Association tests that pool minor alleles into a measure of burden at a locus have been proposed for case-control studies using sequence data containing rare variants. However, such pooling tests are not robust to the inclusion of neutral and protective variants, which can mask the association signal from risk variants. Early studies proposing pooling tests dismissed methods for locus-wide inference using nonnegative single-variant test statistics based on unrealistic comparisons. However, such methods are robust to the inclusion of neutral and protective variants and therefore may be more useful than previously appreciated. In fact, some recently proposed methods derived within different frameworks are equivalent to performing inference on weighted sums of squared single-variant score statistics. In this study, we compared two existing methods for locus-wide inference using nonnegative single-variant test statistics to two widely cited pooling tests under more realistic conditions. We established analytic results for a simple model with one rare risk and one rare neutral variant, which demonstrated that pooling tests were less powerful than even Bonferroni-corrected single-variant tests in most realistic situations. We also performed simulations using variants with realistic minor allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium spectra, disease models with multiple rare risk variants and extensive neutral variation, and varying rates of missing genotypes. In all scenarios considered, existing methods using nonnegative single-variant test statistics had power comparable to or greater than two widely cited pooling tests. Moreover, in disease models with only rare risk variants, an existing method based on the maximum single-variant Cochran-Armitage trend chi-square statistic in the locus had power comparable to or greater than another existing method closely related to some recently proposed methods. We conclude that efficient locus-wide inference using single-variant test statistics should be reconsidered as a useful framework for devising powerful association tests in sequence data with rare variants.

Experimental data and software for the paper: Defaults: a double-edged sword in governing common resources

The experiment consisted in three treatments of the Common Pool Resource Dilemma, where three default interventions were applied: pro-social, self-serving and no default. Plus, the participants had to complete an SVO task and a Risk assessment task.

Description of the data and file structure

In the file called all_participants.csv is the full dataset of all participants that took part of the experiment. This includes participants who will end up excluded and dropouts.

The experimental data files come in two formats: wide and long. The wide version, called data_wide_format.csv contains one row per participant and a column for all the fields, including rounds from 1 to 10 of the CPR task. Also, this file includes all demographic information of the participants, times and payments. The ID shown is generated internally and has no relationship with the participants' Prolific ID.

The long version, called data_long_format.csv, contains 10 rows per participant, and columns for the extraction and other variables necessary for analysis. This version contains the necessary data to reproduce all the figures and statistics detailed in the main manuscript.

In both of the previous files, the participants taken into account were the ones who completed the whole experiment. Those who did not complete the comprehension test, dropped out or did not sign the Informed Consent Form were excluded from the experimental data used. More details in the Methods below.

In the file default_opinions.csv, we manually classified the responses by participants to whether they were influenced by the default presented.

The file "Instructions of the experiment.pdf" contains the instructions of the experiment as shown to participants, also screenshots of the platform.

Increasing genetic and phenotypic data size is critical for understanding the genetic determinants of diseases. Evidently, establishing practical means for collaboration and data sharing among institutions is a fundamental methodological barrier for performing high-powered studies. As the sample sizes become more heterogeneous, complex statistical approaches, such as generalized linear mixed effects models, must be used to correct for the confounders that may bias results. On another front, due to the privacy concerns around Protected Health Information (PHI), genetic information is restrictively protected by sharing according to regulations such as Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). This limits data sharing among institutions and hampers efforts around executing high-powered collaborative studies. Federated approaches are promising to alleviate the issues around privacy and performance, since sensitive data never leaves the local sites. Motivated by these, we developed FedGMMAT, a federated genetic association testing tool that utilizes a federated statistical testing approach for efficient association tests that can correct for confounding fixed and additive polygenic random effects among different collaborating sites. Genetic data is never shared among collaborating sites, and the intermediate statistics are protected by encryption. Using simulated and real datasets, we demonstrate FedGMMAT can achieve the virtually same results as pooled analysis under a privacy-preserving framework with practical resource requirements.

Summary statistics for tests for heterogeneity to assess validity of pooling data across colonies.

IntroductionValid and reliable scores from measurement tools to test competency in basic manual wheelchair-service-provision are needed to promote good practice and support capacity building. The International Society of Wheelchair Professionals’ (ISWP) Basic Test Version 1 in English, launched in 2015, is the most frequently used outcome measure tool to test basic manual wheelchair-service-provision knowledge and is part of an international certification process. Despite the wide acceptance and use of the test, its psychometric properties have not yet been established. The objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate the test’s psychometric properties, 2) to develop the test’s Version 2, and 3) to evaluate the content validity of the new version.MethodsFor Objective 1, methods from the Classical Test Theory were used to obtain items’ difficulty, item discrimination index and domains’ reliability. For Objective 2, a team of experts in wheelchair service delivery and education conducted a systematic qualitative review of the questions’ text and answers and updated them using evidence-based guidelines. For Objective 3, an external team reviewed the clarity, relevance and domain allocation of the developed items using a 4-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were used to describe and characterize the results for each objective. Item-content (I-CVI) and Scale-content (S-CVI) validity indexes were calculated to compute content validity.ResultsFor Objective 1, all domains in the test were below the threshold for acceptable internal consistency reliability; 80% of the total test pool (116 items from the total pool of 145) did not meet the thresholds for item difficulty and index of discrimination suggested in the literature. Of the items in the Test, 78% could be responded to intuitively and 66% did not distinguish between test-takers who were knowledgeable in the content area and those who were not. For Objective 2, experts found concerns such as items being grouped in the wrong domain, being repeated, not using person-first language, and using terms inconsistently. Thirty-four (23.4%) items were dropped and 111 (76.5%) were updated. In addition, 61 new items were developed. Members re-categorized the items and proposed a new classification of subdomains. For Objective 3, good agreement between subject-matter experts was found; the S-CVI calculated using the I-CVIs related to item clarity was 84% while using the I-CVIs related to item relevance was 98%. Only 7 items (4.1%) were deemed to be in the wrong domain and 4 items (2.3%) were considered irrelevant and dropped.ConclusionThe psychometric evidence in support of ISWP Basic Test Version 1 in English is suboptimal. A new set of items developed by experts in the field has shown excellent content validity. Ongoing assessments will be needed as ISWP Basic Test Version 2 is implemented and monitored.

BackgroundColor vision deficiency (CVD) cause is the difficulty distinguishing colors, which can present vocational and avocational challenges. There is a lack of data on its overall prevalence of CVD. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aim to determine the prevalence of CVD in Africa.MethodsThe protocol was registered with the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (protocol registration number: CRD42024510403). A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted via PubMed/MEDLINE/EMBASE, Google, and Google Scholar from February 2024 to May 28, 2024. The Johanna Bridges Institute quality appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of eligible articles. The pooled prevalence of CVD among Africans was estimated using a random effect model and expressed as prevalence and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals using Der Simonian-Laird weight. The I2 statistic test was used to measure heterogeneity, and subgroup analysis was performed based on country, source of population, and gender.ResultA total of 502 initial studies were identified, and sixteen cross-sectional studies were included. The overall pooled prevalence of CVD in Africa was 2.71% (95% CI: 2.28,3.14, I2 = 72.6%, P

BackgroundUnintended pregnancy has significant consequences for the health and welfare of women and children. Despite this, a number of studies with inconsistent findings were conducted to reduce unintended pregnancy in Ethiopia; unavailability of a nationwide study that determines the prevalence of unintended pregnancy and its determinants is an important research gap. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the overall prevalence of unintended pregnancy and its determinants in Ethiopia.MethodsWe searched from Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases for studies. Each of the original studies was assessed using a tool for the risk of bias of observational studies. The heterogeneity of studies was also assessed using I2 test statistics. Data were pooled and a random effect meta-analysis model was fitted to provide the overall prevalence of unintended pregnancy and its determinants in Ethiopia. In addition, the subgroup analyses were performed to investigate how the prevalence of unintended pregnancy varies across different groups of studies.ResultsTwenty-eight studies that satisfy the eligibility criteria were included. We found that the overall prevalence of unintended pregnancy in Ethiopia was 28% (95% CI: 26–31). The subgroup analyses showed that the highest prevalence of unintended pregnancy was observed from the Oromiya region (33.8%) followed by Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ region (30.6%) and the lowest was in Harar. In addition, the pooled prevalence of unintended pregnancy was 26.4% (20.8–32.4) and 30.0% (26.6–33.6) for community-based cross-sectional and institution-based cross-sectional studies respectively. The pooled analysis showed that not communicating with one’s husband about family planning was more likely to lead to unintended pregnancy (OR: 3.56, 95%CI: 1.68–7.53). The pooled odds ratio also showed that unintended pregnancy is more likely among women who never use family planning methods (OR: 2.08, 95%CI: 1.18–3.69). Furthermore, the narrative review of this study showed that maternal education, age, and household wealth index are strongly associated with an unintended pregnancy.ConclusionsIn this study, the prevalence of unintended pregnancy was high. Lack of spousal communication, never using family planning, maternal education, and household wealth level were significantly associated with an unintended pregnancy. This study implies the need to develop plans and policies to improve the awareness of contraceptive utilization and strengthen spousal communication related to pregnancy.

Note:—no star † cohort study ‡ case-control studyQuality assessment of included studies.

BackgroundBasic Life Support (BLS) is a sequence of care provided to patients who are experiencing respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest, or airway obstruction. Its main purpose is to maintain the airway, breathing, and circulation through CPR. This review aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of Health Professionals’ knowledge and practice on basic life support in Ethiopia.MethodEligible primary studies were accessed from international database (PubMed, Google Scholar, Hinari databases) and grey literatures found in online repositories. The required data were extracted from those studies and exported to Stata 17 for analysis. A weighted inverse-variance random-effects model and Der Simonian-Laird estimation method were used to compute the overall pooled prevalence of Health Professional’s knowledge, practice of basic life support and its predictors. Variations across the included studies were checked using forest plot, funnel plot, I2 statistics, and Egger’s test.ResultA total of 5,258 Health Professionals were included from 11 studies. The pooled prevalence of knowledge and practice outcomes on basic life support in Ethiopia were 47.6 (95% CI: 29.899, 65.300, I2: 99.21%) and 44.42 (95% CI: 16.42, 72.41, I2: 99.69) respectively. Educational status of the Professional’s was significantly associated with knowledge outcome. Those who had degree and above were 1.9 times (AOR: 1.90 (1.24, 2.56)) more likely knowledgeable on basic life support than under degree.ConclusionThe overall pooled estimates of Health Professionals knowledge and practice on basic life support was considerably low. The educational status of the Health Professionals was significantly associated with knowledge outcome. The Health Professionals and responsible stakeholders should focus on the basic life support at Health Institutions. The professionals should advance their knowledge and skill on basic life support for the patients.

Sustainable development stands as both a goal and a prevailing trend in the global economy all the time. However, a comprehensive understanding of the internal and external determinants influencing sustainable development is necessary for the formulation of appropriate policies and development strategies. This research investigates dimensions of sustainable development in the panel data of 104 selected countries from 2000 to 2020. These economies are categorized into four groups based on the level of development. The exclusive role is given to the impact of three key factors, based on the triple bottom line (TBL) model, such as globalization, labor, and renewable energy on sustainable development. We employ the panel unit root tests, cointegration tests, and pool mean group (PMG) approach to estimate the relationships between globalization, renewable energy, labor force, and sustainable development. The results indicate the positive effects of globalization, labor, and renewable energy on sustainable development. Furthermore, a higher level of renewable energy consumption promotes sustainable development within the divided groups. The findings highlight that the labor factor has a positive impact on the sustainable development of all groups of economies. Thereby, the sustainability policy are implied to focus on the educational policy, improving social stability and renewable energy sources, particularly in the middle trap countries.

The development of urbanization has brought new challenges to the ecological environment, and the promotion of green technology innovation and development is widely recognized as an essential method to achieve cities’ economic benefits and environmental protection. This paper examines whether the new urbanization pilot policies (NUP) increase green technology innovation (GTI) from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. This paper examines the impact of new urbanization on GTI by analyzing data from 285 cities in China between 2010 and 2021, using the multi-period DID model with the implementation of NUP as an exogenous policy shock. The study results indicate that NUP significantly affects GTI, and the conclusion still holds after the parallel trend test, placebo test, and other robustness tests. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the NUP significantly enhances GTI in low environmental pollution, non-resource-based, Medium-sized, and Central Region cities. The test of moderating effect shows that NUP has a "linkage effect" with the government’s environmental attention, financial investment in innovation, and regional talent pooling. The findings of this paper provide empirical evidence and decision-making reference for promoting NUP and sustainable development of cities.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a silent pandemic that has claimed millions of lives, and resulted in long-term disabilities, limited treatment options, and high economic costs associated with the healthcare burden. Given the rising prevalence of AMR, which is expected to pose a challenge to current empirical antibiotic treatment strategies, we sought to summarize the available data on knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding AMR in Ethiopia. Articles were searched in international electronic databases. Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and STATA software version 16 were used for data extraction and analysis, respectively. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis 2020 checklist was followed. The methodological quality of the studies included was assessed by the Joana Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists. The random-effect meta-analysis model was used to estimate Der Simonian-Laird’s pooled effect. Statistical heterogeneity of the meta-analysis was checked through Higgins and Thompson’s I2 statistics and Cochran’s Q test. Publication bias was investigated by funnel plots, and the regression-based test of Egger for small study effects with a P value < 0.05 was considered to indicate potential reporting bias. In addition, sensitivity and subgroup meta-analyses were performed. Fourteen studies with a total of 4476 participants met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the pooled prevalence of good AMR knowledge was 51.53% [(95% confidence interval (CI): 37.85, 65.21), I2 = 99.0%, P

IntroductionElectronic health has the potential benefit to the health system by improving health service quality efficiency effectiveness and reducing the cost of care. Having good e-health literacy level is considered essential for improving healthcare delivery and quality of care as well as empowers caregivers and patients to influence control care decisions. Many studies have done on eHealth literacy and its determinants among adults, however, inconsistent findings from those studies were found. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the pooled magnitude of eHealth literacy and to identify associated factors among adults in Ethiopia through systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodSearch of PubMed, Scopus, and web of science, and Google Scholar was conducted to find out relevant articles published from January 2028 to 2022. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale tool was used to assess the quality of included studies. Two reviewers extracted the data independently by using standard extraction formats and exported in to Stata version11 for meta-analysis. The degree of heterogeneity between studies was measured using I2 statistics. The publication bias between studies also checked by using egger test. The pooled magnitude of eHealth literacy was performed using fixed effect model.ResultAfter go through 138 studies, five studies with total participants of 1758 were included in this systematic review and Meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of eHealth literacy in Ethiopia was found 59.39% (95%CI: 47.10–71.68). Perceived usefulness (AOR = 2.46; 95% CI: 1.36, 3.12),educational status(AOR = 2.28; 95% CI: 1.11, 4.68), internet access (AOR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.67, 3.30), knowledge on electronic health information sources(AOR = 2.60; 95% CI: 1.78, 3.78), electronic health information sources utilization (AOR = 2.55; 95%CI: 1.85, 3.52), gender (AOR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.38, 2.41) were identified significant predictors of e-health literacy.Conclusion and recommendationThis systematic review and meta-analysis found that more than half of study participants were eHealth literate. This finding recommends that creating awareness about importance of eHealth usefulness and capacity building to enhance and encouraging to use electronic sources and availability of internet has para amount to solution to increase eHealth literacy level of study participants.

BackgroundHomebirth preference is the intention/plan to give birth outside health facilities with the help of unskilled birth attendants. The preference to give birth at home without a skilled birth attendant leads to care-seeking delays, intrapartum mortality, multiple stillbirths, and postpartum morbidities and mortality. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of homebirth preference and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia.MethodsSearch of Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were done for this study from 20th August 2022 to 6th November 2022. For data extraction and analysis, the standardized data extraction checklist and Stata version 14 were used respectively. Sentence as “Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 statistics were used to check heterogeneity of the studies. The pooled prevalence of homebirth preference was estimated using a random-effects model. The association between homebirth preference and independent variables was determined using an odd ratio with a 95% confidence interval. A funnel plot and Egger’s test were used to assess publication bias.ResultsA total of 976 research articles were identified. Seven studies that fulfilled eligibility criteria were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of homebirth preference in Ethiopia was 39.62% (95% CI 27.98, 51.26). The current meta-analysis revealed that average monthly income

ASU, Asymmetric Unit,aValues in parentheses correspond to the highest-resolution shell.bRmerge = ΣhkΣi|Ii(hkl)– 〈I(hkl)〉|/ΣhklΣi|〈Ii(hkl)〉|, where Ii(hkl) is the intensity for the ith measurement of an equivalent reflection with indices h, k, and l.cRwork = Σhkl||Fobs|—|Fcalc||/ Σhkl |Fobs|, where Fobs and Fcalc are observed and calculated structure factors, respectively. Rfree is calculated analogously for the test reflections, which were randomly selected and excluded from the refinement.dLigands include all atoms excluding protein and water atoms.Data collection and refinement statistics.

Pooled prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among street dwellers and prison inmates by intestinal parasites species.

Factor loadings and goodness-of-fit statistics for the five SEM models.

BackgroundImmunization estimated to prevent 2 to 3 million children deaths every year from vaccine preventable disease. In Ethiopia, limited and inconclusive studies have been conducted on immunization coverage so far. Therefore, this umbrella review was intended to estimate the pooled national immunization coverage and its associated factors among children age 12–23 months in Ethiopia.MethodsThis umbrella review included five systematic reviews and meta-analyses through literature search from PubMed, Science direct, and web of science, CINHALE, and data bases specific to systematic reviews such as the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Prospero, the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews from May 1 to 30/ 2023. Only systematic reviews and meta-analyses published in English from inception to May 1, 2023, were included. The quality of each study was assessed using Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews. Data were extracted using Microsoft excel 2016 and analyzed using STATA 17.0 statistical software. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the Cochran Q statistics and I2 test. The pooled effect sizes were determined using pooled proportion for the full vaccination coverage and odds ratios for the associated factors with the corresponding 95% confidence interval were used to declare statically significance.ResultsFive studies with 77,161 children aged 12–23 months were included. The overall pooled full vaccination coverage was 57.72% (95% CI 50.17, 65.28). Institutional delivery (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.78–2.52), travel to vaccination site for

IntroductionInadequate management of healthcare waste present significant health hazards to healthcare workers, patients, waste handlers, and the whole communities, especially in developing countries. Although various primary studies have been conducted in different countries across the continent, there has been no comprehensive research examining healthcare waste management practices in Sub-Saharan Africa.ObjectiveThis review aimed to assess healthcare waste management practices and associated factors among healthcare workers in Sub-Saharan Africa.Methods and materialsThis systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA 20) guidelines. PubMed, Science-Direct, Google Scholar, Hinari, and Google databases were used to find essential literature. The extracted data were analyzed using statistical software, STATA version 14. Publication bias was assessed using the Egger test and funnel plot, whereas heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic.ResultsThis review include 29 studies comprising 7588 participants. The pooled estimate of good healthcare waste management practices among participants was 49.74% (95% CI: 43.73–55.76) (I2 = 96.8%, P 

ObjectiveTo evaluate the performance of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) testing, visual inspection with Lugol’s iodine (VILI), primary HPV testing, and conventional Pap smear in detecting CIN2+ among non-pregnant women aged 30–65 in LMICs between 1990 and 2020.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Setting and participantsLow- and middle-income countries, non-pregnant women aged 30–65.MethodsCENTRAL (Cochrane Library), CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched to identify studies evaluating the performance of cervical cancer screening methods in LMICs. A diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the performance of 4 screening methods in detecting CIN2+ relative to biopsy or cytology reference standards. Pooled statistics for sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratios, and summary receiver operating characteristic curves were determined for each method. Subgroup analyses were performed to examine whether there was variation in performance based on different reference standards for defining CIN2+, specifically: colposcopy-directed biopsy, biopsy alone, colposcopy alone, or liquid-based cytology.ResultsEighteen studies were identified through systematic review. Twelve studies were included in meta-analysis; 11 were cross-sectional and 1 was a randomized controlled clinical trial. The remaining six of the eighteen studies were inclided in a narrative syntehsis. Pooled estimates for sensitivity for VIA, VILI, primary HPV testing, and conventional Pap smear were 72.3%, 64.5%, 79.5%, and 60.2%, respectively; pooled estimates for specificity were 74.5%, 68.5%, 72.6%, and 97.4%, respectively; the diagnostic odds ratios were 7.31, 3.73, 10.42, 69.48, respectively; and the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.766, 0.647, 0.959, and 0.818, respectively. Performance of the screening method varied based on the reference standard used; pooled estimates using either colposcopy-directed biopsy or biopsy alone as the reference standard generally reported lower estimates; pooled estimates using either colposcopy alone or liquid-based cytology as references reported higher estimates.Conclusions and implicationsThis meta-analysis found primary HPV testing to be the highest performing cervical cancer screening method in accurately identifying or excluding CIN2+. Further evaluation of performance at different CIN thresholds is warranted.