These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they there received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except of the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompany readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collections and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.This study examined services and supports provided by domestic violence programs. It had four main goals:Learn more about what domestic violence survivors want when they come to programs for supportive services, the extent to which survivors have had their service expectations met, and survivors' assessment of immediate outcomes associated with the services they receive.Learn more about how survivors' experiences, needs and immediate outcomes vary across demographic and domestic violence program characteristics.Identify multi-level factors associated with survivors' positive service experiences.Develop recommendations for domestic violence programs across the country for how they might improve their services.Data were collected during a nine month period from 1,467 survivors (Survivor Survey Data) from 90 domestic violence programs in four states: Alabama, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Washington. The states were chosen to maximize geographical, population, rural/urban and economic diversity. Programs were also selected (Program Survey Data) for participation by major national culturally-specific institutes and organizations, to help ensure diversity of the survivor and program samples. In addition, 10 focus groups were conducted with a total of 73 domestic violence survivors, with a focus on marginalized groups.

Interviews with 504 men receiving community treatment for alcohol and/or drugs in London and South East England, England (n=223) and Sao Paulo, Brazil (n=281) using a questionnaire to determine the lifetime and 12-month prevalence and factors associated with ever perpetrating intimate partner violence (IPV). Emotional, physical and/or sexual IPV, controlling behaviours, adverse childhood experiences, attitudes towards gender relations and roles, current health state, substance use, depressive symptoms and anger expression were assessed. Thereafter, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 (20 from England and 20 from Brazil) of the men who had reported IPV perpetration in the questionnaire interview. Intimate partner violence (IPV) (physical, sexual or psychological abuse) occurs in all countries, cultures and among all ethnic groups; however, there are culture-specific characteristics that need to be considered in prevention and treatment including: cultural definitions and expectations of appropriate sex roles, belief in the inherent superiority of males and acceptability of violence in conflict resolution. Despite this, our understanding of the role that cultural beliefs play in IPV perpetration is limited. Males in substance abuse treatment are more likely to be violent towards their female partners than non-substance abusers. Research suggests that 34-68% of men in substance abuse treatment have a history of IPV. Despite this, many perpetrator interventions do not address substance use, and therefore, reach far fewer individuals than substance abuse treatment programmes could. As a result, it has been argued that treatment for IPV should be integrated into substance abuse treatment. Currently, most substance abuse services lack the competencies to respond effectively to IPV. Few studies have examined IPV perpetration among substance abusers. None have examined cross-cultural issues. This project examined and compared the prevalence and cultural construction of IPV perpetration by males in substance abuse treatment in London and South East England (England) and Sao Paulo (Brazil). In addition, current policies, treatment protocols and care pathways for male substance abusing perpetrators in both countries were reviewed, and key stakeholders interviewed to identify the barriers and facilitators to working with this client group. The research informed the development of an evidence and theory based cross-cultural capacity framework for working effectively with male perpetrators in substance abuse treatment. An International Learning Alliance Steering Group of expert academics, practitioners and policy makers from England, Brazil, Spain and the US was established at the initiation of the project; to strengthen and support the exchange and dissemination of information, research, best practice and policy, and to determine how alcohol and drug services can best respond to IPV perpetration. In addition, local Learning Alliance networks of service users and providers, policy makers and academics were established in both London and Sao Paulo to develop cross-sector solutions to this complex problem, building on the knowledge transferred from this project into practice, thereby improving interventions for substance abusers who perpetrate IPV. The major potential benefit of this project is the capacity framework, developed collaboratively and inter-disciplinarily by members participating in the International Learning Alliance Steering Group and the local Learning Alliance networks in London and Sao Paulo. The framework considers how best to identify, assess and respond to intimate partner violence in substance abuse treatment and will clearly lay out the expected minimum standards for practice in working with perpetrators for the three levels of the substance abuse treatment workforce. The mainstreaming of IPV perpetration interventions to substance abuse treatment will ensure that perpetrator interventions reach a wider number of perpetrators than the Criminal Justice or Domestic Violence programmes alone and may decrease substance use and violence and improve the family functioning as a whole. In addition, these local partnerships between the substance abuse and domestic violence sectors will foster collaborative and cross-agency working; and raise awareness of the need for integrated policy for both sectors. Annually, IPV costs in the UK are estimated at £36.7 billion. Potential benefits of this work include the reduction of IPV perpetration by male substance abusers that should lead to a reduction in the resulting financial burden. Quantitative interviews: a convenience sample of 519 participants were recruited during November 2014 to June 2015 by researchers in six public health system funded outpatient community substance use services in São Paulo, Brazil, London and South East England. Men aged 18 or older, who were engaged in outpatient substance use treatment and were able to give informed consent, were eligible to participate. Qualitative interviews: men who reported having perpetrated IPV (including physical, psychological and sexual violence) in Phase 1 were informed after the questionnaire interview about the possibility of an additional in-depth interview. Forty men were purposively sampled to include a range of ages, types of substance and violence perpetrated in order to generate the maximum range of perspectives and experiences.

Women in times of COVID-19. Topics: negative impact of selected governmental measures to stop the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic on personal mental health (scale): workplace and office closures, school and childcare closures, lockdown and curfew measures, limitations in the number of people allowed to meet, travel restrictions; most frequent feelings since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic: feeling lonely or isolated, feeling worried or anxious, concerned about personal mental wellbeing, worried about others developing mental health problems, missing friends or family, worried about personal future, feeling trapped, feeling depressed, feeling bored, none; preferred point to turn or activity in case of feeling stressed or anxious: friends or family, religious or spiritual group, online group, general practitioner, psychologist, hospital, hobbies, work or colleagues, nothing; change in financial dependency from partner or family due to the pandemic; attitude towards the following statements on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: negative impact on personal work-life-balance, respondent does less paid work due to the pandemic’s impact on the job market, consideration / decision to permanently reduce the amount of time allocated to paid work, change of professional decisions, negative impact on personal income, respondent does less paid work due to the increase in work at home; assessment of the development of violence against women in the own country due to the pandemic; acquaintance with women who experienced one of the following forms of violence: domestic violence or abuse, economic violence, street harassment, harassment at work, online harassment / cyber violence; preferred key measures to be taken in order to reduce physical and emotional violence against women in the own country: more awareness raising campaigns and more education about the subject, increase awareness and training of police and judiciary on the subject, make it easier to report violence against women, increase the options for women to seek help, improve women’s access to healthcare, improve women’s access to abortion, more measures to tackle online harassment, increase women’s financial independence, other; preferred gender-related issues to be tackled by the Members of Parliament as a priority; likelihood to vote in the next European Parliament elections (Sunday question); self-rated interest with regard to European issues; importance of the own country being a member of the European Union (scale). Demography: nationality; type of community; family situation; age; sex; personal identification as: ethnic or religious minority, migrant / refugee / asylum seeker / displaced person, person with disabilities, LGBTIQ+, other minority group, none; age at end of education; occupation; professional position; household composition and household size. Additionally coded was: respondent ID; country; region; nation group; weighting factor. Frauen in Zeiten von COVID-19. Themen: negative Auswirkungen ausgewählter Regierungsmaßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der Corona-Pandemie auf die persönliche seelische Gesundheit (Skala): Schließungen von Arbeitsplatz und Büro, Schließungen von Schulen und Kinderbetreuung, Lockdown und Ausgangssperren, Kontaktbeschränkungen, Reisebeschränkungen; häufigste Gefühle seit Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie: Einsamkeit oder Isolation, Traurigkeit oder Ängstlichkeit, Besorgnis über persönliches seelisches Wohlbefinden, Besorgnis über das seelische Wohlbefinden anderer, Vermissen von Freunden oder Familie, Besorgnis über die persönliche Zukunft, Gefangensein, Depressionen, Langeweile, nichts davon; präferierter Kontakt bzw. präferierte Aktivität bei Problemen mit Stress oder Ängsten: Freunde oder Familie, religiöse oder spirituelle Gruppen, Online-Gruppen, Hausarzt, Psychologe, Krankenhaus, Hobbys, Arbeit oder Kollegen, nichts; Veränderung der finanziellen Abhängigkeit von Partner bzw. Familie aufgrund der Corona-Pandemie; Einstellung zu den folgenden Aussagen über die Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie: negative Auswirkungen auf persönliche Work-Life-Balance, weniger bezahlte Arbeit als gewünscht aufgrund der Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt, Überlegungen / Entscheidung zur Reduktion der Arbeitszeit, Änderung beruflicher Pläne, negative Auswirkungen auf das persönliche Einkommen, weniger bezahlte Arbeit aufgrund von Mehrarbeit im Haushalt; Bewertung der Veränderung der Gewalt gegen Frauen im eigenen Land aufgrund der Pandemie; Bekanntschaft mit Frauen, die Opfer einer der folgenden Arten von Gewalt geworden sind: häusliche Gewalt oder Missbrauch, wirtschaftliche Gewalt, Belästigung auf der Straße, Belästigung bei der Arbeit, Online-Belästigung / Cybergewalt; präferierte Schlüsselmaßnahmen zur Reduktion körperlicher und seelischer Gewalt gegen Frauen im eigenen Land: mehr Kampagnen zur Sensibilisierung und mehr Aufklärung zu dem Thema, verstärkte Sensibilisierung und Schulung von Polizei und Justiz zu dem Thema, Vereinfachung der Anzeige von Gewalt, mehr Hilfsangebote für Betroffene, verbesserter Zugang zu medizinischer Versorgung, vereinfachter Zugang zu Abtreibungen, mehr Maßnahmen gegen Online-Belästigungen, Stärkung der finanziellen Unabhängigkeit von Frauen, sonstiges; präferierte, von den Mitgliedern des Europäischen Parlaments vorrangig anzugehende geschlechtsbezogene Probleme; Wahrscheinlichkeit zur Teilnahme an den nächsten Wahlen zum Europäischen Parlament (Sonntagsfrage); Selbsteinschätzung des Interesses im Hinblick auf europäische Angelegenheiten; Wichtigkeit der EU-Mitgliedschaft des eigenen Landes (Skala). Demographie: Staatsangehörigkeit; Urbanisierungsgrad; Familiensituation; Alter; Geschlecht; persönliche Zugehörigkeit zu den folgenden Gruppen: ethnische oder religiöse Minderheit, Migranten / Flüchtlinge / Asylsuchende / Vertriebene, Personen mit Behinderungen, LGBTIQ+, andere Minderheitengruppe, nichts davon; Alter bei Beendigung der Ausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Stellung; Haushaltszusammensetzung und Haushaltsgröße. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten-ID; Land; Region; Nationengruppe; Gewichtungsfaktor.

Frauen in Zeiten von COVID-19. Themen: negative Auswirkungen ausgewählter Regierungsmaßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der Corona-Pandemie auf die persönliche seelische Gesundheit (Skala): Schließungen von Arbeitsplatz und Büro, Schließungen von Schulen und Kinderbetreuung, Lockdown und Ausgangssperren, Kontaktbeschränkungen, Reisebeschränkungen; häufigste Gefühle seit Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie: Einsamkeit oder Isolation, Traurigkeit oder Ängstlichkeit, Besorgnis über persönliches seelisches Wohlbefinden, Besorgnis über das seelische Wohlbefinden anderer, Vermissen von Freunden oder Familie, Besorgnis über die persönliche Zukunft, Gefangensein, Depressionen, Langeweile, nichts davon; präferierter Kontakt bzw. präferierte Aktivität bei Problemen mit Stress oder Ängsten: Freunde oder Familie, religiöse oder spirituelle Gruppen, Online-Gruppen, Hausarzt, Psychologe, Krankenhaus, Hobbys, Arbeit oder Kollegen, nichts; Veränderung der finanziellen Abhängigkeit von Partner bzw. Familie aufgrund der Corona-Pandemie; Einstellung zu den folgenden Aussagen über die Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie: negative Auswirkungen auf persönliche Work-Life-Balance, weniger bezahlte Arbeit als gewünscht aufgrund der Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt, Überlegungen / Entscheidung zur Reduktion der Arbeitszeit, Änderung beruflicher Pläne, negative Auswirkungen auf das persönliche Einkommen, weniger bezahlte Arbeit aufgrund von Mehrarbeit im Haushalt; Bewertung der Veränderung der Gewalt gegen Frauen im eigenen Land aufgrund der Pandemie; Bekanntschaft mit Frauen, die Opfer einer der folgenden Arten von Gewalt geworden sind: häusliche Gewalt oder Missbrauch, wirtschaftliche Gewalt, Belästigung auf der Straße, Belästigung bei der Arbeit, Online-Belästigung / Cybergewalt; präferierte Schlüsselmaßnahmen zur Reduktion körperlicher und seelischer Gewalt gegen Frauen im eigenen Land: mehr Kampagnen zur Sensibilisierung und mehr Aufklärung zu dem Thema, verstärkte Sensibilisierung und Schulung von Polizei und Justiz zu dem Thema, Vereinfachung der Anzeige von Gewalt, mehr Hilfsangebote für Betroffene, verbesserter Zugang zu medizinischer Versorgung, vereinfachter Zugang zu Abtreibungen, mehr Maßnahmen gegen Online-Belästigungen, Stärkung der finanziellen Unabhängigkeit von Frauen, sonstiges; präferierte, von den Mitgliedern des Europäischen Parlaments vorrangig anzugehende geschlechtsbezogene Probleme; Wahrscheinlichkeit zur Teilnahme an den nächsten Wahlen zum Europäischen Parlament (Sonntagsfrage); Selbsteinschätzung des Interesses im Hinblick auf europäische Angelegenheiten; Wichtigkeit der EU-Mitgliedschaft des eigenen Landes (Skala). Demographie: Staatsangehörigkeit; Urbanisierungsgrad; Familiensituation; Alter; Geschlecht; persönliche Zugehörigkeit zu den folgenden Gruppen: ethnische oder religiöse Minderheit, Migranten / Flüchtlinge / Asylsuchende / Vertriebene, Personen mit Behinderungen, LGBTIQ+, andere Minderheitengruppe, nichts davon; Alter bei Beendigung der Ausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Stellung; Haushaltszusammensetzung und Haushaltsgröße. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten-ID; Land; Region; Nationengruppe; Gewichtungsfaktor. Women in times of COVID-19. Topics: negative impact of selected governmental measures to stop the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic on personal mental health (scale): workplace and office closures, school and childcare closures, lockdown and curfew measures, limitations in the number of people allowed to meet, travel restrictions; most frequent feelings since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic: feeling lonely or isolated, feeling worried or anxious, concerned about personal mental wellbeing, worried about others developing mental health problems, missing friends or family, worried about personal future, feeling trapped, feeling depressed, feeling bored, none; preferred point to turn or activity in case of feeling stressed or anxious: friends or family, religious or spiritual group, online group, general practitioner, psychologist, hospital, hobbies, work or colleagues, nothing; change in financial dependency from partner or family due to the pandemic; attitude towards the following statements on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: negative impact on personal work-life-balance, respondent does less paid work due to the pandemic’s impact on the job market, consideration / decision to permanently reduce the amount of time allocated to paid work, change of professional decisions, negative impact on personal income, respondent does less paid work due to the increase in work at home; assessment of the development of violence against women in the own country due to the pandemic; acquaintance with women who experienced one of the following forms of violence: domestic violence or abuse, economic violence, street harassment, harassment at work, online harassment / cyber violence; preferred key measures to be taken in order to reduce physical and emotional violence against women in the own country: more awareness raising campaigns and more education about the subject, increase awareness and training of police and judiciary on the subject, make it easier to report violence against women, increase the options for women to seek help, improve women’s access to healthcare, improve women’s access to abortion, more measures to tackle online harassment, increase women’s financial independence, other; preferred gender-related issues to be tackled by the Members of Parliament as a priority; likelihood to vote in the next European Parliament elections (Sunday question); self-rated interest with regard to European issues; importance of the own country being a member of the European Union (scale). Demography: nationality; type of community; family situation; age; sex; personal identification as: ethnic or religious minority, migrant / refugee / asylum seeker / displaced person, person with disabilities, LGBTIQ+, other minority group, none; age at end of education; occupation; professional position; household composition and household size. Additionally coded was: respondent ID; country; region; nation group; weighting factor.

The Ukraine Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 6,841 women age 15-49 and 3,178 men age 15-49. Survey fieldwork was conducted during the period July through November 2007. The UDHS was conducted by the Ukrainian Center for Social Reforms in close collaboration with the State Statistical Committee of Ukraine. The MEASURE DHS Project provided technical support for the survey. The U.S. Agency for International Development/Kyiv Regional Mission to Ukraine, Moldova, and Belarus provided funding. The survey is a nationally representative sample survey designed to provide information on population and health issues in Ukraine. The primary goal of the survey was to develop a single integrated set of demographic and health data for the population of the Ukraine. The UDHS was conducted from July to November 2007 by the Ukrainian Center for Social Reforms (UCSR) in close collaboration with the State Statistical Committee (SSC) of Ukraine, which provided organizational and methodological support. Macro International Inc. provided technical assistance for the survey through the MEASURE DHS project. USAID/Kyiv Regional Mission to Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus provided funding for the survey through the MEASURE DHS project. MEASURE DHS is sponsored by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to assist countries worldwide in obtaining information on key population and health indicators. The 2007 UDHS collected national- and regional-level data on fertility and contraceptive use, maternal health, adult health and life style, infant and child mortality, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The survey obtained detailed information on these issues from women of reproductive age and, on certain topics, from men as well. The results of the 2007 UDHS are intended to provide the information needed to evaluate existing social programs and to design new strategies for improving the health of Ukrainians and health services for the people of Ukraine. The 2007 UDHS also contributes to the growing international database on demographic and health-related variables. MAIN RESULTS Fertility rates. A useful index of the level of fertility is the total fertility rate (TFR), which indicates the number of children a woman would have if she passed through the childbearing ages at the current age-specific fertility rates (ASFR). The TFR, estimated for the three-year period preceding the survey, is 1.2 children per woman. This is below replacement level. Contraception : Knowledge and ever use. Knowledge of contraception is widespread in Ukraine. Among married women, knowledge of at least one method is universal (99 percent). On average, married women reported knowledge of seven methods of contraception. Eighty-nine percent of married women have used a method of contraception at some time. Abortion rates. The use of abortion can be measured by the total abortion rate (TAR), which indicates the number of abortions a woman would have in her lifetime if she passed through her childbearing years at the current age-specific abortion rates. The UDHS estimate of the TAR indicates that a woman in Ukraine will have an average of 0.4 abortions during her lifetime. This rate is considerably lower than the comparable rate in the 1999 Ukraine Reproductive Health Survey (URHS) of 1.6. Despite this decline, among pregnancies ending in the three years preceding the survey, one in four pregnancies (25 percent) ended in an induced abortion. Antenatal care. Ukraine has a well-developed health system with an extensive infrastructure of facilities that provide maternal care services. Overall, the levels of antenatal care and delivery assistance are high. Virtually all mothers receive antenatal care from professional health providers (doctors, nurses, and midwives) with negligible differences between urban and rural areas. Seventy-five percent of pregnant women have six or more antenatal care visits; 27 percent have 15 or more ANC visits. The percentage is slightly higher in rural areas than in urban areas (78 percent compared with 73 percent). However, a smaller proportion of rural women than urban women have 15 or more antenatal care visits (23 percent and 29 percent, respectively). HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections : The currently low level of HIV infection in Ukraine provides a unique window of opportunity for early targeted interventions to prevent further spread of the disease. However, the increases in the cumulative incidence of HIV infection suggest that this window of opportunity is rapidly closing. Adult Health : The major causes of death in Ukraine are similar to those in industrialized countries (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and accidents), but there is also a rising incidence of certain infectious diseases, such as multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Women's status : Sixty-four percent of married women make decisions on their own about their own health care, 33 percent decide jointly with their husband/partner, and 1 percent say that their husband or someone else is the primary decisionmaker about the woman's own health care. Domestic Violence : Overall, 17 percent of women age 15-49 experienced some type of physical violence between age 15 and the time of the survey. Nine percent of all women experienced at least one episode of violence in the 12 months preceding the survey. One percent of the women said they had often been subjected to violent physical acts during the past year. Overall, the data indicate that husbands are the main perpetrators of physical violence against women. Human Trafficking : The UDHS collected information on respondents' awareness of human trafficking in Ukraine and, if applicable, knowledge about any household members who had been the victim of human trafficking during the three years preceding the survey. More than half (52 percent) of respondents to the household questionnaire reported that they had heard of a person experiencing this problem and 10 percent reported that they knew personally someone who had experienced human trafficking.

Background: Violence against women has been a consistent phenomenon in all societies, regardless of its demographic characteristics. Especially in a developing country like Bangladesh, where society is going through rapid changes with constant inequality between males and females, this social melancholy is even more severe. Inevitably, violence against any entity is caused by the subordination of that very entity. In a general sense, violence against women can be prevented if women have access to education and are able to participate in economic activity. However, multiple pieces of research abscond this phenomenon by quoting that ‘employment is not empowerment.’Methods: Considering violence against women as one of the severe forms of disempowerment, the authors further extended this concept by using different sets of data to unmask how different types of violence against women are being impacted by the role of economic performance of both men and women. With numerical data from different sources i.e., the World Bank and Ain o Salish Kendro (ASK), the authors have opted for Pearson correlation and ordinary least squared (OLS) methods of regression to unveil the associations followed by magnitudes.Results: This study finds that the unemployment status of men proportionally affects violence against women (domestic, dowry induced, and rape) and the unemployment status of women is inversely proportional with non-monolithic magnitude in this regard.Conclusion: This paper suggests immediate deterrence/ and sufficient change of current policies to empower women. To limit the occurrences of violence against women, re-examining the causal factors are now pivotal. In depth analysis for each type of violence against women is to be done prior to formulating any policy. The authors argue, no one solution can serve efficiently. As such, size in this context and close monitoring is as it is already proven that current policies and practices hardly limits the occurrences of violence against women in Bangladesh.

The 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey (2015 AfDHS) is the first DHS survey conducted in Afghanistan. The main objective of the 2015 AfDHS is to provide up-to-date information on fertility and childhood mortality levels; fertility preferences; awareness, approval, and use of family planning methods; maternal and child health; and knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The 2015 AfDHS calls for a nationally representative sample of 25,650 residential households; in all the sample households, all ever-married women age 15-49 who are usual members of the selected households and those who spent the night before the survey in the selected households were eligible to be interviewed in the survey. In half of the sample households, all ever-married men age 15-49 who are usual members of the selected households and those who spent the night before the survey in the selected households were eligible to be interviewed in the survey. In each household, one woman age 15-49 was randomly selected to be eligible for the Domestic Violence module. The 2015 AfDHS was designed to provide most of the key indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the 34 provinces in Afghanistan. These provinces are located in eight regions as follows: The Northern region: Balkh, Faryab, Jawzjan, Samangan, and Sar-E-Pul The North Eastern region: Badakhshan, Baghlan, Kunduz, and Takhar The Western region: Badghis, Farah, Ghor, and Herat The Central Highland region: Bamyan and Daykundi The Capital region: Kabul, Kapisa, Logar, Panjsher, Parwan, and Wardak The Southern region: Ghazni, Helmand, Kandahar, Nimroz, Urozgan, and Zabul The South Eastern region: Khost, Paktika, and Paktya The Eastern region: Kunarha, Laghman, Nangarhar, and Nooristan

The 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (2003 KDHS) is a nationally representative sample survey of 8,195 women age 15 to 49 and 3,578 men age 15 to 54 selected from 400 sample points (clusters) throughout Kenya. It is designed to provide data to monitor the population and health situation in Kenya as a follow-up of the 1989, 1993 and 1998 KDHS surveys. The survey utilised a two-stage sample based on the 1999 Population and Housing Census and was designed to produce separate estimates for key indicators for each of the eight provinces in Kenya. Unlike prior KDHS surveys, the 2003 KDHS covered the northern half of Kenya. Data collection took place over a five-month period, from 18 April to 15 September 2003. OBJECTIVES The 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) is the latest in a series of national level population and health surveys to be carried out in Kenya in the last three decades. The 2003 KDHS is designed to provide data to monitor the population and health situation in Kenya and to be a follow-up to the 1989, 1993, and 1998 KDHS surveys. The survey obtained detailed information on fertility levels; marriage; sexual activity; fertility preferences; awareness and use of family planning methods; breastfeeding practices; nutritional status of women and young children; childhood and maternal mortality; maternal and child health; and awareness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. New features of the 2003 KDHS include the collection of information on malaria and the use of mosquito nets, domestic violence, and HIV testing of adults. More specifically, the objectives of the 2003 KDHS were to: At the national and provincial level, provide data that allow the derivation of demographic rates, particularly fertility and childhood mortality rates, which can be used to evaluate the achievements of the current national population policy for sustainable development; Measure changes in fertility and contraceptive prevalence use and at the same time study the factors that affect these changes, such as marriage patterns, desire for children, availability of contraception, breastfeeding habits, and important social and economic factors; Examine the basic indicators of maternal and child health in Kenya, including nutritional status, use of antenatal and maternity services, treatment of recent episodes of childhood illness, use of immunisation services, use of mosquito nets, and treatment of children and pregnant women for malaria; Describe the patterns of knowledge and behaviour related to the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections; Estimate adult and maternal mortality ratios at the national level; Ascertain the extent and pattern of domestic violence and female genital cutting in the country; Estimate the prevalence of HIV in the country at the national and provincial level and use the data to corroborate the rates from the sentinel surveillance system.

The 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (2008 NDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 13,594 women age 15-49 from 12,469 households successfully interviewed, covering 794 enumeration areas (clusters) throughout the Philippines. This survey is the ninth in a series of demographic and health surveys conducted to assess the demographic and health situation in the country. The survey obtained detailed information on fertility levels, marriage, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of women and young children, childhood mortality, maternal and child health, and knowledge and attitudes regarding HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. Also, for the first time, the Philippines NDHS gathered information on violence against women. The 2008 NDHS was conducted by the Philippine National Statistics Office (NSO). Technical assistance was provided by ICF Macro through the MEASURE DHS program. Funding for the survey was mainly provided by the Government of the Philippines. Financial support for some preparatory and processing phases of the survey was provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Like previous Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in the Philippines, the 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) was primarily designed to provide information on population, family planning, and health to be used in evaluating and designing policies, programs, and strategies for improving health and family planning services in the country. The 2008 NDHS also included questions on domestic violence. Specifically, the 2008 NDHS had the following objectives: Collect data at the national level that will allow the estimation of demographic rates, particularly, fertility rates by urban-rural residence and region, and under-five mortality rates at the national level. Analyze the direct and indirect factors which determine the levels and patterns of fertility. Measure the level of contraceptive knowledge and practice by method, urban-rural residence, and region. Collect data on family health: immunizations, prenatal and postnatal checkups, assistance at delivery, breastfeeding, and prevalence and treatment of diarrhea, fever, and acute respiratory infections among children under five years. Collect data on environmental health, utilization of health facilities, prevalence of common noncommunicable and infectious diseases, and membership in health insurance plans. Collect data on awareness of tuberculosis. Determine women's knowledge about HIV/AIDS and access to HIV testing. Determine the extent of violence against women. MAIN RESULTS FERTILITY Fertility Levels and Trends. There has been a steady decline in fertility in the Philippines in the past 36 years. From 6.0 children per woman in 1970, the total fertility rate (TFR) in the Philippines declined to 3.3 children per woman in 2006. The current fertility level in the country is relatively high compared with other countries in Southeast Asia, such as Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia, where the TFR is below 2 children per woman. Fertility Differentials. Fertility varies substantially across subgroups of women. Urban women have, on average, 2.8 children compared with 3.8 children per woman in rural areas. The level of fertility has a negative relationship with education; the fertility rate of women who have attended college (2.3 children per woman) is about half that of women who have been to elementary school (4.5 children per woman). Fertility also decreases with household wealth: women in wealthier households have fewer children than those in poorer households. FAMILY PLANNING Knowledge of Contraception. Knowledge of family planning is universal in the Philippines- almost all women know at least one method of fam-ily planning. At least 90 percent of currently married women have heard of the pill, male condoms, injectables, and female sterilization, while 87 percent know about the IUD and 68 percent know about male sterilization. On average, currently married women know eight methods of family planning. Unmet Need for Family Planning. Unmet need for family planning is defined as the percentage of currently married women who either do not want any more children or want to wait before having their next birth, but are not using any method of family planning. The 2008 NDHS data show that the total unmet need for family planning in the Philippines is 22 percent, of which 13 percent is limiting and 9 percent is for spacing. The level of unmet need has increased from 17 percent in 2003. Overall, the total demand for family planning in the Philippines is 73 percent, of which 69 percent has been satisfied. If all of need were satisfied, a contraceptive prevalence rate of about 73 percent could, theoretically, be expected. Comparison with the 2003 NDHS indicates that the percentage of demand satisfied has declined from 75 percent. MATERNAL HEALTH Antenatal Care. Nine in ten Filipino mothers received some antenatal care (ANC) from a medical professional, either a nurse or midwife (52 percent) or a doctor (39 percent). Most women have at least four antenatal care visits. More than half (54 percent) of women had an antenatal care visit during the first trimester of pregnancy, as recommended. While more than 90 percent of women who received antenatal care had their blood pressure monitored and weight measured, only 54 percent had their urine sample taken and 47 percent had their blood sample taken. About seven in ten women were informed of pregnancy complications. Three in four births in the Philippines are protected against neonatal tetanus. Delivery and Postnatal Care. Only 44 percent of births in the Philippines occur in health facilities-27 percent in a public facility and 18 percent in a private facility. More than half (56 percent) of births are still delivered at home. Sixty-two percent of births are assisted by a health professional-35 percent by a doctor and 27 percent by a midwife or nurse. Thirty-six percent are assisted by a traditional birth attendant or hilot. About 10 percent of births are delivered by C-section. The Department of Health (DOH) recommends that mothers receive a postpartum check within 48 hours of delivery. A majority of women (77 percent) had a postnatal checkup within two days of delivery; 14 percent had a postnatal checkup 3 to 41 days after delivery. CHILD HEALTH Childhood Mortality. Childhood mortality continues to decline in the Philippines. Currently, about one in every 30 children in the Philippines dies before his or her fifth birthday. The infant mortality rate for the five years before the survey (roughly 2004-2008) is 25 deaths per 1,000 live births and the under-five mortality rate is 34 deaths per 1,000 live births. This is lower than the rates of 29 and 40 reported in 2003, respectively. The neonatal mortality rate, representing death in the first month of life, is 16 deaths per 1,000 live births. Under-five mortality decreases as household wealth increases; children from the poorest families are three times more likely to die before the age of five as those from the wealthiest families. There is a strong association between under-five mortality and mother's education. It ranges from 47 deaths per 1,000 live births among children of women with elementary education to 18 deaths per 1,000 live births among children of women who attended college. As in the 2003 NDHS, the highest level of under-five mortality is observed in ARMM (94 deaths per 1,000 live births), while the lowest is observed in NCR (24 deaths per 1,000 live births). NUTRITION Breastfeeding Practices. Eighty-eight percent of children born in the Philippines are breastfed. There has been no change in this practice since 1993. In addition, the median durations of any breastfeeding and of exclusive breastfeeding have remained at 14 months and less than one month, respectively. Although it is recommended that infants should not be given anything other than breast milk until six months of age, only one-third of Filipino children under six months are exclusively breastfed. Complementary foods should be introduced when a child is six months old to reduce the risk of malnutrition. More than half of children ages 6-9 months are eating complementary foods in addition to being breastfed. The Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) guidelines contain specific recommendations for the number of times that young children in various age groups should be fed each day as well as the number of food groups from which they should be fed. NDHS data indicate that just over half of children age 6-23 months (55 percent) were fed according to the IYCF guidelines. HIV/AIDS Awareness of HIV/AIDS. While over 94 percent of women have heard of AIDS, only 53 percent know the two major methods for preventing transmission of HIV (using condoms and limiting sex to one uninfected partner). Only 45 percent of young women age 15-49 know these two methods for preventing HIV transmission. Knowledge of prevention methods is higher in urban areas than in rural areas and increases dramatically with education and wealth. For example, only 16 percent of women with no education know that using condoms limits the risk of HIV infection compared with 69 percent of those who have attended college. TUBERCULOSIS Knowledge of TB. While awareness of tuberculosis (TB) is high, knowledge of its causes and symptoms is less common. Only 1 in 4 women know that TB is caused by microbes, germs or bacteria. Instead, respondents tend to say that TB is caused by smoking or drinking alcohol, or that it is inherited. Symptoms associated with TB are better recognized. Over half of the respondents cited coughing, while 39 percent mentioned weight loss, 35 percent mentioned blood in sputum, and 30 percent cited coughing with sputum. WOMEN'S STATUS Women's Status and Employment.

Abstract

The 2017 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS 2017) is a nationwide survey with a nationally representative sample of approximately 30,832 housing units. The primary objective of the survey is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the NDHS 2017 collected information on marriage, fertility levels, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding, maternal and child health, child mortality, awareness and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS, women’s empowerment, domestic violence, and other health-related issues such as smoking.

The information collected through the NDHS 2017 is intended to assist policymakers and program managers in the Department of Health (DOH) and other organizations in designing and evaluating programs and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents) and all women age 15-49 years resident in the sample household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling scheme provides data representative of the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the country’s administrative regions. The sample selection methodology for the NDHS 2017 is based on a two-stage stratified sample design using the Master Sample Frame (MSF), designed and compiled by the PSA. The MSF is constructed based on the results of the 2010 Census of Population and Housing and updated based on the 2015 Census of Population. The first stage involved a systematic selection of 1,250 primary sampling units (PSUs) distributed by province or HUC. A PSU can be a barangay, a portion of a large barangay, or two or more adjacent small barangays.

In the second stage, an equal take of either 20 or 26 sample housing units were selected from each sampled PSU using systematic random sampling. In situations where a housing unit contained one to three households, all households were interviewed. In the rare situation where a housing unit contained more than three households, no more than three households were interviewed. The survey interviewers were instructed to interview only the pre-selected housing units. No replacements and no changes of the preselected housing units were allowed in the implementing stage in order to prevent bias. Survey weights were calculated, added to the data file, and applied so that weighted results are representative estimates of indicators at the regional and national levels.

All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the households the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. Among women eligible for an individual interview, one woman per household was selected for a module on domestic violence.

For further details on sample design, see Appendix A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Two questionnaires were used for the NDHS 2017: the Household Questionnaire and the Woman’s Questionnaire. Both questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s standard Demographic and Health Survey (DHS-7) questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to the Philippines. Input was solicited from various stakeholders representing government agencies, universities, and international agencies.

Cleaning operations

The processing of the NDHS 2017 data began almost as soon as fieldwork started. As data collection was completed in each PSU, all electronic data files were transferred via an Internet file streaming system (IFSS) to the PSA central office in Quezon City. These data files were registered and checked for inconsistencies, incompleteness, and outliers. The field teams were alerted to any inconsistencies and errors while still in the PSU. Secondary editing involved resolving inconsistencies and the coding of openended questions; the former was carried out in the central office by a senior data processor, while the latter was taken on by regional coordinators and central office staff during a 5-day workshop following the completion of the fieldwork. Data editing was carried out using the CSPro software package. The concurrent processing of the data offered a distinct advantage, because it maximized the likelihood of the data being error-free and accurate. Timely generation of field check tables allowed for more effective monitoring. The secondary editing of the data was completed by November 2017. The final cleaning of the data set was carried out by data processing specialists from The DHS Program by the end of December 2017.

Response rate

A total of 31,791 households were selected for the sample, of which 27,855 were occupied. Of the occupied households, 27,496 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99%. In the interviewed households, 25,690 women age 15-49 were identified for individual interviews; interviews were completed with 25,074 women, yielding a response rate of 98%.

The household response rate is slightly lower in urban areas than in rural areas (98% and 99%, respectively); however, there is no difference by urban-rural residence in response rates among women (98% for each).

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: nonsampling errors and sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2017 to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the NDHS 2017 is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the NDHS 2017 sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. Sampling errors are computed in SAS, using programs developed by ICF. These programs use the Taylor linearization method to estimate variances for survey estimates that are means, proportions, or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in Appendix B of the survey final report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables - Household age distribution - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women - Completeness of reporting - Births by calendar years - Reporting of age at death in days - Reporting of age at death in months

See details of the data quality tables in Appendix C of the survey final report.

Abstract

The 2022 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (2022 GDHS) is the seventh in the series of DHS surveys conducted by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health/Ghana Health Service (MoH/GHS) and other stakeholders, with funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and other partners.

The primary objective of the 2022 GDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the GDHS collected information on: - Fertility levels and preferences, contraceptive use, antenatal and delivery care, maternal and child health, childhood mortality, childhood immunisation, breastfeeding and young child feeding practices, women’s dietary diversity, violence against women, gender, nutritional status of adults and children, awareness regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections, tobacco use, and other indicators relevant for the Sustainable Development Goals - Haemoglobin levels of women and children - Prevalence of malaria parasitaemia (rapid diagnostic testing and thick slides for malaria parasitaemia in the field and microscopy in the lab) among children age 6–59 months - Use of treated mosquito nets - Use of antimalarial drugs for treatment of fever among children under age 5

The information collected through the 2022 GDHS is intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in designing and evaluating programmes and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15-59

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49, men aged 15-59, and all children aged 0-4 resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

To achieve the objectives of the 2022 GDHS, a stratified representative sample of 18,450 households was selected in 618 clusters, which resulted in 15,014 interviewed women age 15–49 and 7,044 interviewed men age 15–59 (in one of every two households selected).

The sampling frame used for the 2022 GDHS is the updated frame prepared by the GSS based on the 2021 Population and Housing Census.1 The sampling procedure used in the 2022 GDHS was stratified two-stage cluster sampling, designed to yield representative results at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for each of the country’s 16 regions for most DHS indicators. In the first stage, 618 target clusters were selected from the sampling frame using a probability proportional to size strategy for urban and rural areas in each region. Then the number of targeted clusters were selected with equal probability systematic random sampling of the clusters selected in the first phase for urban and rural areas. In the second stage, after selection of the clusters, a household listing and map updating operation was carried out in all of the selected clusters to develop a list of households for each cluster. This list served as a sampling frame for selection of the household sample. The GSS organized a 5-day training course on listing procedures for listers and mappers with support from ICF. The listers and mappers were organized into 25 teams consisting of one lister and one mapper per team. The teams spent 2 months completing the listing operation. In addition to listing the households, the listers collected the geographical coordinates of each household using GPS dongles provided by ICF and in accordance with the instructions in the DHS listing manual. The household listing was carried out using tablet computers, with software provided by The DHS Program. A fixed number of 30 households in each cluster were randomly selected from the list for interviews.

For further details on sample design, see APPENDIX A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face computer-assisted interviews [capi]

Research instrument

Four questionnaires were used in the 2022 GDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, and the Biomarker Questionnaire. The questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s model questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Ghana. In addition, a self-administered Fieldworker Questionnaire collected information about the survey’s fieldworkers.

The GSS organized a questionnaire design workshop with support from ICF and obtained input from government and development partners expected to use the resulting data. The DHS Program optional modules on domestic violence, malaria, and social and behavior change communication were incorporated into the Woman’s Questionnaire. ICF provided technical assistance in adapting the modules to the questionnaires.

Cleaning operations

DHS staff installed all central office programmes, data structure checks, secondary editing, and field check tables from 17–20 October 2022. Central office training was implemented using the practice data to test the central office system and field check tables. Seven GSS staff members (four male and three female) were trained on the functionality of the central office menu, including accepting clusters from the field, data editing procedures, and producing reports to monitor fieldwork.

From 27 February to 17 March, DHS staff visited the Ghana Statistical Service office in Accra to work with the GSS central office staff on finishing the secondary editing and to clean and finalize all data received from the 618 clusters.

Response rate

A total of 18,540 households were selected for the GDHS sample, of which 18,065 were found to be occupied. Of the occupied households, 17,933 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99%. In the interviewed households, 15,317 women age 15–49 were identified as eligible for individual interviews. Interviews were completed with 15,014 women, yielding a response rate of 98%. In the subsample of households selected for the male survey, 7,263 men age 15–59 were identified as eligible for individual interviews and 7,044 were successfully interviewed.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2022 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (2022 GDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2022 GDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and identical size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results. A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2022 GDHS sample was the result of a multistage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the GDHS 2022 is an SAS program. This program used the Taylor linearization method to estimate variances for survey estimates that are means, proportions, or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in APPENDIX B of the survey report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables

• Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
• Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men
• Age displacement at age 14/15
• Age displacement at age 49/50
• Pregnancy outcomes by years preceding the survey
• Completeness of reporting
• Standardisation exercise results from anthropometry training
• Height and weight data completeness and quality for children
• Height measurements from random subsample of measured children
• Interference in height and weight measurements of children
• Interference in height and weight measurements of women and men
• Heaping in anthropometric measurements for children (digit preference)
• Observation of mosquito nets
• Observation of handwashing facility
• School attendance by single year of age
• Vaccination cards photographed
• Number of

Association of IPV with various independent parameters using Spearman’s rank correlation.