The largest number of immigrants in Germany were from Ukraine, as of 2023. The top three origin countries were rounded up by Romania and Turkey. Immigrants are defined as having left a country, which may be their home country, to permanently reside in another. Upon arriving, immigrants do not hold the citizenship of the country they move to. Immigration in the EU All three aforementioned countries are members of the European Union, which means their citizens have freedom of movement between EU member states. In practice, this means that citizens of any EU member country may relocate between them to live and work there. Unrestricted by visas or residence permits, the search for university courses, jobs, retirement options, and places to live seems to be defined by an enormous amount of choice. However, even in this freedom of movement scheme, immigration may be hampered by bureaucratic hurdles or financial challenges. Prosperity with a question mark While Germany continues to be an attractive destination for foreigners both in and outside the European Union, as well as asylum applicants, it remains to be seen how current events might influence these patterns, whether the number of immigrants arriving from certain countries will shift. Europe’s largest economy is suffering. Climbing inflation levels in the last few months, as well as remaining difficulties from the ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic are affecting global economic development. Ultimately, future immigrants may face the fact of moving from one struggling economy to another.

In 2023, around 1.93 million people immigrated to Germany. Numbers fluctuated during the time period covered in the graph at hand, peaking in 2015 during the high point of Europe’s refugee crisis. Significantly lower figures in 2020 may be attributed to the first year of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, and subsequent restrictions implemented by the German government on entering the country, in order to control the spread of the disease. Immigration to Germany “Immigrant” is a term used from the point of view of the receiving country, or the country being migrated to by a person. While reasons for and circumstances leading to an immigrant entering a foreign country may vary, they often include love, include seeking residence, employment, family reunions, or applying for asylum. Various countries are represented among foreigners living in Germany, though currently the leading three by numbers are Turkey, Ukraine, and Syria. Around 5.2 million immigrants living in Germany do not need a residence permit due to having EU citizenship, and therefore being allowed freedom of movement based on EU law. Another 2.64 million immigrants were granted an unlimited permit to stay in Germany. The near future Germany remains a popular choice for immigrants, even in currently challenging economic and political times. Welfare benefits, healthcare, and various support initiatives for those moving to or arriving in the country are on the list of selling points, though in practice, difficulties may be encountered depending on individual situations and laws in different German federal states. While the unemployment rate among foreigners living in Germany had gone up in 2020, it dropped again in the following years, but increased once more in 2023 and 2024 to over 16 percent. The country is Europe’s largest economy, housing many global players in various industries, which continues to attract jobseekers, despite these very industries facing struggles of their own brought on both by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic and geopolitical events in Europe.

This statistic shows the distribution of countries of origin for immigrants in Germany in 2023. In 2023, Ukraine had a 14.3 percent share among countries of origin for immigrants living in Germany.

Germany DE: Net Migration data was reported at 36,954.000 Person in 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 609,553.000 Person for 2023. Germany DE: Net Migration data is updated yearly, averaging 212,822.000 Person from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2024, with 65 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,175,283.000 Person in 2015 and a record low of -754,469.000 Person in 1998. Germany DE: Net Migration data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Net migration is the net total of migrants during the period, that is, the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants, including both citizens and noncitizens.;United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2024 Revision.;Sum;

Germany Immigration: America data was reported at 75,131.000 Person in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 71,252.000 Person for 2022. Germany Immigration: America data is updated yearly, averaging 49,202.000 Person from Dec 1964 (Median) to 2023, with 60 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 83,164.000 Person in 2006 and a record low of 32,711.000 Person in 1976. Germany Immigration: America data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistisches Bundesamt. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.G005: Migration.

Germany Immigration: Asia data was reported at 376,968.000 Person in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 331,110.000 Person for 2022. Germany Immigration: Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 99,635.000 Person from Dec 1964 (Median) to 2023, with 60 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 687,848.000 Person in 2015 and a record low of 12,779.000 Person in 1968. Germany Immigration: Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistisches Bundesamt. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.G005: Migration.

Graph and download economic data for Net migration for Germany (SMPOPNETMDEU) from 1962 to 2017 about migration, Germany, Net, 5-year, and population.

In 2023, there were around 12 million employed people with a migration background living in Germany. According to the source, a person is considered as having a migration background when they or at least one parent do not have German citizenship by law. This definition includes the following:1. Immigrated and non-immigrated foreigners.2. Immigrated and non-immigrated naturalized citizens.3. Late emigrants.4. Descendants born with German citizenship within the three groups named above.

Sources: Scientific Publications; official Statistics:

Max Broesike (1904), Rückblick auf die Entwicklung der preußischen Bevölkerung von 1875 bis 1900, Preußische Statistik 188, S. 12-14.

Elsner/Lehmann (1988): Ausländische Arbeiter unter dem deutschen Imperialismus, 1900 bis 1985. Berlin: Dietz Verlag.

Hubert, Michel (1998): Deutschland im Wandel. Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerung seit 1815. Stuttgart: Steiner.

Köbler, Gerhard (2007): Historisches Lexikon der deutschen Länder. Die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. München: Beck.

Königlich Preußisches Statistisches Landesamt: Statistisches Jahrbuch für den Preußischen Staat, 13. Jahrgang, Berlin 1916 und 16. Jahrgang, Berlin 1920.

Königlich Statistisches Bureau in Berlin: Preußische Statistik (Amtliches Quellenwerk), Heft 139. Die Sterblichkeit nach Todesursachen und Altersklassen der Gestorbenen sowie die Selbstmorde und die tödlichen Verunglückungen im preußischen Staate während des Jahres 1894. Berlin, 1896.

Königlich Statistisches Bureau in Berlin: Preußische Statistik, Heft 188: Rückblick auf die Entwicklung der preußischen Bevölkerung von 1875 bis 1900. Berlin, 1904, S. 105.

Oltmer, Jochen (2005): Migration und Politik in der Weimarer Republik. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht.

Preußisches Statistisches Landesamt: Statistisches Jahrbuch für den Freistaat Preußen, Statistisches Jahrbuch für den Freistaat Preußen, 17. Band, 1921 und 29. Band, 1933.

Stat. Bundesamt (Hrsg.): Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit. Fachserie 1, Reihe 2. Ausländische Bevölkerung. Ausgabe 2013, S. 26, Tabelle 1.

Stat. Reichsamt (Hrsg.): Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich, verschiedene Jahrgänge: Jg. 1880 bis Jg. 1941/42.

Stat. Reichsamt (Hrsg.): Statistik des Deutschen Reichs: Band 360, Band 393, Band 441.

Trevisiol, O.: Die Einbürgerungspraxis im Deutschen Reich 1871-1945. Diss. 2004. Tab. 1, S. 20 und Tab. 4, S. 24. KOPS – Das institutionelle Repositorium der Universität Konstanz, Suche im Bestand ‘Geschichte und Soziologie‘, WEB: http://d-nb.info/974206237/34

Further literature

Bade, Klaus J. (2002): Europa in Bewegung. Migration vom späten 18. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart. München: Beck.

Gosewinkel, Dieter (2001): Einbürgern und Ausschließen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Oltmer, Jochen (2012): Globale Migration. Geschichte und Gegenwart. München: Beck.

Oltmer, Jochen (2013): Migration im 19. Und 20. Jahrhundert. München: Oldenbourg.

wikipedia.org

The short survey on current issues relating to migration / integration was conducted by the Verian opinion research institute on behalf of the Press and Information Office of the Federal Government. During the survey period from 27.02.2024 to 05.03.2024, the German-speaking population aged 14 and over was asked about their attitudes to migration and integration in telephone interviews (CATI). The focus is on attitudes towards refugee issues, immigration in general and the federal government´s immigration policy. Respondents were selected using a multi-stage random sample as part of a multi-topic survey (Emnid bus), including landline and mobile phone numbers (dual-frame sample). Agreement with statements on the topic of immigration to Germany (integration of immigrants into German society has been successful overall so far, there are already so many immigrants living in Germany that no more can be taken in, immigrants are causing a very sharp rise in crime in Germany, I think it´s good that Germany is becoming more culturally diverse through immigration, Germany needs immigration); satisfaction with various aspects of the federal government´s immigration policy (dealing with the population´s concerns about immigration, how the objectives and measures of immigration policy are explained to the population, efforts to date to integrate immigrants into the German labor market, efforts to date to find a European solution for immigration to Europe); concerns about current refugee numbers in Germany; short-term and long-term forecast regarding the advantages or disadvantages for Germany of accepting refugees; opinion on rather simplified or rather more difficult immigration regulations for different immigrant groups (refugees from Ukraine, refugees from Syria or Afghanistan, refugees from other countries, skilled workers from non-European countries); assessment of the payment card for refugees instead of cash as useful vs. not useful; perception of problems in connection with refugees in the local area; naming of specific problems (open). Demography: sex; age; education; occupation; household size; number of people in the household aged 14 and over; party preference; voting eligibility; net household income; survey via mobile or landline. Additionally coded: consecutive respondent number; weighting factor; interview date; city size (BIK city size and political city size); federal state; survey area west/east. Die Kurzumfrage über aktuelle Fragen zur Migration / Integration wurde vom Meinungsforschungsinstitut Verian im Auftrag des Presse- und Informationsamtes der Bundesregierung durchgeführt. Im Erhebungszeitraum 27.02.2024 bis 05.03.2024 wurde die deutschsprachige Bevölkerung ab 14 Jahren in telefonischen Interviews (CATI) zu ihrer Einstellung zu Migration und Integration befragt. Schwerpunkt ist dabei die Haltung zu Flüchtlingsfragen, zu Einwanderung allgemein sowie zur Einwanderungspolitik der Bundesregierung. Die Auswahl der Befragten erfolgte durch eine mehrstufige Zufallsstichprobe im Rahmen einer Mehrthemenbefragung (Emnid-Bus) unter Einschluss von Festnetz- und Mobilfunknummern (Dual-Frame Stichprobe). Zustimmung zu Aussagen zum Thema Einwanderung nach Deutschland (Integration der Einwanderer in die deutsche Gesellschaft ist bisher alles in allem gut gelungen, in Deutschland leben schon so viele Einwanderer, dass keine weiteren aufgenommen werden können, durch Einwanderer steigt die Kriminalität in Deutschland sehr stark an, ich finde es gut, dass Deutschland durch Einwanderung kulturell vielfältiger wird, Deutschland braucht Einwanderung); Zufriedenheit mit verschiedenen Aspekten der Einwanderungspolitik der Bundesregierung (Umgang mit den Sorgen der Bevölkerung zum Thema Einwanderung, wie Ziele und Maßnahmen der Einwanderungspolitik der Bevölkerung erklärt werden, bisherige Bemühungen zur Integration von Einwanderern in den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt, bisherige Bemühungen um eine europäische Lösung für die Einwanderung nach Europa); Sorgen über die aktuellen Flüchtlingszahlen in Deutschland; kurzfristige und langfristige Prognose hinsichtlich der Vorteile oder Nachteile für Deutschland durch die Aufnahme von Flüchtlingen; Meinung zu eher vereinfachten oder eher erschwerten Regelungen der Zuwanderung für verschiedene Zuwanderergruppen (Flüchtlinge aus der Ukraine, Flüchtlinge aus Syrien oder Afghanistan, Flüchtlinge aus anderen Ländern, Fachkräfte aus dem nicht-europäischen Ausland); Bewertung der Bezahlkarte für Geflüchtete anstelle von Bargeld als sinnvoll vs. nicht sinnvoll; Wahrnehmung von Problemen im Zusammenhang mit Flüchtlingen im räumlichen Umfeld; Benennung konkreter Probleme (offen). Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Bildung; Berufstätigkeit; Haushaltsgröße; Anzahl der Personen im Haushalt ab 14 Jahren; Parteipräferenz; Wahlberechtigung; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Erhebung per Mobilfunk oder Festnetz. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: laufende Befragtennummer; Gewichtungsfaktor; Interviewdatum; Ortsgröße (BIK-Ortsgröße und politische Ortsgröße); Bundesland; Befragungsgebiet West/Ost.

Germany DE: International Migrant Stock: % of Population data was reported at 14.879 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 14.429 % for 2010. Germany DE: International Migrant Stock: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 11.828 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2015, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 14.879 % in 2015 and a record low of 7.518 % in 1990. Germany DE: International Migrant Stock: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. International migrant stock is the number of people born in a country other than that in which they live. It also includes refugees. The data used to estimate the international migrant stock at a particular time are obtained mainly from population censuses. The estimates are derived from the data on foreign-born population--people who have residence in one country but were born in another country. When data on the foreign-born population are not available, data on foreign population--that is, people who are citizens of a country other than the country in which they reside--are used as estimates. After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 people living in one of the newly independent countries who were born in another were classified as international migrants. Estimates of migrant stock in the newly independent states from 1990 on are based on the 1989 census of the Soviet Union. For countries with information on the international migrant stock for at least two points in time, interpolation or extrapolation was used to estimate the international migrant stock on July 1 of the reference years. For countries with only one observation, estimates for the reference years were derived using rates of change in the migrant stock in the years preceding or following the single observation available. A model was used to estimate migrants for countries that had no data.;United Nations Population Division, Trends in Total Migrant Stock: 2008 Revision.;Weighted average;

It contains 5 interviews with Greek immigrants and immigrant women in Germany (2 women and 3 men), recording the post-war difficulties that led them to migration, the transition from rural life to industrial work, and the problems of returning to Greece. The purpose of the research was also to compare the post-war Greek migration to Germany with the experience of Albanian immigrants in Greece (Collection No 2). On the basis of this comparison, the students produced a radio show entitled "Journey to Infinity", which was broadcast on the then Municipal Radio. Non-probability: Availability Face-to-face interview

Germany Immigration: Europe data was reported at 1,224,406.000 Person in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2,031,005.000 Person for 2022. Germany Immigration: Europe data is updated yearly, averaging 617,635.500 Person from Dec 1964 (Median) to 2023, with 60 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,031,005.000 Person in 2022 and a record low of 261,576.000 Person in 1983. Germany Immigration: Europe data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistisches Bundesamt. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.G005: Migration.

The study "Regulation of Biographical Transitions among Second-Generation Migrants in Germany and Israel," commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, investigates the question of which factors promote the positive development of children, adolescents, and young adults. For this purpose, biographical transitions during the first three decades of life among natives, members of minorities, and people with a migration background in Germany and Israel were examined from a longitudinal perspective. In particular, the focus was on the following four biographical transitions: Entry into kindergarten and school enrollment in childhood, first partnerships in adolescence, and living together as a couple in young adulthood. In Germany, native Germans, ethnic German repatriates, Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union, and Turkish migrants were interviewed using standardized personal interviews. In Israel, native Israelis, persons belonging to the Arab minority, and Russian Jewish immigrants were the target group of the survey. In Germany, a random sample was drawn based on register data from Frankfurt and Stuttgart for all survey groups. Since Russian-Jewish immigrants were not identifiable based on the register data, they were recruited through snowball sampling. In Israel, a multistage random sample was formed based on statistical areas followed by telephone screening. Die vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung in Auftrag gegebene Studie „Regulation biographischer Übergänge bei Migranten der zweiten Generation in Deutschland und Israel“ untersucht die Fragestellung, welche Faktoren die positive Entwicklung von Kindern, Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen fördert. Dazu wurden biografische Übergänge während der ersten drei Lebensjahrzenten bei Einheimischen, Angehörigen von Minderheiten und Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland und Israel aus der Längsschnittperspektive untersucht. Insbesondere wurde der Fokus auf die folgenden vier biografischen Übergänge gelegt: Eintritt in den Kindergarten und die Einschulung in der Kindheit, erste Partnerschaften im Jugendalter und das Zusammenleben als Paar im jungen Erwachsenenalter. Im Rahmen von standardisierten persönlichen Interviews wurden in Deutschland einheimische Deutsche, Aussiedler, jüdische Einwanderer aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion und türkische Migranten befragt. In Israel waren einheimische Israelis, Personen, die zur arabischen Minderheit zählen, sowie russisch-jüdische Einwanderer Zielgruppe der Befragung. In Deutschland wurde eine Zufallsstichprobe auf Grundlage der Registerdaten von Frankfurt und Stuttgart für alle Befragungsgruppen gezogen. Da Russisch-jüdische Einwanderer nicht auf Grundlage der Registerdaten identifizierbar waren, wurden sie durch Schneeballverfahren rekrutiert. In Israel wurde eine mehrstufige Zufallsstichprobe auf der Grundlage statistischer Flächeneinheiten mit anschließendem Telefonscreening gebildet. ProbabilityProbability WahrscheinlichkeitsauswahlProbability Non-probabilityNonprobability Nicht-WahrscheinlichkeitsauswahlNonprobability Face-to-face interview: Paper-and-pencil (PAPI)Interview.FaceToFace.PAPI Persönliches Interview : Papier-und-Bleistift (PAPI)Interview.FaceToFace.PAPI

This statistic shows the number of emigrants from Germany from 1991 to 2023. In 2023, roughly 1.27 million people emigrated from Germany.

This paper compares the partnership arrangements of Turkish and Ethnic German immigrants (i.e., return migrants from Ethnic German communities from predominantly Eastern European countries), the two largest migrant groups in Germany, and native Germans. Most existing analyses of migrants' partnerships focus on intermarriage, marriage formation, or union dissolution. We know only a little, however, about the prevalence of non-marital living arrangements. Given that single person households and cohabitation are widespread phenomena mainly in post-materialist societies, analyzing whether immigrants engage in these behaviors sheds light on potential adaptation processes. The analyses are based on the German Microcensus of the years 2009 and 2013, with a focus on adults in the 18–40 age group. First, we present descriptive findings on the prevalence of partnership arrangements of immigrants and native Germans. Second, we estimate cross-sectional regressions with the partnership arrangement as the outcome variable in order to control for compositional differences between immigrant groups with respect to education. Our results show that while the vast majority of first-generation immigrants are married, the share of married natives is considerably smaller. Living in an independent household without a partner and cohabitation are rare phenomena among immigrants. By contrast, about one in seven natives is cohabiting and more than one quarter is living in an independent household without a partner. The most prevalent partnership living arrangement of the Turkish second generation is living in the parental household without a partner. These results are robust after controlling for education, age, and year in the multiple regression analysis.

Based on an innovative design, combining a multi-factorial survey experiment with a longitudinal per- spective, we examine changes in the public acceptance of immigrants in Germany from the beginning of the so-called ‘migration crisis’ to after the sexual assaults of New Year’s Eve (NYE) 2015/2016. In contrast to previous studies investigating similar research questions, our approach allows to differen- tiate changes along various immigrant characteristics. Derived from discussions making up the German immigration discourse during this time, we expect reduced acceptance especially of those immigrants who were explicitly connected to the salient events, like Muslims and the offenders of NYE. Most strikingly, we find that refugees were generally highly accepted and even more so in the second wave, whereas the acceptance of immigrants from Arab or African countries further decreased. Moreover, female respondents’ initial preference for male immigrants disappeared. Contrary to our expectations, we find no changes in the acceptance of Muslims. We conclude that (i) public opinion research is well advised to match the particular political and social context under inves- tigation to a fitting outcome variable to adequately capture the dynamics of anti-immigrant sentiment and that (ii) the vividly discussed upper limits for refugees seem to be contrary to public demands according to our data.

The main objective of the ENTRA (Recent Immigration Processes and Early Integration Trajectories in Germany) Survey was to collect data on new immigrants in Germany that capture immigration and settlement dynamics as well as integration trajectories. The study consists of a two-wave panel survey of four different immigrant groups: Italians, Poles, Syrians, and Turks. In the first wave, new immigrants were interviewed in the first years of their stay in Germany. About a year and a half later, they were interviewed a second time to track their early integration progress. During the survey period from 10.05.2019 to 31.10.2019 (Wave 1) und 20.11.2020 to 21.04.2021 (Wave 2), immigrants from Italy, Poland, Syria, and Turkey between the ages of 18 and 40 were surveyed in online interviews (CAWI), telephone interviews (CATI), and in-person interviews (CAPI) about various aspects of immigrant integration, including language skills and use, ethnic and national identities, ethnic boundaries, political participation, religious affiliation and practices, social contacts and networks, educational attainment, labor market participation, and health. Respondents were selected through a two-stage sampling procedure. In the first step, the five cities with the largest immigration flows were selected for each group based on data from migration statistics and the Central Register of Foreigners (AZR). In the second step, again separately for each immigrant group, a random sample of target individuals was drawn from the cities´ population registers. The panel study was designed as a multimodal survey conducted in the national language of each immigrant group. A total of 4,448 immigrants and refugees participated in the first wave of the survey, and longitudinal data from both panel waves are available for 3,366 cases. The additional COVID-19 survey was conducted in May/June 2020. Only a small sample of questions from the main survey was included in the questionnaire, while several questions about the COVID-19 situation were added. Unlike the first and second waves, the COVID-19 survey was conducted as an online survey only.

Within the framework of the Immigrant German Election Study (IMGES), for the first time in Germany exclusively persons with a Turkish migration background or an origin from countries of the former Soviet Union were interviewed about political attitudes and behaviour. One of the main objectives of the study was to investigate whether the voting behaviour of German citizens with a migration background can be explained by established theories of electoral research or whether it is more dependent on migration-specific characteristics. The survey was conducted after the 2017 federal elections and was conducted simultaneously with the post-election survey of the German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES). The project was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) between October 2016 and March 2020.

Leisure behaviour, friendships, family, feelings and beliefs, identity, the current situation and vocational training of young people. Sibling situation.

Wave 4

1.Youth main questionnaire:

Topics: Leisure behaviour: frequency of different leisure activities (Visiting relatives, cinema, going out, reading, sports club or music club, concert, museum, newspaper reading); hourly expenditure on a typical school day for television, chatting, household work, video or computer games alone and with others.

Friendships: ethnic background of friends; interethnic background of friends; contact with people of selected ethnic origin; migration background; importance of equal education, religion, and ethnic background of the respondent´s own partner for the respondent personally and for his or her parents; boyfriend or girlfriend; details to partner: current activity, type of school attended or highest educational level, ethnic background, denomination, importance of religion for the partner; beginning of the relationship (duration of the relationship); context of getting to know each other (e.g. via friends); partner lives in the same neighbourhood; parents have knowledge of the relationship or have the partner already met; parents already knew each other before start of relationship; family relationships: interest of the family in conversations about the boyfriend or girlfriend; parental interference: request for information about activities and whereabouts at undertakings with the boyfriend or girlfriend, demand for immediate acquaintance of the friend; expected marriage; current boyfriend/girlfriend is first steady relationship; number of previous friends; family rejects relationship expected openness of the family in case of negative attitude towards the friend or to the girlfriend; the family leaves relationship decisions up to the respondent; arranged relationships through the family; demand of the family after termination of the relationship in case of lack of sympathy; preferred marriage age; desired number of children.

Family: migration background of the biological parents; frequency of visits in the country of origin of parents in the last 12 months; employment status of parents in the last 12 months; frequency of pocket money and amount of pocket money.

Feelings and beliefs: life satisfaction (scalometer); discrimination: sympathy scale for selected groups of origin; understanding of gender roles.

Self-assessment of German language skills (speaking, writing); national identity; sense of belonging to another group, and strength of identity; importance of religion to the respondent; self-assessment of the state of health compared to peers; delinquent behavior in the last three months: deliberate destruction of foreign property, stealing, carrying knives or weapon, drunkenness); frequency of hot meal and breakfast; frequency of alcohol consumption, sports, cigarette consumption and drug consumption; body height in centimetres and weight in kilograms; preferred and realistic educational aspiration; expectations for the future in terms of stay in Germany, marriage, children and state of health.

Current situation: school leaving certificate during the last school year; grades in mathematics, German and English in the diploma; overall grade on leaving certificate; current situation; currently visited type of school; branch of cooperative comprehensive school; currently attended class level; frequency of deviant behaviour in school (disputes with teachers, experienced punishment, unauthorized absence from lessons, late arrival); self-efficacy; attitude towards school: importance of good grades.

Vocational training: title of the training occupation (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); duration of training; achievement of an additional educational attainment through the training; nature of this educational attainment; amount of training allowance per month (categorised); job title of the current occupation or job; amount of monthly net income (categorized); type of employment contract; start of employment in this occupation (month and year); job is the first job since leaving school; job title of the first job (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); active search for a place of training or employment; professional title of the desired profession (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS).

Additionally coded: international respondent ID; national respondent ID; country of data collection; mode of collection; interview date; flag variable (interview date der...