, culminating in a projected value of USD 9.7 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily fueled by the rising adoption of digital hiring practices, stringent regulatory compliance requirements, and the growing need for real-time employment data verification across multiple industries.

One of the primary growth factors propelling the Employment Verification via Data Partners market is the accelerating digital transformation within the human resources and recruitment sector. As organizations strive to streamline their hiring processes, the demand for automated, accurate, and timely employment verification solutions has surged. Digital platforms leveraging data partners enable employers to verify candidate information quickly, reducing manual intervention and minimizing the risk of human error. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies further enhances the accuracy and reliability of these systems, making them indispensable for modern HR operations. Additionally, the proliferation of remote and hybrid work models has intensified the need for secure and scalable verification solutions, as organizations increasingly hire talent from diverse geographies and backgrounds.

Another significant driver for market growth is the evolving regulatory landscape governing employment verification and background screening. Governments and regulatory bodies worldwide are imposing stricter compliance requirements to prevent fraudulent employment claims, identity theft, and financial crimes. This has compelled employers, financial institutions, and background screening companies to adopt advanced verification solutions that can ensure adherence to local and international standards. Data partners play a crucial role by providing access to comprehensive and up-to-date employment records, thus enabling organizations to maintain compliance while expediting their onboarding processes. The growing awareness among businesses regarding the legal and reputational risks associated with negligent hiring practices further accentuates the need for robust verification mechanisms.

The rapid advancement in data integration and interoperability technologies has also contributed significantly to the expansion of the Employment Verification via Data Partners market. Modern verification platforms are increasingly capable of aggregating data from multiple sources, including payroll providers, government databases, and third-party background screening agencies. This multi-source approach ensures a holistic view of a candidate’s employment history, enhancing the credibility and reliability of the verification process. Furthermore, the emergence of blockchain and secure data exchange protocols has addressed concerns related to data privacy and security, encouraging more organizations to adopt these solutions. As a result, both large enterprises and small and medium-sized businesses are investing in employment verification via data partners to safeguard their recruitment processes and protect organizational integrity.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the Employment Verification via Data Partners market, accounting for the largest share in 2024 due to the presence of established players, high adoption rates of digital HR solutions, and stringent regulatory frameworks. Europe follows closely, driven by increasing cross-border employment and a strong emphasis on data privacy and compliance. The Asia Pacific region is witnessing the fastest growth, fueled by rapid digitalization, expanding workforce, and rising demand for secure employment verification solutions in emerging economies such as India and China. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually embracing these technologies, supported by growing awareness and investments in digital infrastructure. The global market landscape is expected to evolve further as regional players innovate and expand their offerings to cater to diverse industry needs.

Component Analysis

The Component segment of the Employment Verification via Data Partners market is bif

Methane Data Verification and Auditing Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global methane data verification and auditing market size reached USD 1.46 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust expansion driven by rising environmental regulations and increasing corporate sustainability commitments. The market is poised to grow at a CAGR of 13.2% during the forecast period, with the market expected to reach USD 4.04 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily attributed to the escalating demand for accurate methane emissions monitoring, stringent global climate policies, and the integration of advanced digital technologies for environmental compliance and reporting.

The growth of the methane data verification and auditing market is heavily influenced by the tightening of global regulatory frameworks aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Governments across the world are implementing more rigorous monitoring and reporting standards, particularly in high-emission sectors such as oil and gas, agriculture, and waste management. These regulations require organizations to not only measure but also verify and audit their methane emissions data, fostering the adoption of sophisticated software, hardware, and services tailored for these purposes. The increasing focus on transparency and accountability in emissions reporting has further accelerated the market’s momentum, pushing enterprises to invest in reliable verification and auditing solutions to avoid regulatory penalties and enhance their environmental credibility.

Another significant factor propelling market growth is the rapid advancement and adoption of digital technologies, including IoT-enabled sensors, satellite-based monitoring, and artificial intelligence-driven analytics. These technologies have revolutionized methane detection, quantification, and data validation, enabling real-time and highly accurate emissions monitoring. As organizations seek to leverage these innovations to streamline their data verification processes, the demand for integrated solutions encompassing both hardware and software is on the rise. Furthermore, the proliferation of cloud-based platforms has made it easier for enterprises of all sizes to access scalable and cost-effective methane data verification services, thereby broadening the market’s reach and appeal.

Corporate sustainability initiatives and the growing emphasis on ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) reporting are also shaping the trajectory of the methane data verification and auditing market. Companies are increasingly recognizing the reputational and financial benefits of demonstrating robust methane management practices to investors, customers, and regulatory bodies. This trend is particularly pronounced in sectors with high public scrutiny and environmental impact, such as oil and gas, utilities, and agriculture. By investing in comprehensive verification and auditing solutions, organizations can enhance their ESG scores, attract responsible investment, and differentiate themselves in a competitive marketplace. The convergence of regulatory pressure, technological innovation, and corporate responsibility is expected to sustain the market’s strong growth outlook through 2033.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the global methane data verification and auditing market, driven by stringent environmental regulations, advanced technological infrastructure, and proactive industry participation. Europe follows closely, with ambitious climate targets and a strong emphasis on emissions transparency. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a high-growth market, supported by increasing industrialization, expanding regulatory frameworks, and a growing focus on sustainable development. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing gradual growth, fueled by rising awareness and international collaboration on climate action. The global landscape is characterized by a dynamic interplay of regulatory, technological, and market forces, shaping diverse opportunities and challenges across regions.

Component Analysis

The component segment of the methane data verification and auditing market is categorized into software, hardware, and services, each playing a critical role in enabling comprehensive emissions management. Software solutions are at the forefront of this segment, offering advanced data analytics, visualization, and reporting capabilitie

This dataset includes the MIPS Data Validation Criteria. The Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA) streamlines a patchwork collection of programs with a single system where provider can be rewarded for better care. Providers will be able to practice as they always have, but they may receive higher Medicare payments based on their performance.

This submission includes the reference data required to perform a complete verification of the FluxEngine v3.0 install. All data are in netCDF-3 format. Note that this dataset is greater than 100 MB in size. FluxEngine is an open source software toolkit for calculating in situ, regional or global gas fluxes between the atmosphere and ocean. It can be used with model, in situ or satellite Earth observation data. A full description of the toolkit is provided in Shutler et al. (2016) and the FluxEngine software can be freely downloaded from GitHub: https://github.com/oceanflux-ghg/FluxEngine […]

Employment Verification via Credentialed Data Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global Employment Verification via Credentialed Data market size reached USD 3.8 billion in 2024, demonstrating robust momentum in the adoption of automated and credentialed employment verification solutions across diverse sectors. The market is poised to grow at a CAGR of 10.7% from 2025 to 2033, with a projected value of USD 9.3 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by increasing regulatory compliance requirements, the need for fraud mitigation, and the digital transformation of HR and background screening processes globally.

A significant growth factor for the Employment Verification via Credentialed Data market is the intensifying focus on regulatory compliance and risk management within the hiring landscape. Organizations across industries are under mounting pressure to comply with labor laws, anti-fraud regulations, and privacy standards, such as GDPR and FCRA. This has led to a surge in demand for reliable, tamper-proof, and real-time verification solutions that utilize credentialed data sources. Automated employment verification systems not only reduce the risk of human error but also ensure that employers can demonstrate due diligence in their hiring practices, thereby minimizing legal and reputational risks. The proliferation of remote and gig work arrangements further amplifies the necessity for robust verification mechanisms, as traditional in-person vetting becomes less feasible.

Another key driver is the rapid digitalization of HR processes and the increasing integration of advanced technologies like AI, machine learning, and blockchain into employment verification workflows. These technologies facilitate the seamless aggregation, validation, and sharing of credentialed data, significantly expediting the verification process. Employers and background screening companies now demand solutions that can deliver instant, accurate, and scalable verification outcomes, especially as hiring volumes fluctuate. The shift towards cloud-based platforms and the adoption of APIs for seamless integration with HR management systems are also fueling market expansion. This digital transformation is enabling organizations to streamline onboarding, reduce time-to-hire, and improve the overall candidate experience, which is especially critical in competitive talent markets.

A further catalyst for market growth is the rising incidence of resume fraud, misrepresentation of employment history, and identity theft. With the increasing sophistication of fraudulent activities, organizations are compelled to adopt advanced employment verification solutions that leverage credentialed and third-party validated data. Financial institutions, government agencies, and large enterprises are particularly vigilant, as the consequences of hiring individuals with falsified credentials can be severe. The market is witnessing heightened investment in hybrid verification models that combine automated data checks with manual review for high-risk or sensitive roles. This layered approach enhances accuracy and trustworthiness, making it a preferred choice for sectors with stringent compliance and security requirements.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the Employment Verification via Credentialed Data market, owing to its mature HR technology ecosystem, stringent regulatory frameworks, and high adoption rates among large enterprises and background screening companies. Europe is following closely, driven by GDPR compliance and the increasing cross-border mobility of the workforce. The Asia Pacific region is emerging as a high-growth market, propelled by rapid digitalization, expanding middle-class employment, and the proliferation of multinational corporations. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, while still nascent, are witnessing steady uptake as organizations in these regions modernize their HR and compliance infrastructure to align with global standards.

Component Analysis

The Component segment of the Employment Verification via Credentialed Data market is bifurcated into software and services, each playing a pivotal role in shaping the market landscape. The software segment encompasses employment verification platforms, APIs, and integration modules that automate the collection, validation, and reporting of employment credentials. These solutions are increasingly lev

We seek to mitigate the challenges with web-scraped and off-the-shelf POI data, and provide tailored, complete, and manually verified datasets with Geolancer. Our goal is to help represent the physical world accurately for applications and services dependent on precise POI data, and offer a reliable basis for geospatial analysis and intelligence.

Our POI database is powered by our proprietary POI collection and verification platform, Geolancer, which provides manually verified, authentic, accurate, and up-to-date POI datasets.

Enrich your geospatial applications with a contextual layer of comprehensive and actionable information on landmarks, key features, business areas, and many more granular, on-demand attributes. We offer on-demand data collection and verification services that fit unique use cases and business requirements. Using our advanced data acquisition techniques, we build and offer tailormade POI datasets. Combined with our expertise in location data solutions, we can be a holistic data partner for our customers.

KEY FEATURES - Our proprietary, industry-leading manual verification platform Geolancer delivers up-to-date, authentic data points

• POI-as-a-Service with on-demand verification and collection in 170+ countries leveraging our network of 1M+ contributors

• Customise your feed by specific refresh rate, location, country, category, and brand based on your specific needs

• Data Noise Filtering Algorithms normalise and de-dupe POI data that is ready for analysis with minimal preparation

DATA QUALITY

Quadrant’s POI data are manually collected and verified by Geolancers. Our network of freelancers, maps cities and neighborhoods adding and updating POIs on our proprietary app Geolancer on their smartphone. Compared to other methods, this process guarantees accuracy and promises a healthy stream of POI data. This method of data collection also steers clear of infringement on users’ privacy and sale of their location data. These purpose-built apps do not store, collect, or share any data other than the physical location (without tying context back to an actual human being and their mobile device).

USE CASES

The main goal of POI data is to identify a place of interest, establish its accurate location, and help businesses understand the happenings around that place to make better, well-informed decisions. POI can be essential in assessing competition, improving operational efficiency, planning the expansion of your business, and more.

It can be used by businesses to power their apps and platforms for last-mile delivery, navigation, mapping, logistics, and more. Combined with mobility data, POI data can be employed by retail outlets to monitor traffic to one of their sites or of their competitors. Logistics businesses can save costs and improve customer experience with accurate address data. Real estate companies use POI data for site selection and project planning based on market potential. Governments can use POI data to enforce regulations, monitor public health and well-being, plan public infrastructure and services, and more. A few common and widespread use cases of POI data are:

• Navigation and mapping for digital marketplaces and apps.
• Logistics for online shopping, food delivery, last-mile delivery, and more.
• Improving operational efficiency for rideshare and transportation platforms.
• Demographic and human mobility studies for market consumption and competitive analysis.
• Market assessment, site selection, and business expansion.
• Disaster management and urban mapping for public welfare.
• Advertising and marketing deployment and ROI assessment.
• Real-estate mapping for online sales and renting platforms.About Geolancer

ABOUT GEOLANCER

Quadrant's POI-as-a-Service is powered by Geolancer, our industry-leading manual verification project. Geolancers, equipped with a smartphone running our proprietary app, manually add and verify POI data points, ensuring accuracy and authenticity. Geolancer helps data buyers acquire data with the update frequency suited for their specific use case.

Interval Data Validation and Estimation Tools Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Interval Data Validation and Estimation Tools market size was valued at $1.42 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $4.98 billion by 2033, expanding at a robust CAGR of 14.7% during the forecast period of 2025–2033. The primary factor fueling this significant growth is the increasing demand for high-quality, reliable data across industries, driven by the proliferation of big data analytics, regulatory compliance requirements, and the digital transformation of core business processes. As organizations continue to digitize their operations, the need for advanced interval data validation and estimation tools that can ensure data accuracy, integrity, and actionable insights has never been more critical.

Regional Outlook

North America currently dominates the global interval data validation and estimation tools market, accounting for the largest share of global revenue in 2024. The region’s leadership can be attributed to its mature IT infrastructure, high adoption rates of advanced analytics, and a strong regulatory environment that prioritizes data integrity and compliance. Major industries such as BFSI, healthcare, and IT & telecommunications in the United States and Canada are heavily investing in sophisticated data validation and estimation solutions to mitigate risks associated with inaccurate or incomplete data. Furthermore, the presence of leading technology vendors and an innovation-driven business ecosystem have accelerated the deployment of both on-premises and cloud-based solutions, solidifying North America’s market dominance.

In contrast, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as the fastest-growing market, projected to register the highest CAGR of 17.2% during the forecast period. This rapid growth is fueled by substantial investments in digital infrastructure, expanding IT and telecom sectors, and increasing regulatory scrutiny regarding data management in countries such as China, India, and Japan. Governments and enterprises in Asia Pacific are actively adopting interval data validation and estimation tools to enhance data-driven decision-making, improve operational efficiency, and comply with evolving data privacy laws. The influx of global technology providers, coupled with the rise of local solution developers, is further catalyzing market expansion in this region.

Meanwhile, emerging economies in Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa are gradually embracing interval data validation and estimation tools, albeit at a slower pace due to challenges such as limited digital infrastructure, budget constraints, and varying regulatory frameworks. However, growing awareness about the importance of data quality for business competitiveness and increasing investments in digital transformation are expected to drive adoption over the coming years. Localized solutions tailored to address specific regulatory and operational requirements are gaining traction, particularly in sectors like government, healthcare, and retail, where data accuracy is increasingly critical.

Report Scope

Advances in neuroimaging, genomic, motion tracking, eye-tracking and many other technology-based data collection methods have led to a torrent of high dimensional datasets, which commonly have a small number of samples because of the intrinsic high cost of data collection involving human participants. High dimensional data with a small number of samples is of critical importance for identifying biomarkers and conducting feasibility and pilot work, however it can lead to biased machine learning (ML) performance estimates. Our review of studies which have applied ML to predict autistic from non-autistic individuals showed that small sample size is associated with higher reported classification accuracy. Thus, we have investigated whether this bias could be caused by the use of validation methods which do not sufficiently control overfitting. Our simulations show that K-fold Cross-Validation (CV) produces strongly biased performance estimates with small sample sizes, and the bias is still evident with sample size of 1000. Nested CV and train/test split approaches produce robust and unbiased performance estimates regardless of sample size. We also show that feature selection if performed on pooled training and testing data is contributing to bias considerably more than parameter tuning. In addition, the contribution to bias by data dimensionality, hyper-parameter space and number of CV folds was explored, and validation methods were compared with discriminable data. The results suggest how to design robust testing methodologies when working with small datasets and how to interpret the results of other studies based on what validation method was used.

Employment Verification via Credentialed Data Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Employment Verification via Credentialed Data market size was valued at $2.1 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $6.7 billion by 2033, expanding at an impressive CAGR of 13.5% during the forecast period of 2025–2033. The primary growth driver for the Employment Verification via Credentialed Data market is the increasing demand for secure, rapid, and reliable verification processes, particularly in the wake of heightened remote hiring and global workforce mobility. Organizations across industries are leveraging credentialed data solutions to mitigate hiring risks, ensure regulatory compliance, and streamline onboarding, which has significantly accelerated adoption worldwide. The convergence of digital transformation initiatives and regulatory mandates for data accuracy further propels market expansion, making this segment a focal point for HR technology investments and innovation.

Regional Outlook

North America currently dominates the Employment Verification via Credentialed Data market, holding the largest share of global revenue, accounting for approximately 38% of the market in 2024. This region’s leadership can be attributed to its mature technological infrastructure, widespread adoption of HR automation, and stringent regulatory requirements for employment verification, particularly in the United States and Canada. The presence of leading verification solution providers, coupled with a robust ecosystem of background screening companies and tech-savvy employers, has fostered early adoption and continuous innovation. Moreover, the region’s proactive approach to data privacy, compliance, and cybersecurity has encouraged organizations to invest in advanced credentialed data solutions, making North America a benchmark for best practices in employment verification.

The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to be the fastest-growing market, projected to register a CAGR of 16.8% from 2025 to 2033. This remarkable growth is fueled by rapid digitalization, expanding cross-border employment, and increasing awareness of credential fraud risks in emerging economies such as India, China, and Southeast Asia. Governments and large enterprises in the region are investing heavily in cloud-based verification platforms to support their burgeoning workforce and to comply with evolving labor regulations. Additionally, the surge in gig and remote work, especially post-pandemic, has created a fertile ground for automated and hybrid verification solutions. Strategic partnerships between global technology providers and local HR service firms are further accelerating market penetration and technology transfer in Asia Pacific.

Emerging markets in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are experiencing a steady increase in adoption, though these regions face unique challenges such as fragmented regulatory frameworks, limited digital infrastructure, and varying levels of organizational readiness. In Latin America, countries like Brazil and Mexico are witnessing a growing emphasis on background screening and digital onboarding, driven by multinational expansion and the rise of fintech. In the Middle East & Africa, government-led initiatives to modernize public sector hiring and enhance transparency are slowly paving the way for credentialed data solutions. However, issues such as data localization laws, inconsistent standards, and limited awareness among SMEs may temper the pace of adoption, necessitating tailored go-to-market strategies and localized support from solution providers.

Report Scope

The Multi Modal Verification for Teleservices and Security applications project (M2VTS), running under the European ACTS programme, has produced a database designed to facilitate access control using multimodal identification of human faces. This technique improves recognition efficiency by combining individual modalities (i.e. face and voice). Its relative novelty means that new test material had to be created, since no existing database could offer all modalities needed.The M2VTS database comprises 37 different faces, with 5 shots of each being taken at one-week intervals, or when drastic face changes occurred in the mean time. During each shot, subjects were asked to count from 0 to 9 in their native language (generally French), and to move their heads from left to right, both with and without glasses. The data were then used to create three sequences, for voice, motion and "glasses off". The first sequence can be used for speech verification, 2-D dynamic face verification and speech/lips movement correlation, while the second and third provide information on 3-D face recognition, and may also be used to compare other recognition techniques.

148MM+ total addressable U.S. identity profiles (updated regularly). These identity profiles include full names, addresses, age / DOB, emails, phone numbers, social media urls, education, employment information and more.

This database is available for license ( either full or partial data feed) and can support a variety of B2B and B2C use-cases.

Discover the booming USPS Address Verification market! Our analysis reveals a $500 million market in 2025, growing at a 12% CAGR. Learn about key drivers, trends, and leading companies shaping this crucial data validation sector. Get insights into regional market shares and future growth projections.

Employment Verification via Data Partners Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global employment verification via data partners market size reached USD 2.4 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust growth trajectory driven by increasing digital transformation across HR and compliance functions. The market is registering a CAGR of 8.1% and is projected to expand to USD 4.6 billion by 2033. This impressive growth is primarily propelled by the rising need for efficient, accurate, and compliant employment verification solutions in an era of heightened regulatory scrutiny and remote hiring practices.

One of the primary growth factors for the employment verification via data partners market is the accelerating shift towards digital onboarding and remote hiring processes. Organizations are increasingly leveraging digital platforms for recruitment, which necessitates seamless, real-time verification of employment history and credentials. The integration of advanced data analytics and machine learning with employment verification solutions enables companies to automate and streamline their background screening processes, reducing turnaround times and minimizing human error. As businesses continue to expand globally, the complexity of verifying employment history across borders intensifies, further fueling demand for data-driven verification partners capable of aggregating and validating information from multiple jurisdictions.

Another significant driver is the evolving regulatory environment surrounding employment verification and data privacy. Governments and regulatory bodies across regions are mandating stricter compliance standards for background checks and employee data handling. This has compelled organizations to adopt robust, third-party verification services that can ensure adherence to local and international regulations such as GDPR, FCRA, and other data protection laws. The need to avoid costly penalties and reputational damage associated with non-compliance is prompting both large enterprises and SMEs to invest in comprehensive employment verification solutions provided by established data partners.

Additionally, the increasing prevalence of employee fraud, identity theft, and credential misrepresentation is compelling organizations to strengthen their verification processes. High-profile cases of resume fraud and falsified employment history have underscored the importance of rigorous background screening. Data partners specializing in employment verification offer access to extensive databases and advanced cross-referencing capabilities, enabling employers to authenticate candidate information with greater accuracy and confidence. This trend is particularly pronounced in sensitive sectors such as banking, finance, and government, where the risk and impact of hiring unverified personnel are substantially higher.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the employment verification via data partners market, accounting for over 38% of the global market share in 2024. This leadership position is attributed to the region’s mature HR technology ecosystem, strict regulatory requirements, and high adoption rates of digital verification solutions among enterprises. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, with a CAGR exceeding 10.2% during the forecast period, driven by rapid digitization, expanding workforce, and increasing cross-border hiring activities. Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing steady growth as organizations in these regions recognize the value of efficient, compliant employment verification services.

Component Analysis

The component segment of the employment verification via data partners market is primarily divided into software and services, each playing a pivotal role in shaping the overall market landscape. The software component encompasses platforms and applications designed to automate and manage the verification process, providing user-friendly interfaces,