Brazil's inflation rate demonstrated significant volatility between January 2018 and December 2024. Initially fluctuating between 1.88 and 4.94 percent, the rate dramatically peaked at 12.13 percent in April 2020. After a gradual decline to 3.16 percent in June 2023, it rose to 4.61 percent in August 2023. Throughout 2024, inflation decreased monthly until April, reaching 3.69 percent, before entering another inflationary phase. Simultaneously, the Central Bank of Brazil adjusted the Selic rate in response to these economic dynamics. Following a series of rate hikes from February 2021 to August 2022, the Selic reached 13.75 percent. This rate remained stable until July 2023, when a series of cuts began. By April 2024, the Selic had dropped to 10.75 percent, further reduced to 10.5 percent in May 2024. As inflation increased in the latter part of 2024, the central bank initiated rate hikes, setting the Selic at 12.25 percent in December 2024.

To mitigate the impact of inflation in 2023, most business-to-business (B2B) buyers revised their relationships with key suppliers in France. According to a survey, nearly nine in ten B2B buyers tried to obtain better supplying conditions in order to generate operational savings. As an alternative, 87 percent of surveyed buyers simply looked for other suppliers offering better options. Last in the ranking came tasks automation, as 61 percent of respondents considered this action effective in facing the inflationary crisis.

Explore the impact of inflation in Japan on living costs, with households and businesses facing increasing financial pressures amid rising prices for essentials.

Inflation is generally defined as the continued increase in the average prices of goods and services in a given region. Following the extremely high global inflation experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, global inflation has been relatively stable since the turn of the millennium, usually hovering between three and five percent per year. There was a sharp increase in 2008 due to the global financial crisis now known as the Great Recession, but inflation was fairly stable throughout the 2010s, before the current inflation crisis began in 2021. Recent years Despite the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the global inflation rate fell to 3.26 percent in the pandemic's first year, before rising to 4.66 percent in 2021. This increase came as the impact of supply chain delays began to take more of an effect on consumer prices, before the Russia-Ukraine war exacerbated this further. A series of compounding issues such as rising energy and food prices, fiscal instability in the wake of the pandemic, and consumer insecurity have created a new global recession, and global inflation in 2024 is estimated to have reached 5.76 percent. This is the highest annual increase in inflation since 1996. Venezuela Venezuela is the country with the highest individual inflation rate in the world, forecast at around 200 percent in 2022. While this is figure is over 100 times larger than the global average in most years, it actually marks a decrease in Venezuela's inflation rate, which had peaked at over 65,000 percent in 2018. Between 2016 and 2021, Venezuela experienced hyperinflation due to the government's excessive spending and printing of money in an attempt to curve its already-high inflation rate, and the wave of migrants that left the country resulted in one of the largest refugee crises in recent years. In addition to its economic problems, political instability and foreign sanctions pose further long-term problems for Venezuela. While hyperinflation may be coming to an end, it remains to be seen how much of an impact this will have on the economy, how living standards will change, and how many refugees may return in the coming years.

United States BIE: Labour Cost Effect on Price: Strong Downward Influence data was reported at 1.111 % in Nov 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.257 % for Aug 2023. United States BIE: Labour Cost Effect on Price: Strong Downward Influence data is updated quarterly, averaging 0.249 % from Nov 2011 (Median) to Nov 2023, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.710 % in Aug 2012 and a record low of 0.000 % in Feb 2023. United States BIE: Labour Cost Effect on Price: Strong Downward Influence data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.I108: Business Inflation Expectations Survey: Price Change. Business Inflation Expectations Survey Questionnaire: Projecting ahead over the next 12 months, how do you think the following five common influences will affect the prices of your products and/or services?

We study the impact of targeted price controls on supermarket products in Argentina between 2007 and 2015. Using web-scraping methods, we collected daily prices for controlled and non-controlled goods and examined the differential effects of the policy on inflation, product availability, entry and exit, and price dispersion. We first show that price controls have only a small and temporary effect on inflation that reverses itself as soon as the controls are lifted. Second, contrary to common beliefs, we find that controlled goods are consistently available for sale. Third, firms compensate for price controls by introducing new product varieties at higher prices, thereby increasing price dispersion within narrow categories. Overall, our results show that targeted price controls are just as ineffective as more traditional forms of price controls in reducing aggregate inflation.

United States BIE: Margin Adjustment Effect on Price: Little or Number Influence data was reported at 49.118 % in Nov 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 53.122 % for Aug 2023. United States BIE: Margin Adjustment Effect on Price: Little or Number Influence data is updated quarterly, averaging 57.349 % from Nov 2011 (Median) to Nov 2023, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 65.302 % in Nov 2020 and a record low of 45.019 % in May 2022. United States BIE: Margin Adjustment Effect on Price: Little or Number Influence data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.I114: Business Inflation Expectations Survey: Price Change. Business Inflation Expectations Survey Questionnaire: Projecting ahead over the next 12 months, how do you think the following five common influences will affect the prices of your products and/or services?

Professionals from Italian e-commerce players faced inflation's impact on their business. A survey from early 2023 showed that about four in ten companies had decreased margins to keep similar prices, whereas 31 percent of surveyed professionals stated their companies maintained similar prices but reduced discounts.

The global inflation management services market size was valued at USD 22.1 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow from USD 25.8 billion in 2025 to USD 49.2 billion by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of 8.6% during the forecast period. The market growth can be attributed to the rising concerns regarding inflation, increasing complexity of global supply chains, and growing adoption of inflation management services by businesses to mitigate the impact of inflation on their financial performance. The market is segmented into small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and large enterprises based on application. The SMEs segment held a larger market share in 2023 due to the higher vulnerability of SMEs to inflation. However, the large enterprise segment is anticipated to grow at a faster CAGR during the forecast period as large enterprises are increasingly recognizing the importance of inflation management services. The market is also segmented geographically into North America, South America, Europe, the Middle East & Africa, and Asia Pacific. The North American region held the largest market share in 2023, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific.

United States BIE: Productivity Effect on Price: Moderate Upward Influence data was reported at 16.668 % in Nov 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 17.710 % for Aug 2023. United States BIE: Productivity Effect on Price: Moderate Upward Influence data is updated quarterly, averaging 15.466 % from Nov 2011 (Median) to Nov 2023, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.200 % in Nov 2014 and a record low of 10.116 % in Nov 2020. United States BIE: Productivity Effect on Price: Moderate Upward Influence data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.I114: Business Inflation Expectations Survey: Price Change. Business Inflation Expectations Survey Questionnaire: Projecting ahead over the next 12 months, how do you think the following five common influences will affect the prices of your products and/or services?

In 2023, a survey found that to mitigate the effects of inflation, a significant proportion of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) had to resort to different strategies. A share of 36 percent of them utilized their personal savings to support the business, while 32 percent reduced their business activities. In addition, nearly one-fourth (23 percent) attempted to overcome the financial strain by implementing measures such as employee layoffs or salary cuts.

United States BIE: Productivity Effect on Price: Little or Number Influence data was reported at 65.816 % in Nov 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 69.331 % for Aug 2023. United States BIE: Productivity Effect on Price: Little or Number Influence data is updated quarterly, averaging 68.010 % from Nov 2011 (Median) to Nov 2023, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 79.949 % in Nov 2018 and a record low of 60.350 % in Nov 2014. United States BIE: Productivity Effect on Price: Little or Number Influence data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.I114: Business Inflation Expectations Survey: Price Change. Business Inflation Expectations Survey Questionnaire: Projecting ahead over the next 12 months, how do you think the following five common influences will affect the prices of your products and/or services?

Following the BoE’s interest rate cut, explore the immediate impact on the UK economy and how finance professionals and businesses can navigate the prospect of future reductions.

As of August 1, 2023, one U.S. dollar could buy 21,021.7 Sierra Leonean leones (SLL), the highest exchange rate among the African currencies. Furthermore, one U.S. dollar corresponded to 758.9 Nigerian naira (NGN), 30.85 Egyptian pounds (EGP), 18.03 South African rand (ZAR), and 9.86 Moroccan dirhams (MAD) as of the same date.

Exchange rates and inflation: a case study of West African countries

Exchange rates can affect a country's inflation rate and the purchasing power of its currency. If a country's currency depreciates significantly, it can lead to higher inflation as the cost of imported goods and services increases. Indeed, the inflation rate in Sierra Leone increased steeply over the past two years. The IMF further estimates that inflation will continue to rise before falling again. This high inflation and other factors also led to the depreciation of the SLL. Furthermore, a regional perspective showed that Nigeria and Liberia faced similar high inflation rates.

Businesses' strategies for tackling inflation

Unfavorable exchange rates negatively impact countries' economies. It does this in various ways, including limiting businesses' ability to grow. Issues such as inflation affect purchasing power and businesses' investment decisions. In 2023, a survey revealed that a substantial number of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) employed various measures to offset the impact of inflation. Approximately 36 percent of these businesses tapped into their personal savings to bolster their operations, while another 32 percent opted to scale down their business activities.

For 2024, cyber incidents were a leading business risk to companies of all sizes globally according to risk management experts worldwide. Some industries are more prone to cyberattacks than others. For instance, manufacturing was the most targeted industry globally by ransomware incidents in 2023. Meanwhile, the number of cyber incidents in the financial sector increased in recent years. How does cybercrime jeopardize businesses? Cyber incidents pose a multitude of risks to businesses across various aspects. Financially, they can result in direct losses through theft, ransom payments, or disruptions in operations, which affect revenue streams and stability. Between 2001 and 2023, the monetary damage from cybercrime in the United States rose from 17.8 million U.S. dollars to a staggering 12.5 billion dollars. What challenges do businesses face due to inflation? Inflation poses numerous challenges to organizations, affecting consumer spending, interest rates, driving up operational expenses, and creating uncertainty in strategic planning. Rising prices frequently result in increased costs for raw materials and wages, thereby reducing profit margins. Throughout much of the 2010s, inflation was consistently low, especially between 2013 and 2020, when it fluctuated between 2.7 and 3.6 percent. However, the annual global inflation rate peaked in 2022, at 8.71 percent, and is expected to decline in the following years. This heightened inflation was a sign that the global economy was undergoing a period of great uncertainty, which made it more expensive to do business.

Consumer price inflation statistics are important indicators of how the UK economy is performing. They are used in many ways by individuals, government, businesses and academics. Inflation statistics impact on everyone in some way as they affect interest rates, tax allowances, benefits, pensions, savings rates, maintenance contracts and many other payments. This article provides information about the users and uses of consumer price inflation statistics, and user experiences of these statistics, including the new CPIH and RPIJ measures. In addition, it also provides information on the characteristics of the different measures of consumer price inflation in relation to their potential use.

Source agency: Office for National Statistics

Designation: National Statistics

Language: English

Alternative title: consumer price inflation statistics

United States BIE: Labour Cost Effect on Price: Little or Number Influence data was reported at 13.035 % in Nov 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 18.833 % for Aug 2023. United States BIE: Labour Cost Effect on Price: Little or Number Influence data is updated quarterly, averaging 27.222 % from Nov 2011 (Median) to Nov 2023, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 48.121 % in Feb 2012 and a record low of 10.256 % in May 2022. United States BIE: Labour Cost Effect on Price: Little or Number Influence data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.I114: Business Inflation Expectations Survey: Price Change. Business Inflation Expectations Survey Questionnaire: Projecting ahead over the next 12 months, how do you think the following five common influences will affect the prices of your products and/or services?

United States BIE: Non-Labour Cost Effect on Price: Moderate Upward Influence data was reported at 55.426 % in Nov 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 61.910 % for Aug 2023. United States BIE: Non-Labour Cost Effect on Price: Moderate Upward Influence data is updated quarterly, averaging 55.563 % from Nov 2011 (Median) to Nov 2023, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 68.932 % in Feb 2013 and a record low of 31.101 % in May 2022. United States BIE: Non-Labour Cost Effect on Price: Moderate Upward Influence data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.I114: Business Inflation Expectations Survey: Price Change. Business Inflation Expectations Survey Questionnaire: Projecting ahead over the next 12 months, how do you think the following five common influences will affect the prices of your products and/or services?

Replication Data for: Synchronization without similarity. The effects of COVID-19 pandemic on GDP growth and inflation in the Eurozone

This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts and calculations presented in The International Economic Implications of a Second Trump Presidency, PIIE Working Paper 24-20.

If you use the data, please cite as:

McKibbin, Warwick, Megan Hogan, and Marcus Noland. 2024. The International Economic Implications of a Second Trump Presidency. PIIE Working Paper 24-20. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.