Categorical scatterplots with R for biologists: a step-by-step guide

Benjamin Petre1, Aurore Coince2, Sophien Kamoun1

1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, UK; 2 Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK

Weissgerber and colleagues (2015) recently stated that ‘as scientists, we urgently need to change our practices for presenting continuous data in small sample size studies’. They called for more scatterplot and boxplot representations in scientific papers, which ‘allow readers to critically evaluate continuous data’ (Weissgerber et al., 2015). In the Kamoun Lab at The Sainsbury Laboratory, we recently implemented a protocol to generate categorical scatterplots (Petre et al., 2016; Dagdas et al., 2016). Here we describe the three steps of this protocol: 1) formatting of the data set in a .csv file, 2) execution of the R script to generate the graph, and 3) export of the graph as a .pdf file.

Protocol

• Step 1: format the data set as a .csv file. Store the data in a three-column excel file as shown in Powerpoint slide. The first column ‘Replicate’ indicates the biological replicates. In the example, the month and year during which the replicate was performed is indicated. The second column ‘Condition’ indicates the conditions of the experiment (in the example, a wild type and two mutants called A and B). The third column ‘Value’ contains continuous values. Save the Excel file as a .csv file (File -> Save as -> in ‘File Format’, select .csv). This .csv file is the input file to import in R.

• Step 2: execute the R script (see Notes 1 and 2). Copy the script shown in Powerpoint slide and paste it in the R console. Execute the script. In the dialog box, select the input .csv file from step 1. The categorical scatterplot will appear in a separate window. Dots represent the values for each sample; colors indicate replicates. Boxplots are superimposed; black dots indicate outliers.

• Step 3: save the graph as a .pdf file. Shape the window at your convenience and save the graph as a .pdf file (File -> Save as). See Powerpoint slide for an example.

Notes

• Note 1: install the ggplot2 package. The R script requires the package ‘ggplot2’ to be installed. To install it, Packages & Data -> Package Installer -> enter ‘ggplot2’ in the Package Search space and click on ‘Get List’. Select ‘ggplot2’ in the Package column and click on ‘Install Selected’. Install all dependencies as well.

• Note 2: use a log scale for the y-axis. To use a log scale for the y-axis of the graph, use the command line below in place of command line #7 in the script.

7 Display the graph in a separate window. Dot colors indicate

replicates

graph + geom_boxplot(outlier.colour='black', colour='black') + geom_jitter(aes(col=Replicate)) + scale_y_log10() + theme_bw()

References

Dagdas YF, Belhaj K, Maqbool A, Chaparro-Garcia A, Pandey P, Petre B, et al. (2016) An effector of the Irish potato famine pathogen antagonizes a host autophagy cargo receptor. eLife 5:e10856.

Petre B, Saunders DGO, Sklenar J, Lorrain C, Krasileva KV, Win J, et al. (2016) Heterologous Expression Screens in Nicotiana benthamiana Identify a Candidate Effector of the Wheat Yellow Rust Pathogen that Associates with Processing Bodies. PLoS ONE 11(2):e0149035

Weissgerber TL, Milic NM, Winham SJ, Garovic VD (2015) Beyond Bar and Line Graphs: Time for a New Data Presentation Paradigm. PLoS Biol 13(4):e1002128

https://cran.r-project.org/

http://ggplot2.org/

This data set is perfect for practicing your analytical skills for Power BI, Tableau, Excel, or transform it into a CSV to practice SQL.

This use case mimics transactions for a fictional eCommerce website named EverMart Online. The 3 tables in this data set are all logically connected together with IDs.

My Power BI Use Case Explanation - Using Microsoft Power BI, I made dynamic data visualizations for revenue reporting and customer behavior reporting.

Revenue Reporting Visuals - Data Card Visual that dynamically shows Total Products Listed, Total Unique Customers, Total Transactions, and Total Revenue by Total Sales, Product Sales, or Categorical Sales. - Line Graph Visual that shows Total Revenue by Month of the entire year. This graph also changes to calculate Total Revenue by Month for the Total Sales by Product and Total Sales by Category if selected. - Bar Graph Visual showcasing Total Sales by Product. - Donut Chart Visual showcasing Total Sales by Category of Product.

Customer Behavior Reporting Visuals - Data Card Visual that dynamically shows Total Products Listed, Total Unique Customers, Total Transactions, and Total Revenue by Total or by continent selected on the map. - Interactive Map Visual showing key statistics for the continent selected. - The key statistics are presented on the tool tip when you select a continent, and the following statistics show for that continent: - Continent Name - Customer Total - Percentage of Products Sold - Percentage of Total Customers - Percentage of Total Transactions - Percentage of Total Revenue

This dataset contains all current and active business licenses issued by the Department of Business Affairs and Consumer Protection. This dataset contains a large number of records /rows of data and may not be viewed in full in Microsoft Excel. Therefore, when downloading the file, select CSV from the Export menu. Open the file in an ASCII text editor, such as Notepad or Wordpad, to view and search.

Data fields requiring description are detailed below.

APPLICATION TYPE: 'ISSUE' is the record associated with the initial license application. 'RENEW' is a subsequent renewal record. All renewal records are created with a term start date and term expiration date. 'C_LOC' is a change of location record. It means the business moved. 'C_CAPA' is a change of capacity record. Only a few license types my file this type of application. 'C_EXPA' only applies to businesses that have liquor licenses. It means the business location expanded.

LICENSE STATUS: 'AAI' means the license was issued.

Business license owners may be accessed at: http://data.cityofchicago.org/Community-Economic-Development/Business-Owners/ezma-pppn To identify the owner of a business, you will need the account number or legal name.

Data Owner: Business Affairs and Consumer Protection

Time Period: Current

Frequency: Data is updated daily

Graph Database-as-a-Service Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Graph Database-as-a-Service market size reached USD 2.1 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust expansion across multiple industries. The market is exhibiting a strong compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25.6%, and is projected to attain a value of USD 15.2 billion by 2033. This impressive growth trajectory is primarily driven by the increasing demand for highly scalable, flexible, and cloud-native data management solutions that can efficiently handle complex, interconnected datasets. The proliferation of digital transformation initiatives, surging adoption of advanced analytics, and the critical need for real-time data insights are further propelling the market forward, as organizations across sectors strive to optimize operations and unlock new business opportunities through graph-based technologies.

A significant factor fueling the expansion of the Graph Database-as-a-Service market is the escalating complexity of enterprise data environments. Traditional relational databases are often ill-equipped to manage the intricate relationships and dynamic data structures prevalent in modern business contexts. As a result, organizations are turning to graph databases for their ability to model, store, and analyze highly connected data efficiently. The rise of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics has also intensified the need for data platforms that can seamlessly integrate with these technologies. Graph Database-as-a-Service solutions, with their cloud-native architecture and managed service offerings, enable businesses to rapidly deploy, scale, and maintain graph databases without the overhead of on-premises infrastructure, thus accelerating innovation and reducing operational costs.

Another key growth driver is the surge in demand for real-time analytics and personalized customer experiences across industries such as BFSI, retail, healthcare, and telecommunications. Graph databases excel at uncovering hidden patterns, detecting fraud, and enabling recommendation engines, which are critical for delivering tailored services and mitigating risks. Enterprises are leveraging Graph Database-as-a-Service platforms to enhance customer analytics, streamline risk and compliance management, and optimize network and IT operations. The flexibility of deployment models—including public, private, and hybrid cloud—further amplifies adoption, as organizations can select the architecture that best aligns with their security, scalability, and regulatory requirements. The integration of graph databases with existing IT ecosystems and the availability of robust APIs and developer tools are making it increasingly accessible for businesses of all sizes to harness the power of connected data.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the Graph Database-as-a-Service market, owing to its advanced technological infrastructure, early adoption of cloud computing, and a vibrant ecosystem of innovative startups and established enterprises. Europe is witnessing rapid growth, driven by stringent data privacy regulations and the increasing digitalization of industries. The Asia Pacific region is emerging as a significant growth engine, propelled by the expansion of e-commerce, financial services, and healthcare sectors, coupled with substantial investments in digital transformation initiatives. As organizations worldwide recognize the strategic value of graph data management, the market is expected to experience widespread adoption across both developed and emerging economies, with tailored solutions catering to diverse industry verticals and regulatory landscapes.

Component Analysis

The Graph Database-as-a-Service market is segmented by component into software and services, each playing a pivotal role in shaping the overall market dynamics. The software segment encompasses the core graph database platforms and associated tools that facilitate data modeling, querying, visualization, and integration. These platforms are designed to deliver high performance, scalability, and ease of use, enabling organizations to manage complex relationships and large volumes of interconnected data seamlessly. Leading vendors are continuously innovating, introducing advanced features such as multi-model support, enhanced security, and automated scaling, which are driving widespread adoption across various industry verticals. The software component is particularly critical for enterprise

Graph Data Integration Platform Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global graph data integration platform market size reached USD 2.1 billion in 2024, reflecting robust adoption across industries. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 18.4% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately USD 10.7 billion by 2033. This significant growth is fueled by the increasing need for advanced data management and analytics solutions that can handle complex, interconnected data across diverse organizational ecosystems. The rapid digital transformation and the proliferation of big data have further accelerated the demand for graph-based data integration platforms.

The primary growth factor driving the graph data integration platform market is the exponential increase in data complexity and volume within enterprises. As organizations collect vast amounts of structured and unstructured data from multiple sources, traditional relational databases often struggle to efficiently process and analyze these data sets. Graph data integration platforms, with their ability to map, connect, and analyze relationships between data points, offer a more intuitive and scalable solution. This capability is particularly valuable in sectors such as BFSI, healthcare, and telecommunications, where real-time data insights and dynamic relationship mapping are crucial for decision-making and operational efficiency.

Another significant driver is the growing emphasis on advanced analytics and artificial intelligence. Modern enterprises are increasingly leveraging AI and machine learning to extract actionable insights from their data. Graph data integration platforms enable the creation of knowledge graphs and support complex analytics, such as fraud detection, recommendation engines, and risk assessment. These platforms facilitate seamless integration of disparate data sources, enabling organizations to gain a holistic view of their operations and customers. As a result, investment in graph data integration solutions is rising, particularly among large enterprises seeking to enhance their analytics capabilities and maintain a competitive edge.

The surge in regulatory requirements and compliance mandates across various industries also contributes to the expansion of the graph data integration platform market. Organizations are under increasing pressure to ensure data accuracy, lineage, and transparency, especially in highly regulated sectors like finance and healthcare. Graph-based platforms excel in tracking data provenance and relationships, making it easier for companies to comply with regulations such as GDPR, HIPAA, and others. Additionally, the shift towards hybrid and multi-cloud environments further underscores the need for robust data integration tools capable of operating seamlessly across different infrastructures, further boosting market growth.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the graph data integration platform market, accounting for the largest share due to early adoption of advanced data technologies, a strong presence of key market players, and significant investments in digital transformation initiatives. However, Asia Pacific is expected to witness the fastest growth over the forecast period, driven by rapid industrialization, expanding IT infrastructure, and increasing adoption of cloud-based solutions among enterprises in countries like China, India, and Japan. Europe also remains a significant contributor, supported by stringent data privacy regulations and a mature digital economy.

Component Analysis

The component segment of the graph data integration platform market is bifurcated into software and services. The software segment currently commands the largest market share, reflecting the critical role of robust graph database engines, visualization tools, and integration frameworks in managing and analyzing complex data relationships. These software solutions are designed to deliver high scalability, flexibility, and real-time proces

Snapshot img

Graph Database Market Size 2025-2029

The graph database market size is valued to increase by USD 11.24 billion, at a CAGR of 29% from 2024 to 2029. Open knowledge network gaining popularity will drive the graph database market.

Market Insights

North America dominated the market and accounted for a 46% growth during the 2025-2029.
By End-user - Large enterprises segment was valued at USD 1.51 billion in 2023
By Type - RDF segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2023

Market Size & Forecast

Market Opportunities: USD 670.01 million 
Market Future Opportunities 2024: USD 11235.10 million
CAGR from 2024 to 2029 : 29%

Market Summary

The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing demand for low-latency query capabilities and the ability to handle complex, interconnected data. Graph databases are deployed in both on-premises data centers and cloud regions, providing flexibility for businesses with varying IT infrastructures. One real-world business scenario where graph databases excel is in supply chain optimization. In this context, graph databases can help identify the shortest path between suppliers and consumers, taking into account various factors such as inventory levels, transportation routes, and demand patterns. This can lead to increased operational efficiency and reduced costs.
However, the market faces challenges such as the lack of standardization and programming flexibility. Graph databases, while powerful, require specialized skills to implement and manage effectively. Additionally, the market is still evolving, with new players and technologies emerging regularly. Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of graph databases make them an attractive option for businesses seeking to gain a competitive edge through improved data management and analysis.

What will be the size of the Graph Database Market during the forecast period?

Get Key Insights on Market Forecast (PDF) Request Free Sample

The market is an evolving landscape, with businesses increasingly recognizing the value of graph technology for managing complex and interconnected data. According to recent research, the adoption of graph databases is projected to grow by over 20% annually, surpassing traditional relational databases in certain use cases. This trend is particularly significant for industries requiring advanced data analysis, such as finance, healthcare, and telecommunications. Compliance is a key decision area where graph databases offer a competitive edge. By modeling data as nodes and relationships, organizations can easily trace and analyze interconnected data, ensuring regulatory requirements are met. Moreover, graph databases enable real-time insights, which is crucial for budgeting and product strategy in today's fast-paced business environment.
Graph databases also provide superior performance compared to traditional databases, especially in handling complex queries involving relationships and connections. This translates to significant time and cost savings, making it an attractive option for businesses seeking to optimize their data management infrastructure. In conclusion, the market is experiencing robust growth, driven by its ability to handle complex data relationships and offer real-time insights. This trend is particularly relevant for industries dealing with regulatory compliance and seeking to optimize their data management infrastructure.

Unpacking the Graph Database Market Landscape

In today's data-driven business landscape, the adoption of graph databases has surged due to their unique capabilities in handling complex network data modeling. Compared to traditional relational databases, graph databases offer a significant improvement in query performance for intricate relationship queries, with some reports suggesting up to a 500% increase in query response time. Furthermore, graph databases enable efficient data lineage tracking, ensuring regulatory compliance and enhancing data version control. Graph databases, such as property graph models and RDF databases, facilitate node relationship management and real-time graph processing, making them indispensable for industries like finance, healthcare, and social media. With the rise of distributed and knowledge graph databases, organizations can achieve scalability and performance improvements, handling massive datasets with ease. Security, indexing, and deployment are essential aspects of graph databases, ensuring data integrity and availability. Query performance tuning and graph analytics libraries further enhance the value of graph databases in data integration and business intelligence applications. Ultimately, graph databases offer a powerful alternative to NoSQL databases, providing a more flexible and efficient approach to managing complex data relationships.

Key Market Drivers Fueling Growth

The growing popularity o

This dataset contains all current and active business licenses issued by the Department of Business Affairs and Consumer Protection. This dataset contains a large number of records /rows of data and may not be viewed in full in Microsoft Excel. Therefore, when downloading the file, select CSV from the Export menu. Open the file in an ASCII text editor, such as Notepad or Wordpad, to view and search.

Data fields requiring description are detailed below.

APPLICATION TYPE: 'ISSUE' is the record associated with the initial license application. 'RENEW' is a subsequent renewal record. All renewal records are created with a term start date and term expiration date. 'C_LOC' is a change of location record. It means the business moved. 'C_CAPA' is a change of capacity record. Only a few license types my file this type of application. 'C_EXPA' only applies to businesses that have liquor licenses. It means the business location expanded.

LICENSE STATUS: 'AAI' means the license was issued.

Business license owners may be accessed at: http://data.cityofchicago.org/Community-Economic-Development/Business-Owners/ezma-pppn To identify the owner of a business, you will need the account number or legal name.

Data Owner: Business Affairs and Consumer Protection

Time Period: Current

Frequency: Data is updated daily

Graph Database Vector Search Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Graph Database Vector Search market size reached USD 2.35 billion in 2024, exhibiting robust growth driven by the increasing demand for advanced data analytics and AI-powered search capabilities. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 21.7% during the forecast period, propelling the market size to an anticipated USD 16.8 billion by 2033. This remarkable growth trajectory is primarily fueled by the proliferation of big data, the widespread adoption of AI and machine learning, and the growing necessity for real-time, context-aware search solutions across diverse industry verticals.

One of the primary growth factors for the Graph Database Vector Search market is the exponential increase in unstructured and semi-structured data generated by enterprises worldwide. Organizations are increasingly seeking efficient ways to extract meaningful insights from complex datasets, and graph databases paired with vector search capabilities are emerging as the preferred solution. These technologies enable organizations to model intricate relationships and perform semantic searches with unprecedented speed and accuracy. Additionally, the integration of AI and machine learning algorithms with graph databases is enhancing their ability to deliver context-rich, relevant results, thereby improving decision-making processes and business outcomes.

Another significant driver is the rising adoption of recommendation systems and fraud detection solutions across various sectors, particularly in BFSI, retail, and e-commerce. Graph database vector search platforms excel at identifying patterns, anomalies, and connections that traditional relational databases often miss. This capability is crucial for detecting fraudulent activities, building sophisticated recommendation engines, and powering knowledge graphs that underpin intelligent digital experiences. The growing need for personalized customer engagement and proactive risk mitigation is prompting organizations to invest heavily in these advanced technologies, further accelerating market growth.

Furthermore, the shift towards cloud-based deployment models is catalyzing the adoption of graph database vector search solutions. Cloud platforms offer scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness, making it easier for organizations of all sizes to implement and scale graph-powered applications. The availability of managed services and API-driven architectures is reducing the complexity associated with deployment and maintenance, enabling faster time-to-value. As more enterprises migrate their data infrastructure to the cloud, the demand for cloud-native graph database vector search solutions is expected to surge, driving sustained market expansion.

Geographically, North America currently dominates the Graph Database Vector Search market, owing to its advanced IT infrastructure, high adoption rate of AI-driven technologies, and presence of leading technology vendors. However, rapid digital transformation initiatives across Europe and the Asia Pacific are positioning these regions as high-growth markets. The increasing focus on data-driven decision-making, coupled with supportive regulatory frameworks and government investments in AI and big data analytics, is expected to fuel robust growth in these regions over the forecast period.

Component Analysis

The Component segment of the Graph Database Vector Search market is broadly categorized into software and services. The software sub-segment commands the largest share, driven by the relentless innovation in graph database technologies and the integration of advanced vector search functionalities. Organizations are increasingly deploying graph database software to manage complex data relationships, power semantic search, and enhance the performance of AI and machine learning applications. The software market is characterized by the proliferation of both open-source and proprietary solutions, with vendors

Graph Database Platform Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global graph database platform market size reached USD 2.5 billion in 2024, demonstrating robust demand across various sectors. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 22.7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated value of USD 19.1 billion by 2033. This impressive growth is primarily attributed to the increasing need for advanced data analytics, real-time intelligence, and the proliferation of connected data across enterprises worldwide.

A key factor propelling the growth of the graph database platform market is the surging adoption of big data analytics and artificial intelligence in business operations. As organizations manage ever-growing volumes of complex and connected data, traditional relational databases often fall short in terms of efficiency and scalability. Graph database platforms offer a more intuitive and efficient way to model, store, and query highly connected data, enabling faster insights and supporting sophisticated applications such as fraud detection, recommendation engines, and social network analysis. The need for real-time analytics and decision-making is driving enterprises to invest heavily in graph database technologies, further accelerating market expansion.

Another significant driver for the graph database platform market is the increasing incidence of cyber threats and fraudulent activities, especially within the BFSI and e-commerce sectors. Graph databases excel at uncovering hidden patterns, relationships, and anomalies within vast datasets, making them invaluable for fraud detection and risk management. Financial institutions are leveraging these platforms to identify suspicious transactions and prevent financial crimes, while retailers use them to optimize customer experience and personalize recommendations. The versatility of graph databases in supporting diverse use cases across multiple industry verticals is a major contributor to their rising adoption and market growth.

The rapid digital transformation of enterprises, coupled with the shift towards cloud-based solutions, is also fueling the graph database platform market. Cloud deployment offers scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness, allowing organizations to seamlessly integrate graph databases into their existing IT infrastructure. The growing prevalence of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and the emergence of Industry 4.0 have further increased the demand for platforms capable of handling complex, interconnected data. As businesses strive for agility and innovation, graph database platforms are becoming a strategic asset for gaining competitive advantage.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the graph database platform market, driven by the presence of leading technology providers, early adoption of advanced analytics, and substantial investments in digital infrastructure. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, fueled by rapid economic development, expanding IT sectors, and increasing awareness of data-driven decision-making. Europe also holds a significant market share, supported by strong regulatory frameworks and widespread digital transformation initiatives. The market landscape is highly dynamic, with regional trends influenced by technological advancements, regulatory policies, and industry-specific demands.

Component Analysis

The graph database platform market is segmented by component into software and services. The software segment holds the largest share, as organizations increasingly deploy advanced graph database solutions to manage and analyze complex data relationships. These software platforms provide robust features such as data modeling, visualization, and high-performance querying, enabling users to derive actionable insights from connected data. Vendors are continuously enhancing their offerings with AI and machine learning capabilities, making graph database software indispensable for modern data-driven enterprises.
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Industrial Knowledge Graph Platform Market Outlook

Based on our latest research, the global Industrial Knowledge Graph Platform market size was valued at USD 1.23 billion in 2024, with a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25.8% expected through the forecast period. With this trajectory, the market is projected to reach USD 9.08 billion by 2033. This exponential growth is fueled by the surge in industrial digitalization, the increasing need for contextual data integration, and the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) across industrial sectors. The market’s rapid expansion is underpinned by the critical role that knowledge graph platforms play in unifying disparate data sources, driving operational efficiency, and enabling advanced analytics for enterprise decision-making.

One of the primary growth drivers for the Industrial Knowledge Graph Platform market is the escalating demand for real-time, context-rich insights across industrial operations. As industries such as manufacturing, energy, and automotive embrace Industry 4.0 principles, the volume and complexity of data generated from interconnected devices and systems have increased dramatically. Knowledge graph platforms excel at integrating structured and unstructured data from diverse sources, enabling organizations to create a comprehensive, interconnected view of their assets, processes, and supply chains. This capability is crucial for enhancing operational transparency, optimizing resource allocation, and supporting predictive analytics, which collectively contribute to improved productivity and reduced downtime.

Another key factor propelling market growth is the widespread adoption of AI and ML technologies within industrial environments. Industrial knowledge graph platforms serve as foundational infrastructure for advanced AI applications by providing a semantic layer that contextualizes data relationships. This semantic enrichment empowers AI-driven solutions to deliver more accurate predictions, uncover hidden patterns, and automate complex decision-making processes. As organizations strive to achieve greater agility and resilience in the face of global supply chain disruptions and evolving regulatory requirements, knowledge graph platforms are increasingly seen as indispensable tools for digital transformation and competitive differentiation.

Furthermore, the growing emphasis on asset management, risk mitigation, and process optimization is fueling the adoption of industrial knowledge graph platforms. These platforms facilitate holistic visibility into asset lifecycles, maintenance schedules, and operational risks by connecting siloed data repositories and enabling cross-domain analytics. Industries such as oil & gas, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals, which operate in highly regulated environments, benefit significantly from the ability to trace data lineage, ensure compliance, and proactively manage risks. The integration of knowledge graphs with existing enterprise systems, including ERP, MES, and SCADA, further enhances their value proposition by streamlining workflows and supporting real-time decision-making.

Regionally, North America leads the global market, driven by early technology adoption, strong presence of key vendors, and significant investments in industrial IoT and AI initiatives. Europe follows closely, supported by robust manufacturing and automotive sectors, as well as stringent regulatory standards that encourage data integration and transparency. The Asia Pacific region is witnessing the fastest growth, propelled by rapid industrialization, government-led digitalization programs, and the proliferation of smart manufacturing initiatives in countries such as China, Japan, and South Korea. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also experiencing steady growth, albeit from a smaller base, as local industries increasingly recognize the value of knowledge graph platforms for operational excellence and risk management.

Component Analysis

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Enclosing step file for creating various designs for nose cones along with data in excel sheet. The STEP file format is a standard 3D model format that makes it easy to transfer 3D models between different users and different computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs. Select the upload command in the Data panel choose the file and select open, after this you will be able to see selected file on the dialogue box and select upload file, your step file will now be converted to Fusion 360 file.

*** Fake News on Twitter ***

These 5 datasets are the results of an empirical study on the spreading process of newly fake news on Twitter. Particularly, we have focused on those fake news which have given rise to a truth spreading simultaneously against them. The story of each fake news is as follow:

1- FN1: A Muslim waitress refused to seat a church group at a restaurant, claiming "religious freedom" allowed her to do so.

2- FN2: Actor Denzel Washington said electing President Trump saved the U.S. from becoming an "Orwellian police state."

3- FN3: Joy Behar of "The View" sent a crass tweet about a fatal fire in Trump Tower.

4- FN4: The animated children's program 'VeggieTales' introduced a cannabis character in August 2018.

5- FN5: In September 2018, the University of Alabama football program ended its uniform contract with Nike, in response to Nike's endorsement deal with Colin Kaepernick.

The data collection has been done in two stages that each provided a new dataset: 1- attaining Dataset of Diffusion (DD) that includes information of fake news/truth tweets and retweets 2- Query of neighbors for spreaders of tweets that provides us with Dataset of Graph (DG).

DD

DD for each fake news story is an excel file, named FNx_DD where x is the number of fake news, and has the following structure:

The structure of excel files for each dataset is as follow:

Each row belongs to one captured tweet/retweet related to the rumor, and each column of the dataset presents a specific information about the tweet/retweet. These columns from left to right present the following information about the tweet/retweet:

User ID (user who has posted the current tweet/retweet)

The description sentence in the profile of the user who has published the tweet/retweet

The number of published tweet/retweet by the user at the time of posting the current tweet/retweet

Date and time of creation of the account by which the current tweet/retweet has been posted

Language of the tweet/retweet

Number of followers

Number of followings (friends)

Date and time of posting the current tweet/retweet

Number of like (favorite) the current tweet had been acquired before crawling it

Number of times the current tweet had been retweeted before crawling it

Is there any other tweet inside of the current tweet/retweet (for example this happens when the current tweet is a quote or reply or retweet)

The source (OS) of device by which the current tweet/retweet was posted

Tweet/Retweet ID

Retweet ID (if the post is a retweet then this feature gives the ID of the tweet that is retweeted by the current post)

Quote ID (if the post is a quote then this feature gives the ID of the tweet that is quoted by the current post)

Reply ID (if the post is a reply then this feature gives the ID of the tweet that is replied by the current post)

Frequency of tweet occurrences which means the number of times the current tweet is repeated in the dataset (for example the number of times that a tweet exists in the dataset in the form of retweet posted by others)

State of the tweet which can be one of the following forms (achieved by an agreement between the annotators):

r : The tweet/retweet is a fake news post

a : The tweet/retweet is a truth post

q : The tweet/retweet is a question about the fake news, however neither confirm nor deny it

n : The tweet/retweet is not related to the fake news (even though it contains the queries related to the rumor, but does not refer to the given fake news)

DG

DG for each fake news contains two files:

A file in graph format (.graph) which includes the information of graph such as who is linked to whom. (This file named FNx_DG.graph, where x is the number of fake news)

A file in Jsonl format (.jsonl) which includes the real user IDs of nodes in the graph file. (This file named FNx_Labels.jsonl, where x is the number of fake news)

Because in the graph file, the label of each node is the number of its entrance in the graph. For example if node with user ID 12345637 be the first node which has been entered into the graph file then its label in the graph is 0 and its real ID (12345637) would be at the row number 1 (because the row number 0 belongs to column labels) in the jsonl file and so on other node IDs would be at the next rows of the file (each row corresponds to 1 user id). Therefore, if we want to know for example what the user id of node 200 (labeled 200 in the graph) is, then in jsonl file we should look at row number 202.

The user IDs of spreaders in DG (those who have had a post in DD) would be available in DD to get extra information about them and their tweet/retweet. The other user IDs in DG are the neighbors of these spreaders and might not exist in DD.

Graph Databases for Fraud Detection Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global Graph Databases for Fraud Detection market size in 2024 stands at USD 1.12 billion, with the market demonstrating robust momentum. The sector is experiencing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22.7%, positioning it for substantial expansion. By 2033, the market is forecasted to reach a remarkable USD 8.65 billion, driven by the escalating sophistication of fraudulent activities and the increasing adoption of advanced analytics and artificial intelligence across industries. The primary growth factor is the urgent need for real-time, scalable, and highly accurate fraud detection solutions that can adapt to evolving threat landscapes, especially in sectors such as BFSI, retail, and healthcare.

The proliferation of digital transactions, e-commerce, and online banking has led to a surge in complex fraud schemes, necessitating the deployment of advanced technologies like graph databases. These databases excel at mapping intricate relationships and patterns across vast datasets, making them indispensable in detecting organized fraud rings, identity theft, and money laundering operations. Their ability to visualize and analyze interconnected data points in real time significantly enhances the accuracy and speed of fraud detection, minimizing false positives and enabling proactive risk mitigation. Moreover, the integration of graph databases with machine learning and AI algorithms has further amplified their effectiveness, allowing organizations to uncover hidden patterns and anticipate fraudulent behaviors before they result in significant financial losses.

Another key growth driver for the graph databases for fraud detection market is the increasing regulatory scrutiny and compliance requirements imposed by governments and international bodies. Financial institutions, healthcare providers, and e-commerce platforms are under mounting pressure to comply with anti-money laundering (AML), know your customer (KYC), and data privacy regulations. Graph databases provide the agility and transparency needed to trace the origin and flow of transactions, ensuring robust audit trails and facilitating regulatory reporting. As regulatory frameworks continue to evolve and penalties for non-compliance become more stringent, organizations are investing heavily in advanced fraud detection infrastructure, further fueling market growth.

The rapid advancements in cloud computing and the widespread adoption of Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) models have also played a pivotal role in democratizing access to graph database solutions for fraud detection. Cloud-based deployment offers scalability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of integration with existing IT ecosystems, making it an attractive option for both large enterprises and small-to-medium businesses. Furthermore, the rise of API-driven architectures and microservices has enabled seamless interoperability between graph databases and other analytics tools, enhancing their utility across diverse industry verticals. As digital transformation accelerates globally, the demand for flexible, cloud-native fraud detection solutions is expected to witness exponential growth.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the graph databases for fraud detection market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed closely by Europe and the Asia Pacific. The presence of major financial institutions, advanced technological infrastructure, and a robust regulatory environment are key factors driving adoption in these regions. However, emerging economies in Asia Pacific and Latin America are rapidly catching up, propelled by the digitalization of banking and commerce, rising cybercrime rates, and increased investments in cybersecurity. The Middle East and Africa are also witnessing steady growth, albeit from a smaller base, as governments and enterprises prioritize fraud prevention as part of their digital agendas.

Component Analysis

The component segment of the graph databases

Counterparty Screening via Entity Graphs Market Outlook

As per the latest research conducted in 2025, the global Counterparty Screening via Entity Graphs market size is valued at USD 1.27 billion in 2024. The market is exhibiting robust momentum, with a notable CAGR of 18.6% projected during the forecast period. By 2033, the market is anticipated to reach USD 6.12 billion, driven by the increasing need for advanced risk management and compliance solutions across financial and non-financial sectors. The continuous evolution of regulatory frameworks and the rising complexity of global business relationships are key factors fueling this growth.

A major growth factor in the Counterparty Screening via Entity Graphs market is the heightened regulatory scrutiny and the surge in anti-money laundering (AML) and know-your-customer (KYC) requirements globally. Financial institutions and enterprises are under mounting pressure to comply with complex regulations, mitigate risks, and prevent financial crimes. Entity graph technology, by mapping intricate relationships between counterparties, enables organizations to detect hidden risks, suspicious patterns, and potential fraud more effectively than traditional screening tools. This technological edge is encouraging widespread adoption, particularly in sectors where regulatory compliance is paramount, such as banking and insurance. Furthermore, the rise in cross-border transactions and the proliferation of digital channels have amplified the need for dynamic and scalable counterparty screening solutions, thereby accelerating market expansion.

Another critical driver for the Counterparty Screening via Entity Graphs market is the rapid digital transformation across industries. Organizations are increasingly leveraging advanced analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to enhance their risk assessment capabilities. Entity graphs empower businesses to visualize, analyze, and interpret complex interconnections between entities—be it individuals, organizations, or assets—at scale and in real time. This not only streamlines due diligence processes but also facilitates proactive risk management, enabling enterprises to make informed decisions swiftly. The integration of entity graphs with existing compliance and risk management systems further enhances operational efficiency and reduces the likelihood of oversight, which is vital in today’s fast-paced business environment.

The growing volume and complexity of data generated from various sources, including social media, public records, and transactional databases, also contribute significantly to market growth. Entity graphs excel at aggregating and contextualizing disparate data points, providing a holistic view of counterparties and their associated risks. This capability is particularly valuable in sectors such as legal and compliance, where comprehensive due diligence is essential. As organizations strive to stay ahead of emerging threats and regulatory changes, the demand for sophisticated counterparty screening tools leveraging entity graph technology is expected to rise steadily, fostering innovation and competitive differentiation within the market.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the Counterparty Screening via Entity Graphs market, owing to the presence of major financial institutions, stringent regulatory standards, and early adoption of advanced analytics technologies. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as a high-growth region, fueled by rapid economic development, increasing cross-border trade, and evolving regulatory landscapes. Europe also holds a significant share, driven by robust compliance requirements and a mature financial sector. The Middle East and Africa, along with Latin America, are witnessing gradual adoption as awareness of the benefits of entity graph-based screening tools grows and as regional regulatory frameworks become more stringent.

Component Analysis

The Counterparty Screening via Entity Graphs market by component is se