Crude Oil fell to 59.17 USD/Bbl on December 2, 2025, down 0.25% from the previous day. Over the past month, Crude Oil's price has fallen 3.08%, and is down 15.40% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Crude Oil - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

As of August 2025, the average annual price of Brent crude oil stood at 71.3 U.S. dollars per barrel. This is over nine U.S. dollars lower than the 2024 average. Brent is the world's leading price benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils. Crude oil is one of the most closely observed commodity prices as it influences costs across all stages of the production process and consequently alters the price of consumer goods as well. What determines crude oil benchmarks? In the past decade, crude oil prices have been especially volatile. Their inherent inelasticity regarding short-term changes in demand and supply means that oil prices are erratic by nature. However, since the 2009 financial crisis, many commercial developments have greatly contributed to price volatility, such as economic growth by BRIC countries like China and India, and the advent of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling in the U.S. The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war are examples of geopolitical events dictating prices. Light crude oils - Brent and WTI Brent Crude is considered a classification of sweet light crude oil and acts as a benchmark price for oil around the world. It is considered a sweet light crude oil due to its low sulfur content and low density and may be easily refined into gasoline. This oil originates in the North Sea and comprises several different oil blends, including Brent Blend and Ekofisk crude. Often, this crude oil is refined in Northwest Europe. Another sweet light oil often referenced alongside UK Brent is West Texas Intermediate (WTI). WTI oil prices amounted to 76.55 U.S. dollars per barrel in 2024.

Brent crude oil is projected to have an average annual spot price of 67.22 U.S. dollars per barrel in 2025, according to a forecast from May 2025. This would mean a decrease of more than 13 U.S. dollars compared to the previous year and also reflect a reduced forecast WTI crude oil price. Lower economic activity, an increase in OPEC+ production output, and uncertainty over trade tariffs all impacted price forecasting. All about Brent Also known as Brent Blend, London Brent, and Brent petroleum, Brent Crude is a crude oil benchmark named after the exploration site in the North Sea's Brent oilfield. It is a sweet light crude oil but slightly heavier than West Texas Intermediate. In this context, sweet refers to a low sulfur content and light refers to a relatively low density when compared to other crude oil benchmarks. Price development in the 2020s Oil prices are volatile, impacted by consumer demand and discoveries of new oilfields, new extraction methods such as fracking, and production caps routinely placed by OPEC on its member states. The price for Brent crude oil stood at an average of just 42 U.S. dollars in 2020, when the coronavirus pandemic resulted in a sudden demand drop. Two years later, sanctions on Russian energy imports had pushed up prices to a new decade-high, above 100 U.S. dollars per barrel.

Heating Oil rose to 2.35 USD/Gal on December 2, 2025, up 0.21% from the previous day. Over the past month, Heating Oil's price has fallen 2.25%, but it is still 6.31% higher than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Heating oil - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

The 2025 annual OPEC basket price stood at ***** U.S. dollars per barrel as of August. This would be lower than the 2024 average, which amounted to ***** U.S. dollars. The abbreviation OPEC stands for Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and includes Algeria, Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and the United Arab Emirates. The aim of the OPEC is to coordinate the oil policies of its member states. It was founded in 1960 in Baghdad, Iraq. The OPEC Reference Basket The OPEC crude oil price is defined by the price of the so-called OPEC (Reference) basket. This basket is an average of prices of the various petroleum blends that are produced by the OPEC members. Some of these oil blends are, for example: Saharan Blend from Algeria, Basra Light from Iraq, Arab Light from Saudi Arabia, BCF 17 from Venezuela, et cetera. By increasing and decreasing its oil production, OPEC tries to keep the price between a given maxima and minima. Benchmark crude oil The OPEC basket is one of the most important benchmarks for crude oil prices worldwide. Other significant benchmarks are UK Brent, West Texas Intermediate (WTI), and Dubai Crude (Fateh). Because there are many types and grades of oil, such benchmarks are indispensable for referencing them on the global oil market. The 2025 fall in prices was the result of weakened demand outlooks exacerbated by extensive U.S. trade tariffs.

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Palm Oil Market Size 2025-2029

The palm oil market size is valued to increase USD 54.4 billion, at a CAGR of 9% from 2024 to 2029. Increasing consumer awareness regarding health benefits of palm oil will drive the palm oil market.

Major Market Trends & Insights

APAC dominated the market and accounted for a 73% growth during the forecast period.
By Application - Edible oil segment was valued at USD 54.00 billion in 2023
By Type - Conventional segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2023

Market Size & Forecast

Market Opportunities: USD 92.90 billion
Market Future Opportunities: USD 54.40 billion
CAGR : 9%
APAC: Largest market in 2023

Market Summary

The market encompasses the production, refining, and distribution of palm oil and its derivatives. This dynamic market is driven by the increasing demand for palm oil in core applications, such as food, cosmetics, and biodiesel. According to recent reports, the food industry accounts for approximately 65% of palm oil consumption, with the biodiesel sector emerging as a significant growth avenue. However, the market faces challenges from environmental concerns, particularly regarding deforestation and plant diversity losses. In 2020, it was estimated that around 10 million hectares of forest were lost due to palm oil cultivation. Despite these challenges, opportunities for sustainable production and innovative technologies continue to unfold, ensuring the market remains a vital and evolving sector in the global economy.

What will be the Size of the Palm Oil Market during the forecast period?

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How is the Palm Oil Market Segmented and what are the key trends of market segmentation?

The palm oil industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Application

  Edible oil
  Surfactants
  Bio-diesel
  Others


Type

  Conventional
  Organic


Geography

  Europe

    Germany
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    Qatar
    UAE


  APAC

    China
    India
    Indonesia
    Malaysia
    Pakistan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Application Insights

The edible oil segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Palm oil, a widely used edible oil, holds significant importance in various industries, particularly in Asia. Approximately 45% of global palm oil production is attributed to palm fruit oil, primarily used in food processing due to its lower trans fat content and cost-effectiveness. Palm kernel oil, the other form, accounts for around 25% of the production. The food sector's reliance on palm oil is increasing, with an estimated 67% of its usage in food manufacturing. Moreover, the environmental impact of palm oil production is a growing concern. To address this, initiatives focusing on deforestation monitoring, water use efficiency, extraction rate optimization, and carbon footprint reduction are gaining traction.

The industry is also investing in soil nutrient management, palm oil byproducts utilization, and traceability systems to enhance supply chain transparency. The market's future growth is promising, with an anticipated 20% increase in demand for palm oil byproducts in the next five years. Additionally, there is a rising trend towards sustainable palm oil production, with RSPO certification becoming increasingly common. Oil palm cultivation is also evolving, with the adoption of high-yielding varieties, integrated pest management, and oil palm genetics. In terms of production processes, improvements in palm oil fractionation, fertilizer application techniques, biodiesel production, and irrigation efficiency are essential for maintaining competitiveness.

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The Edible oil segment was valued at USD 54.00 billion in 2019 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Furthermore, biomass utilization and palm oil refining are being explored to minimize waste and optimize resource utilization. Smallholder farmers are also receiving support to improve their productivity and sustainability through various initiatives. These efforts aim to ensure the long-term viability of the palm oil industry while minimizing its environmental impact.

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Regional Analysis

APAC is estimated to contribute 73% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period. Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the market during the forecast period.

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The market in the Asia Pacific (APAC) region experiences significant growth, driven by the expanding economies of China, Australia, Thailand, South Ko

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Tanker Shipping Market Size 2025-2029

The tanker shipping market size is forecast to increase by USD 19.95 billion, at a CAGR of 8.9% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is shaped by two significant drivers: the global oil and gas demand and the shift towards sustainability. The ever-increasing demand for oil and gas is fueling the growth of the market, as these commodities remain the backbone of the global energy sector. However, this trend is not without challenges. Environmental regulations and compliance costs pose substantial obstacles for market participants. Stricter environmental regulations, such as the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) sulfur cap, are driving up costs for tanker shipping companies. These regulations require vessels to comply with stringent emissions standards, necessitating significant investments in new technologies and infrastructure. Moreover, the growing emphasis on sustainability and the transition to renewable energy sources may further impact the market's future trajectory. Companies must navigate these challenges while also capitalizing on opportunities presented by the ongoing demand for oil and gas. To stay competitive, they must invest in eco-friendly technologies and innovative solutions that enable efficient and sustainable operations.

What will be the Size of the Tanker Shipping Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
Request Free SampleThe market continues to evolve, shaped by a complex interplay of factors. Double hull technology, a response to environmental concerns, has become the industry standard, while navigation systems ensure safe and efficient voyages. Economic indicators, such as oil prices and freight rates, influence fleet management decisions. Environmental impact, a growing concern, is addressed through initiatives like sustainable shipping and the use of alternative fuels. Ocean currents and weather routing impact trade routes, with canal transit offering shorter but riskier alternatives. Hull cleaning and tank cleaning are essential for maintaining vessel performance and safety. The size and type of tankers, from single hull to double hull, vary based on the cargo being transported, such as crude oil or iron ore. IMO regulations shape the industry, with a focus on fuel efficiency, ballast water management, and crew management. Port security is paramount, with the risk of piracy and terrorism ever present. Ship recycling, a critical aspect of the industry's sustainability, is subject to increasing scrutiny. Economic indicators, such as oil prices and voyage charters, influence the market's dynamics. Cargo handling and time charters impact fleet utilization, while IOT sensors and bunker fuel efficiency initiatives shape the future of the industry. The ongoing unfolding of these patterns underscores the continuous nature of market activities in the tanker shipping sector.

How is this Tanker Shipping Industry segmented?

The tanker shipping industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments. TypeOil tankersLiquid gas tankersChemical tankersMode Of TransportationDeep seaCoastalIn-landProduct TypeVLCC and ULCCSuezmaxAframaxOthersTanker TypeCrude Oil TankersProduct TankersChemical TankersLNG TankersService TimeSpot MarketTime CharterContract of AffreightmentGeographyNorth AmericaUSEuropeGermanyGreeceNorwaySwitzerlandUKAPACChinaJapanSingaporeSouth KoreaRest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The oil tankers segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.The oil tanker market plays a pivotal role in the global energy sector, enabling the transportation of crude oil and petroleum products across vast maritime expanses. Tankers are classified based on their cargo and carrying capacity, with crude oil tankers and product tankers being the primary categories. Crude oil tankers are engineered for the transportation of unrefined oil from extraction sites to refineries. Among these, Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs), boasting a deadweight tonnage of 200,000 to 320,000, dominate long-haul crude shipping. Product tankers, on the other hand, are designed to transport refined petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, to markets worldwide. The intricacies of tanker shipping involve various factors, including port congestion, shipping lanes, bill of lading, ocean currents, trade routes, canal transit, hull cleaning, and fleet management. Regulations from the International Maritime Organization (IMO) govern the industry, influencing aspects like tank cleaning, fuel efficiency, ballast water management, and environmental impact. Crude oil prices, voyage charters, car

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Green Petroleum Coke And Calcined Petroleum Coke Market Size 2025-2029

The green petroleum coke and calcined petroleum coke market size is forecast to increase by USD 12.94 billion at a CAGR of 7.1% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is driven by the surging demand for aluminum and steel, with these industries being significant consumers of petroleum coke. The advances in the oil and gas industry, particularly in the extraction and refining processes, contribute to the market's growth. However, the market faces challenges due to the volatility of crude oil prices, which can significantly impact the production costs and profitability of petroleum coke manufacturers. Navigating these price fluctuations requires strategic planning and adaptability. Companies in this market must closely monitor crude oil prices and explore alternative feedstocks or production methods to mitigate risks and maintain competitiveness.
Additionally, focusing on improving the efficiency of production processes and exploring new applications for petroleum coke can provide opportunities for market growth. Overall, the market presents both challenges and opportunities for players, with the potential for significant growth in industries that rely on these products. The calcination process, whether it be rotary kiln calcination or otherwise, significantly impacts the petroleum coke quality, including its fixed carbon, surface area, and thermal conductivity. Companies that can effectively manage production costs, improve efficiency, and explore new applications will be well-positioned to capitalize on market trends and navigate challenges.

What will be the Size of the Green Petroleum Coke And Calcined Petroleum Coke Market during the forecast period?

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The global petroleum coke market encompasses two primary forms: green and calcined. Green petroleum coke, also known as uncalcined petroleum coke, is a byproduct of refinery processes. Calcined petroleum coke, on the other hand, undergoes additional thermal treatment to enhance its properties. Quality assurance and process optimization are crucial in the petroleum coke market, ensuring consistent product quality and efficient production. Global competition intensifies as players seek to gain market penetration through innovation strategies and sustainability practices. Investment opportunities abound in the petroleum coke industry, driven by the future outlook's technical potential and the circular economy's growing importance. While the environmental regulations aim to minimize the carbon footprint, the economic factors, such as the availability and cost of alternative fuels impact the demand for petroleum coke.

Technological development, such as bulk shipping and waste reduction, plays a significant role in cost reduction and price volatility mitigation. Demand forecasting for end-user industries, including energy, steel, and chemicals, influences market analysis and application development. Economic outlooks and production technology advancements also impact the competitive landscape and consumer behavior. Environmental impact, supply chain resilience, and regulatory compliance are essential considerations for petroleum coke market participants. Technological innovation, including energy efficiency, carbon capture, and trade relations, shapes the industry's future. Raw material sourcing and cost reduction remain critical factors, with price volatility influencing market dynamics.

Understanding the competitive landscape, including regulatory frameworks and consumer preferences, is vital for success.

How is this Green Petroleum Coke And Calcined Petroleum Coke Industry segmented?

The green petroleum coke and calcined petroleum coke industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Application

  Green petroleum coke
  Calcined petroleum coke


Type

  Fuel grade
  Calcined coke


End-user

  Aluminum industry
  Steel industry
  Cement industry
  Others


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Application Insights

The Green petroleum coke segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. Green petroleum coke, a carbonaceous solid residue derived from petroleum fractions, is a vital component in various industries. With a high ignition point and non-explosive properties, it is water-insoluble and non-reactive. The primary application of green petroleum coke is in the aluminum industry, where it is used

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Automotive Engine Oil Market Size 2025-2029

The automotive engine oil market size is forecast to increase by USD 12.5 billion, at a CAGR of 4% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is driven by the increasing number of vehicles in use worldwide, which necessitates a constant demand for high-performance engine oils. This trend is further fueled by advancements in engine oil technology, which offer improved fuel efficiency, engine protection, and extended engine life. However, the market faces challenges from fluctuating crude oil prices, which impact the cost of raw materials and, consequently, the price of engine oils. Manufacturers must navigate these price fluctuations while maintaining product competitiveness and ensuring quality.
To capitalize on market opportunities, companies should focus on innovation, such as developing engine oils with advanced additives and improved performance characteristics. Additionally, strategic partnerships and collaborations can help mitigate the impact of raw material price volatility and expand market reach. Overall, the market presents significant growth potential, with a focus on sustainability, performance, and cost-effectiveness shaping the competitive landscape.

What will be the Size of the Automotive Engine Oil Market during the forecast period?

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The market continues to evolve, driven by advancements in technology and shifting consumer preferences. Performance testing standards, such as ACEA oil classification, play a crucial role in ensuring the quality and compatibility of high-performance lubricants. These standards encompass various aspects, including corrosion inhibitor packages, oil film strength, seal compatibility testing, and pour point depressants. Oil oxidation stability and oxidation resistance testing are essential for evaluating the longevity and effectiveness of hydrocarbon base stocks. Emission reduction technology and base oil composition are also critical factors, with many manufacturers turning to synthetic engine oils, such as polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil, for improved engine wear reduction and fuel economy.

The industry anticipates robust growth, with expectations of a 4% annual expansion in the coming years. For instance, a leading automaker reported a 15% increase in sales of high-performance lubricants due to their superior anti-wear additive technology and extended oil change intervals. Additionally, lubricant additive packages, including friction modifier additives, anti-foaming additives, and viscosity index improvers, contribute significantly to the market's dynamism. Extreme pressure additives and anti-wear additive technology ensure engine components operate smoothly under harsh conditions. Oil filter efficiency, detergent dispersant properties, thermal stability testing, and oil degradation analysis are other essential aspects of engine oil specification and API certification levels. As the market continues to unfold, the focus on developing advanced engine oils with improved performance and environmental sustainability will remain a key trend.

How is this Automotive Engine Oil Industry segmented?

The automotive engine oil industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Application

  Passenger vehicles
  Commercial vehicles


Type

  Diesel
  Petrol
  Alternative fuels


Distribution

  OEMs
  Aftermarket Retail
  Online Sales


Viscosity Grades

  0W-20
  5W-30
  10W-40
  Others


Product Type

  Synthetic Oil
  Conventional Oil
  Semi-Synthetic Oil


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada
    Mexico


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    Spain
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Application Insights

The passenger vehicles segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing number of passenger vehicles in use. This segment's expansion can be attributed to the high demand for synthetic and full synthetic engine oils in this application. Engine oil consumption in passenger vehicles depends on various factors, including engine type, cylinder displacement, and others. Typically, engine oil is changed during routine maintenance or annually. The replacement frequency varies based on factors such as distance traveled (approximately 6,200 to 9,400 miles) or time between service intervals, which may differ among Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). Performance testing standar

The UK lubricants market, a significant segment of the broader European market, is experiencing robust growth driven by the flourishing automotive and industrial sectors. The increasing demand for high-performance lubricants in vehicles, particularly in passenger cars and commercial vehicles, is a primary growth catalyst. Furthermore, the expanding heavy equipment and manufacturing industries within the UK contribute substantially to the market's expansion. Stringent environmental regulations are pushing the adoption of eco-friendly lubricants, stimulating innovation and the development of biodegradable and sustainable alternatives. This trend, coupled with the rising focus on fuel efficiency, is reshaping the product landscape. While Brexit initially posed challenges, the market has shown resilience, adapting to new trade dynamics and maintaining a steady growth trajectory. Competition among major players like BP, Shell, and ExxonMobil remains intense, fueling pricing pressures and driving improvements in product quality and service. The market is segmented by product type (engine oils, greases, hydraulic fluids, etc.) and end-user industries (automotive, heavy equipment, metallurgy, etc.), allowing for a nuanced understanding of growth patterns within specific niches. Future growth will depend on the ongoing strength of the UK economy, continued investment in infrastructure, and the successful adoption of environmentally sustainable lubricant solutions. The projected CAGR (let's assume a conservative 3% based on typical industrial growth and considering Brexit's initial impact) indicates a steady expansion of the UK lubricants market. This growth, while moderate, reflects sustained demand within established sectors and gradual penetration into emerging application areas. Price fluctuations in crude oil, a key input cost, can influence profitability, however, technological advancements and economies of scale mitigate this risk to some extent. The market is witnessing a shift towards specialized lubricants with enhanced performance characteristics, catering to the needs of sophisticated machinery and demanding operational environments. This trend creates opportunities for both established players and new entrants with innovative product offerings. Regulatory changes concerning lubricant disposal and environmental impact will continue to shape the market's trajectory, pushing innovation and sustainable practices. Recent developments include: May 2022: TotalEnergies, NEXUS Automotive Extend Strategic Partnership for a period of five years. As part of this partnership, TotalEnergies Lubricants will be expanding its presence in the burgeoning N! community, which has seen rapid growth in sales from EUR 7.2 billion in 2015 to nearly EUR 35 billion by the end of 2021.March 2022: ExxonMobil Corporation company has appointed Jay Hooley as lead managing director of the company.January 2022: Effective April 1, ExxonMobil Corporation was organized along three business lines - ExxonMobil Upstream Company, ExxonMobil Product Solutions and ExxonMobil Low Carbon Solutions.. Notable trends are: Largest Segment By End User : Automotive.

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Diesel Fuel Retail Sales Market Size 2025-2029

The diesel fuel retail sales market is forecasted to grow by USD billion at a CAGR of 2.8% during the forecast period. Exact values for this market can be accessed upon purchasing the report.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to several key factors. One of the primary drivers is the increasing adoption of e-commerce and logistics, which has led to a surge in demand for diesel fuel to power delivery vehicles. Additionally, technological advancements in diesel engines have made them more efficient and environmentally friendly, making them an attractive option for consumers and businesses alike. However, the market is also facing challenges from stringent environmental regulations, which are driving up costs for diesel fuel producers and retailers. These regulations are leading to the development of alternative fuels and technologies, which could potentially disrupt the market in the future.
Overall, the market is expected to grow steadily over the next few years, driven by these key trends and challenges.

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How is this market segmented?

The market is a significant segment of the global petroleum industry, characterized by economic fluctuations and evolving consumer preferences. With the increasing focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change, the demand for diesel fuel is shifting towards more sustainable alternatives. Hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles are gaining popularity, leading to a decline in diesel sales. However, the transition to renewable energy is not an overnight process, and diesel will continue to play a crucial role in the energy mix. Economic factors, such as fuel prices and economic conditions, significantly impact the market. Regulatory pressures, including environmental regulations and carbon emissions targets, are driving innovation in engine oil, fuel additives, and lubricants to improve fuel efficiency and reduce carbon emissions.
The infrastructure development of fuel stations and investment in automation and customer experience are essential for profitability and staying competitive. The market is also influenced by the availability and adoption of alternative fuels, such as biodiesel and other renewable energy sources. The energy transition presents both opportunities and challenges for businesses in this sector, requiring a flexible business model and a commitment to sustainability. Overall, the market is an essential component of the global energy landscape, undergoing continuous change and adaptation to meet the evolving needs of consumers and the economy.

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in USD bn for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2024 for the following segments:

Sales Channel

  Gasoline Stations
  Gasoline Stations with Convenience Stores
  Fuel Dealers


Geography

  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Europe

    Germany
    UK
    Italy
    Spain


  North America

    Canada
    US


  South America & MEA

By Sales Channel Insights

The gasoline stations segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market is a significant sector within the global energy industry. According to the market is expected to experience steady growth due to the increasing demand for diesel fuel in various sectors such as transportation, construction, and power generation. Key factors driving this growth include the expanding industrial sector and the shift towards heavy-duty vehicles. Additionally, economic growth in developing countries is expected to boost demand for diesel fuel in the coming years. Market research firms also highlight the importance of supply-demand balance and government regulations in shaping the market dynamics.

Overall, the market is expected to remain a vital component of the global energy landscape.

Regional Analysis

The market experienced significant growth in the North American region in the year 2021, accounting for the largest market share. This region is expected to present lucrative opportunities for market participants in the upcoming years. Factors such as increasing transportation sectors and growing industrialization will significantly contribute to the market expansion in this region. Approximately 50% of the market growth is projected to originate from North America during the forecast period. The United States and Canada are the key markets for diesel fuel retail sales in North America. Market growth in this region is anticipated to be faster than in other regions due to the aforementioned factors.

Market Dynamics

Our diesel fuel retail sales market researchers analyzed the data with 2024 as the base year, along with the key drivers, trends, and challenges

In real terms, the UAE construction industry posted positive growth during the review period (2012–2016). Construction activity experienced a slight slowdown during 2015, owing to the impact of low oil prices. In addition, economic slowdown in China weighed on the UAE’s economic performance. Read More

Data were made available by the National Energy Efficiency Dataset (NEED). Access to the dataset can be found here. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/857035/anon_set_50k_2019.csv Data was complemented with information from Eurostat (Heating degree days and cooling degree days are not available anymore by region in Eurostat. Original dataset from Eurostat can be provided upon request) and the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy through https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/annual-domestic-energy-price-statistics. The version used in this paper was published on 26-Mar-2020. All the data gathered for this research belongs to a third parties and are available open access in their respective repositories. The raw data is included in the document Dataset.

In October 2025, the UK inflation rate was 3.8 percent, with prices rising fastest in the housing sector, which had an inflation rate of 7.3 percent. In this month, prices were rising in all sectors, with prices rising at the slowest pace in the furniture, household equipment and maintenance sector. UK inflation falls in 2024 After reaching a peak of 11.1 percent in October 2022, the CPI inflation rate in the UK gradually declined over several months, falling to a low of 1.7 percent by August 2024. An uptick in inflation has occurred since that month, however, and by the end of the year, inflation was at 2.5 percent above the Bank of England's target rate of two percent. Going into 2025, recent forecasts suggest that over the course of the year, inflation will average out at 2.6 percent, with the two percent target not met on an annual basis until at least 2029. Roots of the inflation crisis This long period of high inflation that the UK and much of the world experienced had its roots in the post-pandemic economic recovery of 2021. During that year, as consumer demand returned, global supply chains struggled to return to full capacity, resulting in prices rising. With inflation already elevated going into 2022, Russia's invasion of Ukraine added even more inflationary pressures to the global economy. European markets which were heavily reliant on Russian oil and gas gradually phased out hydrocarbons from their economies. Food prices were also heavily impacted due to Ukraine's difficulty in exporting its agricultural products.

This report is a contribution to the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA3) conducted by the Department of Trade and Industry (now Department of Energy and Climate Change). This study provides forecast information on probable activity levels, capital expenditure, tax revenues and employment resulting from exploration and production in the SEA3 area. The SEA3 area comprises 330 blocks or part blocks in the Central and Southern North Sea. Estimates were made of the reserves which might be discovered or developed. A cautious view was taken of the number of new developments which might emanate from licensing the area. The related exploration, appraisal, development and decommissioning costs were then estimated. Economic modelling was undertaken for different oil and gas prices to calculate for each development gross revenues, development costs, operating costs, and decommissioning costs. The taxation implications were also calculated. The impact of licensing the SEA3 area on the level of employment in the UK has been calculated. The proposed licensing would make a modest but worthwhile contribution towards moderating the downward trend of employment in the North Sea industry.

This is the latest version of the Global VAR (GVAR) dataset. The GVAR is a global modelling framework for analyzing the international macroeconomic transmission of shocks, taking into account drivers of economic activity, interlinkages and spillovers between different countries, and the effects of unobserved or observed common factors. This dataset includes quarterly macroeconomic variables for 33 economies (log real GDP, y, the rate of inflation, dp, short-term interest rate, r, long-term interest rate, lr, the log deflated exchange rate, ep, and log real equity prices, eq), as well as quarterly data on commodity prices (oil prices, poil, agricultural raw material, pmat, and metals prices, pmetal), over the 1979Q2 to 2016Q4 period. These 33 countries cover more than 90% of world GDP. You can download the data, as well as a description of the compilation, revision and updating of the GVAR Database, from here: http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/people-files/faculty/km418/research.html#gvar

It would be appreciated if use of the updated dataset could be acknowledged as: “Mohaddes, K. and M. Raissi (2018). Compilation, Revision and Updating of the Global VAR (GVAR) Database, 1979Q2-2016Q4. University of Cambridge: Faculty of Economics (mimeo)”.

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Lubricant Anti Wear Agents Market Size 2024-2028

The lubricant anti wear agents market size is forecast to increase by USD 108.6 million, at a CAGR of 2.78% between 2023 and 2028.

Major Market Trends & Insights

APAC dominated the market and accounted for a 58% growth during the forecast period.
By the Channel - Captive segment was valued at USD 377.90 million in 2022
By the Type - Zinc dialkyl di-thiophosphate segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2022

Market Size & Forecast

Market Opportunities: USD 17.42 million
Market Future Opportunities: USD 108.60 million
CAGR : 2.78%
APAC: Largest market in 2022

Market Summary

The lubricant anti-wear agents market is witnessing significant advancements, driven by the increasing need for reliable machinery and effective maintenance in various industries. These agents play a crucial role in reducing wear and tear, extending the lifespan of machinery, and improving overall operational efficiency. The growth is attributed to factors such as the expanding automotive sector, increasing industrialization, and the rising adoption of advanced technologies in lubricant production.
Furthermore, fluctuations in crude oil prices have led to a greater focus on energy efficiency and cost savings, further fueling market growth. Overall, the lubricant anti-wear agents market presents a dynamic and evolving landscape, with ongoing research and development efforts aimed at enhancing performance, reducing environmental impact, and addressing the specific needs of various industries.

What will be the Size of the Lubricant Anti Wear Agents Market during the forecast period?

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The lubricant anti-wear agents market encompasses a range of additives designed to mitigate engine component wear and reduce maintenance costs. These agents play a crucial role in improving component durability and extending lubricant life. Additive interaction is a key factor in enhancing scuffing resistance and friction coefficient reduction, contributing to advanced lubrication solutions. Two notable trends in the market include the adoption of sustainable lubrication solutions and the development of high-temperature lubrication technologies. For instance, bio-based lubricants are gaining traction due to their environmental benefits and material compatibility. Simultaneously, advanced material science has led to the creation of ep lubricant performance, which excels in extreme temperatures.
Improved fuel economy, extended oil life, and enhanced engine protection are significant advantages of using anti-wear agents. Wear debris analysis and advanced lubrication technologies, such as wear monitoring systems and friction control systems, further optimize lubricant performance. Despite the complexities of additive interaction and anti-wear additive selection, ongoing research and development in this sector ensure continuous advancements and innovation.

How is this Lubricant Anti Wear Agents Industry segmented?

The lubricant anti wear agents industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Channel

  Captive
  Merchant


Type

  Zinc dialkyl di-thiophosphate
  Phosphate
  Phosphite
  Phosphonate


Application

  Engine Oils
  Industrial Lubricants
  Hydraulic Fluids
  Greases


End-use Industry

  Automotive
  Industrial Machinery
  Aerospace
  Marine


Base Oil

  Mineral Oil
  Synthetic Oil
  Bio-Based Oil


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    Egypt
    KSA
    Oman
    UAE


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Argentina
    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Channel Insights

The captive segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The lubricant anti-wear agents market is witnessing significant growth due to the increasing demand for extended machinery life and reduced downtime in various industries. Synthetic base oils, such as polyalphaolefin and ester base oils, are increasingly being used in the production of lubricants due to their superior tribological properties, including boundary lubrication and load-carrying capacity. Anti-scuffing agents and wear prevention mechanisms are essential additives in lubricants that help prevent metal-to-metal contact and reduce wear and tear. Moreover, the use of nanomaterials in lubrication, viscosity index improvers, and oxidation resistance additives is gaining popularity due to their ability to enhance the performance of lubricants in extreme conditions.

The ma

Fuel prices, already high due to a recovering post-pandemic economy, surged even higher after Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 2022. As of May of that same year, UCOME (used cooking oil methyl ester) average wholesale prices were higher than any other fuel, standing at 2,607 U.S. dollars per metric ton of oil equivalent. This represented an increase of over 124 percent when compared to 2018/2019 average prices. However, the largest price increase was reported for TME (tallow methyl ester). As of May 2022, TME's average wholesale price amounted to 1,112 U.S. dollars per metric ton of oil equivalent, up by more than 133 percent in comparison to 2018/2019.

The price of gas in the United Kingdom was 80.1 British pence per therm in the third quarter of 2025. It is anticipated gas prices will increase to 85.4 pence in the first quarter of 2026 before gradually falling to just under 77.6 pence by the second quarter of of the year. Surging energy costs and the cost of living crisis At the height of the UK's cost of living crisis in 2022, approximately 91 percent of UK households were experiencing rising prices compared with the previous month. It was during 2022 that the UK's CPI inflation rate reached a peak of 11.1 percent, in October of that year. Food and energy, in particular, were the main drivers of inflation during this period, with energy inflation reaching 26.6 percent, and food prices increasing by 18.2 percent at the height of the crisis. Although prices fell to more expected levels by 2024, an uptick in inflation is forecast for 2025, with prices rising by 3.7 percent in the third quarter of the year. Global Inflation Crisis The UK was not alone in suffering rapid inflation during this time period, with several countries across the world experiencing an inflation crisis. The roots of the crisis began as the global economy gradually emerged from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. Blocked-up supply chains, struggled to recover as quickly as consumer demand, with food and energy prices also facing upward pressure. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 led to Europe gradually weening itself of cheap Russian energy exports, while for several months Ukraine struggled to export crucial food supplies to the rest of the World.

Shell had the highest annual revenue of all companies based in the United Kingdom in 2025, at approximately 284 billion U.S. dollars. BP had the second-highest annual revenue at over 189 billion dollars, followed by HSBC Holdings, which had a revenue of around 142 billion U.S. dollars. In terms of global employee numbers, however, Compass Group had the highest number among UK-based businesses, at approximately half a million in 2024, followed by Tesco at 336,400 and HSBC at almost 211,000. Big Oil, a banking giant, and Britain's top supermarket chain The two companies listed as having the most revenue in the UK this year are also two of the biggest oil and gas companies in the world, alongside Chevron, Eni, ExxonMobil, and TotalEnergies. After a huge surge in energy prices in 2022, these companies saw their profits recede slightly in 2023, but clearly remain in strong financial positions as of 2024. HSBC Holdings, meanwhile, was the largest bank in Europe in terms of market capitalization, and was estimated to have the second-highest number of UK-based customers in 2024. The company with the fourth-highest revenue in this year, Tesco has by some distance the largest grocery-market share in Great Britain, a position it has maintained despite growing competition from discounters like Lidl and Aldi. UK economy health check In the first quarter of 2025, the UK economy grew by 0.7 percent, emerging from a brief slowdown in growth towards the end of 2024. Consumer Price inflation, has, however, started to increase, with the inflation rate reaching 3.5 percent in April, the highest rate since January 2024. Furthermore, the UK labor market is showing signs of weakness, with quite a high number of job losses since the start of the year. Alongside these generally negative signs, business confidence in the UK has been falling, with the main concern of UK firms being that of taxation, as of early 2025.