Context:

Inflation is a critical economic indicator that reflects the overall increase in prices of goods and services within an economy over a specific period. Understanding inflation trends on a global scale is crucial for economists, policymakers, investors, and businesses. This dataset provides comprehensive insights into the inflation rates of various countries for the year 2022. The data is sourced from reputable international organizations and government reports, making it a valuable resource for economic analysis and research.

Content:

This dataset includes four essential columns:

1.**Countries:** The names of countries for which inflation data is recorded. Each row represents a specific country.

2.**Inflation, 2022:** The inflation rate for each country in the year 2022. Inflation rates are typically expressed as a percentage and indicate the average increase in prices for that year.

3.**Global Rank:** The rank of each country based on its inflation rate in 2022. Countries with the highest inflation rates will have a lower rank, while those with lower inflation rates will have a higher rank.

4.**Available Data:** A binary indicator (Yes/No) denoting whether complete and reliable data for inflation in 2022 is available for a particular country. This column helps users identify the data quality and coverage.

Potential Use Cases:

-**Economic Analysis:** Researchers and economists can use this dataset to analyze inflation trends globally, identify countries with high or low inflation rates, and make comparisons across regions.

-**Investment Decisions:** Investors and financial analysts can incorporate inflation data into their risk assessments and investment strategies.

-**Business Planning:** Companies operating in multiple countries can assess the impact of inflation on their costs and pricing strategies, helping them make informed decisions.

Data Accuracy: Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data; however, users are encouraged to cross-reference this dataset with official sources for critical decision-making processes.

Updates: This dataset will be periodically updated to include the latest available inflation data, making it an ongoing resource for tracking global inflation trends.

Acknowledgments: We would like to express our gratitude to the numerous agencies and organizations that collect and publish inflation data, contributing to the transparency and understanding of economic conditions worldwide.

License: This dataset is provided under an open data license, allowing users to freely use and share the data while adhering to the specified licensing terms.

Feel free to adapt and expand upon this template to create a comprehensive and informative dataset description for your Kaggle publication on global inflation rates for 2022.

Description:

This dataset provides key economic indicators from various countries between 2010 and 2023. The dataset includes monthly data on inflation rates, GDP growth rates, unemployment rates, interest rates, and stock market index values. The data has been sourced from reputable global financial institutions and is suitable for economic analysis, machine learning models, and forecasting economic trends.

Data Sources:

The data has been generated to simulate real-world economic conditions, mimicking information from trusted sources like: - World Bank for GDP growth and inflation data - International Monetary Fund (IMF) for macroeconomic data - OECD for labor market statistics - National Stock Exchanges for stock market index values

Columns:

1. Date: The specific date (in Year/Month/Day format) representing when the data was collected.
2. Country: The country the data pertains to (e.g., USA, Germany, Japan).
3. Inflation Rate (%): The rate of inflation for that country, showing how fast prices for goods and services are increasing.
4. GDP Growth Rate (%): The percentage growth of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), indicating economic expansion or contraction.
5. Unemployment Rate (%): The percentage of the working-age population that is unemployed.
6. Interest Rate (%): The central bank's interest rate, used to control inflation and influence the economy.
7. Stock Index Value: The value of the country’s main stock market index, reflecting the performance of the stock market.

Potential Uses: - Economic Analysis: Researchers and analysts can use this dataset to study trends in inflation, GDP growth, unemployment, and other economic factors. - Machine Learning: This dataset can be used to train models for predicting economic trends or market performance. Financial Forecasting: Investors and economists can leverage this data for forecasting market movements based on economic conditions. - Comparative Studies: The dataset allows comparisons across countries and regions, offering insights into global economic performance.

This dataset provides values for INFLATION RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Graph and download economic data for Inflation, consumer prices for Lower Middle Income Countries (FPCPITOTLZGLMC) from 2007 to 2024 about consumer prices, consumer, income, and inflation.

Inflation occurs when there is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over time. It impacts various aspects of the economy, including purchasing power, consumer behaviour, savings, and investment. Moderate inflation is typically a sign of a healthy, growing economy, as it encourages spending and investment. However, high or unpredictable inflation can erode the value of money, disrupt financial planning, and lead to economic uncertainty.

To analyze the impact of inflation, we need to compare it with other economic indicators. So, to analyze the impact of inflation on the economy, we will compare it with the exchange rates over time. This comparison is important because exchange rates are influenced by inflation differentials between countries, such that higher inflation in a country generally leads to a weaker currency relative to countries with lower inflation.

Inflation is generally defined as the continued increase in the average prices of goods and services in a given region. Following the extremely high global inflation experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, global inflation has been relatively stable since the turn of the millennium, usually hovering between three and five percent per year. There was a sharp increase in 2008 due to the global financial crisis now known as the Great Recession, but inflation was fairly stable throughout the 2010s, before the current inflation crisis began in 2021. Recent years Despite the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the global inflation rate fell to 3.26 percent in the pandemic's first year, before rising to 4.66 percent in 2021. This increase came as the impact of supply chain delays began to take more of an effect on consumer prices, before the Russia-Ukraine war exacerbated this further. A series of compounding issues such as rising energy and food prices, fiscal instability in the wake of the pandemic, and consumer insecurity have created a new global recession, and global inflation in 2024 is estimated to have reached 5.76 percent. This is the highest annual increase in inflation since 1996. Venezuela Venezuela is the country with the highest individual inflation rate in the world, forecast at around 200 percent in 2022. While this is figure is over 100 times larger than the global average in most years, it actually marks a decrease in Venezuela's inflation rate, which had peaked at over 65,000 percent in 2018. Between 2016 and 2021, Venezuela experienced hyperinflation due to the government's excessive spending and printing of money in an attempt to curve its already-high inflation rate, and the wave of migrants that left the country resulted in one of the largest refugee crises in recent years. In addition to its economic problems, political instability and foreign sanctions pose further long-term problems for Venezuela. While hyperinflation may be coming to an end, it remains to be seen how much of an impact this will have on the economy, how living standards will change, and how many refugees may return in the coming years.

In September 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In September 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 17 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at -0.3 percent in September 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 8 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to evaluate the performance of the monetary policy of inflation targeting regime in the Latin America countries from 2001 to 2014, with monthly data. For this purpose, a VEC model (vector error correction) is applied to running data to analyze the long-term function and the impulse response function. The results pointed out that the adoption of the target system has contributed to reduce the inflation rate and its volatility and the fluctuations in the rate of growth in activity level. The estimated parameters of the long-term speed of adjustment of the price index have indicated strong reaction by the monetary authorities to change inflation rate via short-term interest rate. These adjustments are also noted in the level of activity and the exchange rate for most countries, but with less level of speed. The impulse response function confirmed these results. Therefore, the monetary policy was effective to control inflation, especially in Peru, Colombia and Chile. In Brazil and Mexico, the effectiveness of monetary policy has only been observed more recently.

The inflation rate in the United States is expected to decrease to 2.1 percent by 2029. 2022 saw a year of exceptionally high inflation, reaching eight percent for the year. The data represents U.S. city averages. The base period was 1982-84. In economics, the inflation rate is a measurement of inflation, the rate of increase of a price index (in this case: consumer price index). It is the percentage rate of change in prices level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. According to the forecast, prices will increase by 2.9 percent in 2024. The annual inflation rate for previous years can be found here and the consumer price index for all urban consumers here. The monthly inflation rate for the United States can also be accessed here. Inflation in the U.S.Inflation is a term used to describe a general rise in the price of goods and services in an economy over a given period of time. Inflation in the United States is calculated using the consumer price index (CPI). The consumer price index is a measure of change in the price level of a preselected market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households. This forecast of U.S. inflation was prepared by the International Monetary Fund. They project that inflation will stay higher than average throughout 2023, followed by a decrease to around roughly two percent annual rise in the general level of prices until 2028. Considering the annual inflation rate in the United States in 2021, a two percent inflation rate is a very moderate projection. The 2022 spike in inflation in the United States and worldwide is due to a variety of factors that have put constraints on various aspects of the economy. These factors include COVID-19 pandemic spending and supply-chain constraints, disruptions due to the war in Ukraine, and pandemic related changes in the labor force. Although the moderate inflation of prices between two and three percent is considered normal in a modern economy, countries’ central banks try to prevent severe inflation and deflation to keep the growth of prices to a minimum. Severe inflation is considered dangerous to a country’s economy because it can rapidly diminish the population’s purchasing power and thus damage the GDP .

In September 2025, prices had increased by three percent compared to September 2024, according to the 12-month percentage change in the consumer price index — the monthly inflation rate for goods and services in the United States. The data represents U.S. city averages. In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. A projection of the annual U.S. inflation rate can be accessed here and the actual annual inflation rate since 1990 can be accessed here. InflationOne of the most important economic indicators is the development of the Consumer Price Index in a country. The change in this price level of goods and services is defined as the rate of inflation. The inflationary situation in the United States had been relatively severe in 2022 due to global events relating to COVID-19, supply chain restraints, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. More information on U.S. inflation may be found on our dedicated topic page. The annual inflation rate in the United States has increased from 3.2 percent in 2011 to 8.3 percent in 2022. This means that the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar has weakened in recent years. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. According to the data published by the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) was about 258.84 in 2020 and is forecasted to grow up to 325.6 by 2027, compared to the base period from 1982 to 1984. The monthly percentage change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for urban consumers in the United States was 0.1 percent in March 2023 compared to the previous month. In 2022, countries all around the world are experienced high levels of inflation. Although Brazil already had an inflation rate of 8.3 percent in 2021, compared to the previous year, while the inflation rate in China stood at 0.85 percent.

Central Bank of Colombia: Inflation Target: Lower Limit data was reported at 2.000 % in Mar 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 2.000 % for Feb 2025. Central Bank of Colombia: Inflation Target: Lower Limit data is updated monthly, averaging 2.000 % from Jan 2003 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 267 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.000 % in Dec 2004 and a record low of 2.000 % in Mar 2025. Central Bank of Colombia: Inflation Target: Lower Limit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of the Republic of Colombia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.I001: Consumer Price Index: Inflation Target.

Replication Package – Decompressing to Prevent Unrest David Altman, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile 1. Description This dataset accompanies the article: Altman, David. “Decompressing to prevent unrest: political participation through citizen-initiated mechanisms of direct democracy” (2025), Social Movement Studies. It contains the data and code necessary to replicate all statistical analyses and tables presented in the article. 2. Coverage Time frame: 1970–2019 Countries: 116 democracies worldwide (electoral and liberal, according to V-Dem v14) Unit of analysis: Country-year 3. Data Sources V-Dem v14 (Coppedge et al., 2024): direct democracy indices (CIC-DPVI, TOC-DPVI), civil society participation index. NAVCO 1.3 (Chenoweth & Shay, 2020): violent and nonviolent resistance campaigns (dependent variable). World Bank, World Development Indicators: GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$), inflation. Author’s coding: harmonization and cleaning of datasets, construction of dependent variable (excluding self-determination/secession cases). 4. Variables accepted: dichotomous dependent variable (1 if violent or nonviolent regime-change/“other” campaign occurred in a given year; 0 otherwise). CIC_DPVI: citizen-initiated component of V-Dem’s Direct Popular Vote Index. TOC_DPVI: top-down component of direct democracy (plebiscites, obligatory referenda). pc_GDP: GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$). Inflation: annual inflation (%). v2x_cspart: Civil Society Participation Index (V-Dem). country, year: identifiers. 5. Files Included data.dta / data.csv – panel dataset used in the article. master.do – Stata do-file to reproduce all analyses. tables.do – generates Tables 1–2. figures.do – generates Figure 1 (coefficient plot). ReadMe.txt – this document. 6. Instructions Open master.do in Stata (v17 or later). Set working directory to the folder containing the replication package. Run the file. This will: Load data.dta Estimate the models (fixed-effects and random-effects logit with lagged IVs) Produce Tables 1–2 in /results/ Produce Figure 1 in /figures/ 7 Citation If you use this dataset, please cite: Altman, David (2025). Replication data for: Decompressing to Prevent Unrest: Political Participation through Citizen-Initiated Mechanisms of Direct Democracy. Harvard Dataverse. DOI: [to be added]

Both the federal funds rate and longer-run yields have dropped to near zero, renewing discussion of negative interest rate policy. Although negative rates would allow for additional cuts in the United States, negative policy rates in line with what other countries have implemented would not be able to achieve the nominal rate reduction of previous easing cycles. Moreover, inflation expectations remained flat or fell after negative rates were introduced in most countries, limiting the expansionary power of these additional rate cuts.

This dataset provides values for FOOD INFLATION reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

The statistic shows the inflation rate in India from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. The inflation rate is calculated using the price increase of a defined product basket. This product basket contains products and services, on which the average consumer spends money throughout the year. They include expenses for groceries, clothes, rent, power, telecommunications, recreational activities and raw materials (e.g. gas, oil), as well as federal fees and taxes. In 2024, the inflation rate in India was around 4.67 percent compared to the previous year. See figures on India's economic growth for additional information. India's inflation rate and economy Inflation is generally defined as the increase of prices of goods and services over a certain period of time, as opposed to deflation, which describes a decrease of these prices. Inflation is a significant economic indicator for a country. The inflation rate is the rate at which the general rise in the level of prices, goods and services in an economy occurs and how it affects the cost of living of those living in a particular country. It influences the interest rates paid on savings and mortgage rates but also has a bearing on levels of state pensions and benefits received. A 4 percent increase in the rate of inflation in 2011 for example would mean an individual would need to spend 4 percent more on the goods he was purchasing than he would have done in 2010. India’s inflation rate has been on the rise over the last decade. However, it has been decreasing slightly since 2010. India’s economy, however, has been doing quite well, with its GDP increasing steadily for years, and its national debt decreasing. The budget balance in relation to GDP is not looking too good, with the state deficit amounting to more than 9 percent of GDP.

Central Bank of Paraguay: Inflation Target: Upper Limit data was reported at 6.000 % in 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 6.000 % for 2018. Central Bank of Paraguay: Inflation Target: Upper Limit data is updated yearly, averaging 6.500 % from Dec 2011 (Median) to 2019, with 9 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.500 % in 2013 and a record low of 6.000 % in 2019. Central Bank of Paraguay: Inflation Target: Upper Limit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Paraguay. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Paraguay – Table PY.I001: Consumer Price Index: Inflation Target.

Central Bank of Chile: Inflation Target: Upper Limit data was reported at 4.000 % in 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 4.000 % for 2023. Central Bank of Chile: Inflation Target: Upper Limit data is updated yearly, averaging 4.000 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2024, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.000 % in 2024 and a record low of 4.000 % in 2024. Central Bank of Chile: Inflation Target: Upper Limit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Chile. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Chile – Table CL.I001: Consumer Price Index: Inflation Target.

United States - Inflation, consumer prices for Lower Middle Income Countries was 7.38% in January of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Inflation, consumer prices for Lower Middle Income Countries reached a record high of 14.70 in January of 1980 and a record low of 3.26 in January of 2020. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Inflation, consumer prices for Lower Middle Income Countries - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on October of 2025.

Downloaded data from EPA's Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) & Inflation Reduction Act IRA) Awards & Selections Map. As described by the Agency: "This interactive map allows users to explore the historic investments made in the health, equity, and resilience of American communities under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act. With unprecedented funding to support our national infrastructure, EPA is working to improve people’s health and safety, help create good-paying jobs, and increase climate resilience throughout the country. This map includes awarded Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act investments and an abridged version of Inflation Reduction Act award selections. Awarded data is updated daily." [Quote from https://www.epa.gov/invest/investments-epa-under-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-and-inflation-reduction-act]

More than 200 million businesses use Facebook globally. The goal of Meta’s quarterly Small Business Surveys is to learn about the unique perspectives, challenges and opportunities of small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs).

The Future of Business (FoB) Survey is conducted biannually in partnership with the World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) across nearly 100 countries. The target population consists of SMEs that have an active Facebook Business Page and include both newer and longer-standing businesses, spanning across a variety of sectors. Meta also conducts the Global State of Small Business (GSoSB) Survey bi-annually in partnership with various academic partners across approximately 30 countries. Similarly to the FoB Survey, the target population is active Facebook Page Administrators, but also includes the general population of Facebook users.

Survey questions for all surveys cover a range of topics depending on the survey wave such as business characteristics, challenges, financials and strategy in addition to custom modules related to regulation, gender inequity, access to finance, digital technologies, reduction in revenues, business closures, international trade, inflation, reduction of employees and challenges/needs of the business.

Aggregated country level data for each survey wave is available to the public on HDX and controlled access microdata is available to Data for Good at Meta partners. Please visit https://dataforgood.facebook.com/dfg/tools/future-of-business-survey to apply for access to microdata or contact dataforgood@fb.com for any questions.