Social media platforms have been found to be the primary gateway through which individuals are exposed to fake news. The algorithmic filter bubbles and echo chambers that have popularized these platforms may also increase exposure to fake news. Because of this, scholars have suggested disrupting the stream of congruent information that filter bubbles and echo chambers produce, as this may reduce the impact and circulation of misinformation. To test this, a survey experiment was conducted via Amazon MTurk. Participants read ten short stories that were either all fake or half real and half fake. These treatment conditions were made up of stories agreeable to the perspective of Democrats, Republicans, or a mix of both. The results show that participants assigned to conditions that were agreeable to their political world view found fake stories more believable compared to participants who received a heterogeneous mix of news stories complementary to both world views. However, this "break up" effect appears confined to Democratic participants; findings indicate that Republicans assigned to filter bubble treatment conditions believed fake news stories at approximately the same rate as their fellow partisans receiving a heterogeneous mix of news items. This suggests that a potential "break up" may only influence more progressive users.Data included in this deposit:1. Stata .dta file2. Stata .do file used to generate tables and figures featured in paper3. Treatment .mp4 video used on primed participants

Clearance Certificate No | 2018FBREC575Positivism philosophy underpins the study; a quantitative survey method was used to collect cross-sectional data from 409 women-owned SMEs in the Kigali sample population selected purposively. Validity and reliability tested. The data analysis package used was the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) latest version (26spss) and Stata 16. Ethical consideration guidelines for researcher applied during data collection.

The data was gathered from 409 women-owned SMEs in Kigali using a Personal survey; Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing, Close-ended questionnaires. The researcher composed the questionnaire and consulted the CPUT statistician, who helped adjust the questionnaire to meet the criteria of validity and reliability to enable the analysis statistically, using SPSS and Stata. He conducted a pilot test from 15 women entrepreneurs in Kigali to ensure that the questionnaire was comprehensive, free from error, bias and easy to respond.

The questionnaire contained seven sections. 1) Demographic information was gathered using dichotomous, multiple-choice, fill-in, filter and partially closed questions. 2) Dichotomous questions, multiple-choice and follow-up questions collected information investigating the knowledge/skills of women-owned SMEs in Kigali. 3) Business profile data was collected and used fill-in, multiple-choice dichotomous, and filter questions. 4) Multiple-choice questions were used to collect motivation and opinion data from women-owned businesses in Kigali. 5) The Likert scale was used to measure the constraints faced by women-owned SMEs in Kigali. 6) Used Dichotomous, multiple-choice, fill-in, filter, partially closed, and Likert scale questions to find ICT solutions to constraints faced by women-owned SMEs in Kigali. 7) Dichotomous, multiple-choice, filter, partially closed, and Likert scale questions were used to collect data from women-owned businesses in Kigali toward the government and stakeholders' efforts and policies to facilitate and promote the integration of ICT among women businesses in Kigali. The second data, including organisation reports, government publications, journal articles, and theses, were collected from the literature review.

Data were collected according to CPUT ethics of conduct, and the researcher received the consent of respondents. The data analysis used SPSS and Stata software and presented in graphs, charts and tables.

The PHF scientific use file Wave 1 Version 2.0 data set is the first updated version of the wave 1 PHF data set and consists of the following five Stata files: PHF_h_wave1_v2_0.dta, PHF_p_wave1_v2_0.dta, PHF_m_wave1_v2_0.dta, PHF_d_wave1_v2_0.dta and PHF_w_wave1_v2_0.dta. The major changes in SUF Wave 1 Version 2.0 compared to the first release of SUF Wave 1 are as follows: A set of derived variables has been included (PHF_d_wave2_v2_0.dta) Additional IDs (wave, persid) were introduced to account for the panel structure To get comparable flags for both waves, the coding of the flags was adjusted to the coding of the flags in wave 2. Additional filter checks, as well as editing and correction of some values. For more details, see the PHF User Guide on website of the Deutsche Bundesbank. Face-to-face interview: CAPI/CAMI All private households located in Germany except institutional households (in old-age homes, prisons, barracks etc.) Stratified random sample based on population registers; oversampling of wealthy households

Abstract (en): The major focus of this Euro-Barometer is the respondent's knowledge of and attitudes toward the nations of the Third World. Topics covered include the culture and customs of these nations, the existence of poverty and hunger, and the respondent's opinions on how best to provide assistance to Third World countries. Individuals answered questions on social and political conditions as well as on the level of economic development in these countries. Additionally, respondents were asked to assess the state of relations between the respondent's country and various Third World nations. Another focus of this data collection concerns energy problems and resources in the countries of the European Economic Community. Respondents were asked to choose which regions of the world are considered to be reliable suppliers of fossil fuel for the future and to evaluate the risks that various industrial installations such as chemical and nuclear power plants pose to people living nearby. Respondents were also asked about solutions to the need for additional energy supplies in the future. Possible solutions included the development or continued development of nuclear power, the encouragement of research into producing renewable energy sources such as solar energy, and the conservation of energy. As in previous surveys in this series, respondents' attitudes toward the Community, life satisfaction, and social goals continued to be monitored. The survey also asked each individual to assess the advantages and disadvantages of the creation of a single common European market and whether they approved or disapproved of current efforts to unify western Europe. In addition, the respondent's political orientation, outlook for the future, and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics were probed. Please review the "Weighting Information" section located in the ICPSR codebook for this Eurobarometer study. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.. Persons aged 15 and over residing in the 12 member nations of the European Community: Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom, and West Germany (including West Berlin). Smallest Geographic Unit: country Multistage probability samples and stratified quota samples. 2009-04-13 The data have been further processed by GESIS-ZA, and the codebook, questionnaire, and SPSS setup files have been updated. Also, SAS and Stata setup files, SPSS and Stata system files, a SAS transport (CPORT) file, and a tab-delimited ASCII data file have been added. Funding insitution(s): National Science Foundation (SES 85-12100 and SES 88-09098). The original data collection was carried out by Faits et Opinions on request of the Commission of the European Communities.The GESIS-ZA study number for this collection is ZA1713, as it does not appear in the data.References to OSIRIS, card-image, and SPSS control cards in the ICPSR codebook for this study are no longer applicable as the data have not been provided in OSIRIS or card-image file formats.Please disregard any reference to column locations, width, or deck in the ICPSR codebook and questionnaire files as they are not applicable to the ICPSR-produced data file. Correct column locations and LRECL for the ICPSR-produced data file can be found in the SPSS and SAS setup files, and Stata dictionary file. The full-product suite of files produced by ICPSR have originated from an SPSS portable file provided by the data producer.Question numbering for Eurobarometer 28 is as follows: Q128-Q180, Q211-Q280, Q313-Q359, and Q60-Q80 (demographic questions). Some question numbers are intentionally skipped, however neither questions nor data are missing.For country-specific categories, filter information, and other remarks, please see the corresponding variable documentation in the ICPSR codebook.V465 (VOTE INTENTION - DENMARK): Danish respondents who declared for political party "Venstre" had been coded as falling into the missing value category during the raw data processing for Eurobarometer 28. The original coding for Eurobarome...