This work features the development of artificial protein micro-granules for clinical applications, inspired by naturally occurring amyloid structures in bacterial inclusion bodies and mammalian endocrine granules. The authors developed these synthetic granules using a reversible coordination method involving histidine residues and zinc ions (Zn+2). Unlike natural systems, which rely on stereospecificity, the authors demonstrated that their approach allows the formation of hybrid protein materials using two distinct polypeptides, without requiring structural similarities. This method enables the creation of combined protein depots, offering new possibilities for delivering therapeutic proteins in defined ratios and potentially enhancing functional synergies for medical applications.

This study provides replication materials for "Inclusion, Dispersion, and Constraint: Powersharing in the World's States, 1975-2010." It also serves as the public release of the Inclusion, Dispersion, and Constraints dataset, which covers 180 countries from 1975-2010. The creation of this dataset was supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. SES-081950766b).

The Readme file contains all the information necessary to understand dataset

Powersharing institutions are often prescribed to enhance civil peace, democratic survival, and the equitable provision of public services, and these institutions have become more prevalent over time. Nonetheless, the past decade has seen a rise in democratic backsliding and competitive authoritarianism, raising questions about how the relationship between democracy and powersharing may be evolving. This paper introduces an update to the Inclusion, Dispersion, and Constraints (IDC) powersharing data that adds nine years of data, up through 2019. These new data also include enhanced intercoder reliability checks, a significant reduction in missing values, and the documentation and correction of some coding errors in the original data. Our new data show that, during the past decade, constraining and dispersive institutions have increasingly been adopted in non-democratic states. These data allow scholars to address urgent questions about whether previously observed relationships between powersharing and democracy and powersharing and civil peace still hold in this new era, and in what contexts powersharing institutions remain advisable.

This dataset updates the Inclusion, Dispersion and Constraint power sharing data first introduced by Strøm, Gates, Graham, and Strand (2017). This updated dataset also includes new and improved estimates of power sharing indices.

Data in the manuscript entitled "Mineralogical and Isotopic Constraints on Early, High-Temperature Events and Reservoirs Recorded in the Interior of a Type B Ca-Al-Rich Inclusion from the Reduced CV3 Chondrite Vigarano", by Han J., Park C., Liu M.-C, Matsuda N., Simon J. I., and Keller L. P.

"pro_sample_nuGT_nuPrior.txt" is for postrior constrained by Inject-nucl data, with nucleonic EOS model

"pro_sample_nuGT_hyPrior.txt" is for postrior constrained by Inject-nucl data, with hyperonic EOS model

"pro_sample_hyGT_nuPrior.txt" is for postrior constrained by Inject-hyp data, with nucleonic EOS model

"pro_sample_hyGT_hyPrior.txt" is for postrior constrained by Inject-hyp data, with hyperonic EOS model

"AfterK.txt" is for the prior of all the EOS parameters with Nuclear quantities constrained

"AfterK_Nuclear.txt" is for the prior of all the EOS parameters with Nuclear quantities constrained

"Hyperon_NICER_M_real.txt" is for the Mass posterior from hyeronic model of after all the current observation constraint, without inclusion of J0437

"Hyperon_NICER_R_real.txt" is for the Radius posterior from hyeronic model of after all the current observation constraint, without inclusion of J0437

"J0437_EOS_sample.txt" is for the posterior from constraint of all the current observation, included J0437

GundersonLeal15_AmNat_Anole_DataActivity data for Anolis cristatellusChristian varanid spp activityData on activity for Varanids from Christian and Weavers 1996

CERN-LHC. Measurement of semi-inclusive distributions of charged-particle jets recoiling from a high-transverse momentum trigger hadron in p-Pb collisions at sqrt(sNN)=5.02 TeV. Jets are reconstructed from charged-particle tracks using the anti-kT algorithm with resolution parameter R=0.2 and 0.4. A data-driven statistical approach is used to correct the uncorrelated background jet yield. Recoil jet distributions are reported for jet transverse momentum 15<p_{T,jet}^{ch} <50 GeV/c and are compared in various intervals of p-Pb event activity, based on charged-particle multiplicity and zero-degree neutral energy in the forward (Pb-going) direction. Analysis is based on data collected by ALICE in 2013.

Charged tracks are constrained to the pseudorapidity range |eta_{track}| < 0.9. Trigger tracks are required to be in the pT ranges 12 to 50 GeV/c and 6 to 7 GeV/c.

Pseudorapidity of reconstructed jets is constrained by a fiducial cut |eta_{jet}|<0.9 - R. Lowest p_{T} of a jet constituent track is 150 MeV/c. The angle enclosed by a trigger track and a recoiling jet is greater than pi - 0.6 rad.

A total of 41 stroke participants were recruited ,after screening for inclusion criteria and obtaining consent, a total of 27 stroke patients aged ≤70 years were enrolled, 27 patients were randomized to the original designed Gusu Constraint Standing Training (GCST) group (n=15) and control group (n=12). General data of the 27 patients were analyzed. There were no significant differences in age, gender, diagnosis, stroke duration, Body Mass Index (BMI), involved side, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, pre-treatment FMA scores of upper and lower limbs, and FAC scores. During the treatment period, two patients withdrew from the treatment prematurely. Ultimately, A total of 25 patients eventually completed the treatment, 15 in the GCST group and 10 in the control group, and the data before and after the treatment of the 25 patients were analyzed.

A growing body of theoretical and experimental evidence suggests that intramolecular epistasis is a major determinant of rates and patterns of protein evolution and imposes a substantial constraint on the evolution of novel protein functions. Here, we examine the role of intramolecular epistasis in the recurrent evolution of resistance to cardiotonic steroids (CTS) across tetrapods, which occurs via specific amino acid substitutions to the α-subunit family of Na,K-ATPases (ATP1A). After identifying a series of recurrent substitutions at two key sites of ATP1A that are predicted to confer CTS resistance in diverse tetrapods, we then performed protein engineering experiments to test the functional consequences of introducing these substitutions onto divergent species backgrounds. In line with previous results, we find that substitutions at these sites can have substantial background-dependent effects on CTS resistance. Globally, however, these substitutions also have pleiotropic effects that are consistent with additive rather than background-dependent effects. Moreover, the magnitude of a substitution’s effect on activity does not depend on the overall extent of ATP1A sequence divergence between species. Our results suggest that epistatic constraints on the evolution of CTS-resistant forms of Na,K-ATPase likely depend on a small number of sites, with little dependence on overall levels of protein divergence. We propose that dependence on a limited number sites may account for the observation of convergent CTS resistance substitutions observed among taxa with highly divergent Na,K-ATPases. Methods Construction of expression vectors. ATP1A1 and ATP1B1 wild-type sequences for eight selected tetrapod species were synthesized by InvitrogenTM GeneArt. ATP1A1/B1 sequences used in these constructs can be found under the following accession numbers: Rattus norvegicus (ATP1A1 – X05882 ; ATP1B1 – NM013113.2), Chinchilla lanigera (ATP1A1 – XM005389040; ATP1B1 – XM005398203), Rhabdophis subminiatus (ATP1A1 – MT928191; ATP1B1 – ON168934), Xenodon rhabdocephalus (ATP1A1 – MT928200; ATP1B1 – ON168935), Varanus exanthematicus (ATP1A1 – MT928184; ATP1B1 – ON168936), Tupinambis teguixin (ATP1A1 – MT928189; ATP1B1 – ON168937), Struthio camelus (ATP1A1 – XM009675281; ATP1B1 – XM009675170), Pterocles gutturalis (ATP1A1 – XM010081314; ATP1B1 – XM010078905). The ?1-subunit genes were inserted into pFastBac Dual expression vectors (Life Technologies) at the p10 promoter with XhoI and PaeI (FastDigest Thermo ScientificTM) and then control sequenced. The α1-subunit genes were inserted at the PH promoter of vectors already containing the corresponding ?1-subunit proteins using In-Fusion® HD Cloning Kit (Takara Bio, USA Inc.) and control sequenced. All resulting vectors had the α1-subunit gene under the control of the PH promoter and a ?1-subunit gene under the p10 promoter. The resulting eight vectors were then subjected to site-directed mutagenesis (QuickChange II XL Kit; Agilent Technologies, La Jolla, CA, USA) to introduce the codons of interest. In total, 21 vectors were produced. Generation of recombinant viruses and transfection into Sf9 cells. Escherichia coli DH10bac cells harboring the baculovirus genome (bacmid) and a transposition helper vector (Life Technologies) were transformed according to the manufacturer’s protocol with expression vectors containing the different gene constructs. Recombinant bacmids were selected through PCR screening, grown, and isolated. Subsequently, Sf9 cells (4 x 105 cells*ml) in 2 ml of Insect-Xpress medium (Lonza, Walkersville, MD, USA) were transfected with recombinant bacmids using Cellfectin reagent (Life Technologies). After a three-day incubation period, recombinant baculoviruses were isolated (P1) and used to infect fresh Sf9 cells (1.2 x 106 cells*ml) in 10 ml of Insect-Xpress medium (Lonza, Walkersville, MD, USA) with 15 mg/ml gentamycin (Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) at a multiplicity of infection of 0.1. Five days after infection, the amplified viruses were harvested (P2 stock). Preparation of Sf9 membranes. For production of recombinant NKA, Sf9 cells were infected with the P2 viral stock at a multiplicity of infection of 103. The cells (1.6 x 106 cells*ml) were grown in 50 ml of Insect-Xpress medium (Lonza, Walkersville, MD, USA) with 15 mg/ml gentamycin (Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) at 27°C in 500 ml flasks (35). After 3 days, Sf9 cells were harvested by centrifugation at 20,000 x g for 10 min. The cells were stored at -80 °C and then resuspended at 0 °C in 15 ml of homogenization buffer (0.25 M sucrose, 2 mM EDTA, and 25 mM HEPES/Tris; pH 7.0). The resuspended cells were sonicated at 60 W (Bandelin Electronic Company, Berlin, Germany) for three 45 s intervals at 0 °C. The cell suspension was then subjected to centrifugation for 30 min at 10,000 x g (J2-21 centrifuge, Beckmann-Coulter, Krefeld, Germany). The supernatant was collected and further centrifuged for 60 m at 100,000 x g at 4 °C (Ultra- Centrifuge L-80, Beckmann-Coulter) to pellet the cell membranes. The pelleted membranes were washed once and resuspended in ROTIPURAN® p.a., ACS water (Roth) and stored at -20 °C. Protein concentrations were determined by Bradford assays using bovine serum albumin as a standard. Three biological replicates were produced for each NKA construct. Verification by SDS-PAGE/western blotting. For each biological replicate, 10 mg of protein were solubilized in 4x SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis sample buffer and separated on SDS gels containing 10% acrylamide. Subsequently, they were blotted on nitrocellulose membrane (HP42.1, Roth). To block non-specific binding sites after blotting, the membrane was incubated with 5% dried milk in TBS-Tween 20 for 1 h. After blocking, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with the primary monoclonal antibody α5 (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA). Since only membrane proteins were isolated from transfected cells, detection of the α subunit also indicates the presence of the β subunit. The primary antibody was detected using a goat-anti-mouse secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany). The staining of the precipitated polypeptide-antibody complexes was performed by addition of 60 mg 4-chloro-1 naphtol (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) in 20 ml ice-cold methanol to 100 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 60 ml 30% H2O2. Ouabain inhibition assay. To determine the sensitivity of each NKA construct against cardiotonic steroids (CTS), we used the water-soluble cardiac glycoside, ouabain (Acrōs Organics), as our representative CTS. 100 ug of each protein was pipetted into each well in a nine-well row on a 96-well microplate (Fisherbrand) containing stabilizing buffers (see buffer formulas in Petschenka et al. 2013). Each well in the nine-well row was exposed to exponentially decreasing concentrations of ouabain (10-3 M, 10-4 M, 10-5 M, 10-6 M, 10-7 M, 10-8 M, dissolved in distilled H2O), plus distilled water only (experimental control), and a combination of an inhibition buffer lacking KCl and 10-2 M ouabain to measure background protein activity [48]. The proteins were incubated at 37°C and 200 rpms for 10 minutes on a microplate shaker (Quantifoil Instruments, Jena, Germany). Next, ATP (Sigma Aldrich) was added to each well and the proteins were incubated again at 37°C and 200 rpms for 20 minutes. The activity of NKA following ouabain exposure was determined by quantification of inorganic phosphate (Pi) released from enzymatically hydrolyzed ATP. Reaction Pi levels were measured according to the procedure described in Taussky and Shorr (1950) (see Petschenka et al. 2013). All assays were run in duplicate and the average of the two technical replicates was used for subsequent statistical analyses. Absorbance for each well was measured at 650 nm with a plate absorbance reader (BioRad Model 680 spectrophotometer and software package). ATP hydrolysis assay. To determine the functional efficiency of different NKA constructs, we calculated the amount of Pi hydrolyzed from ATP per mg of protein per minute. The measurements (the mean of two technical replicates) were obtained from the same assay as described above. In brief, absorbance from the experimental control reactions, in which 100 mg of protein was incubated without any inhibiting factors (i.e., ouabain or buffer excluding KCl), were measured and translated to mM Pi from a standard curve that was run in parallel (1.2 mM Pi, 1 mM Pi, 0.8 mM Pi, 0.6 mM Pi, 0.4 mM Pi, 0.2 mM Pi, 0 mM Pi). Statistical analyses of functional data.
ATPase activity in the presence and absence of the CTS ouabain was measured following Petschenka et al. (2013). Background phosphate absorbance levels from reactions with inhibiting factors were used to calibrate phosphate absorbance. For ouabain sensitivity measurements, these calibrated absorbance values were converted to percentage non-inhibited NKA activity based on measurements from the control wells (as above). For each of the 3 biological replicates, log10 IC50 values were estimated using a four-parameter logistic curve, with the top asymptote set to 100 and the bottom asymptote set to zero, using the nlsLM function of the minipack.lm library in R. To measure baseline recombinant protein activity, the calculated Pi concentrations of 100 mg of protein assayed in the absence of ouabain were converted to nmol Pi/mg protein/min. 1. Petschenka G, Fandrich S, Sander N, Wagschal V, Boppré M, Dobler S. Stepwise evolution of resistance to toxic cardenolides via genetic substitutions in the Na+/K+‐ATPase of milkweed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaini). Evolution. 2013;67: 2753–2761. 2. Taussky HH, Shorr E. A microcolorimetric method for the determination of inorganic phosphorus. J Biol Chem. 1953;202: 675–685.

1. Thermal constraints imposed by the environment limit the activity time of ectotherms and have been a central issue in ecophysiology. Assessing these restrictions is key to determining the vulnerability of species to changing thermal niches and developing conservation strategies. 2. We generate an explicit tortoise model of thermal constraints at both micro and macroclimate scales based on thermophysiology parameters and environmental operative temperatures during a biologically significant period. As a study model, we use a vulnerable species of gopher tortoise (Gopherus evgoodei), whose primary habitat is the tropical dry forests in northwestern Mexico. 4. Our mechanistic model is based on a monitoring of 5-years of environmental operative temperatures (Te). Here, we use the hours of activity (ha) and hours of thermal restriction (hr), calculated from the voluntary temperature range of G. evgoodei with respect to Te, to project and compare the thermal constraints across space and time. In addition, this model was projected using a pessimistic climate change scenario for 2070 (RCP 8.5). 5. The results show that the period of activity of G. evgoodei, predicted by ha and hr, is limited by the frequency and availability of Te and differs significantly throughout the year and among years. In addition, under the RCP 8.5 scenario, we predict that hr will increase considerably and exceed the critical value (3.11 hr) placing this species as highly vulnerable. 6. We discuss and compare the period of potential activity, thermoregulation strategies, and costs and benefits with other Gopherus species. Finally, we identify critical areas to develop management strategies for protecting this Mexican endemic tortoise. Methods The data correspond to the hours of activity and restriction throughout the distribution of the tortoise Gopherus evgoodei according to our ecophysiological models. These data were calculated according to the protocol of Sinervo et al 2010. Science. 328(5980), 894-899. A detailed description of the data collection can be seen in Lara-Reséndiz, et al. 2022. Journal of Thermal Biology, 104, 103192. In addition, a polygon of this gopher tortoise's distribution and layers with ecophysiological models is included here. Which were developed with R and QGIS software.

Learned bird songs often have a hierarchical organization. In the case of zebra finches, each bird’s song is made up of a string of notes delivered in a stereotyped sequence to form a “motif”, and motifs are repeated to form a song bout. During song learning, young males copy “chunks” of two or more consecutive notes from their tutors’ songs. These chunks are represented as distinct units within memory (during learning) and within motor systems (during song production). During song performance, motifs may deviate from the learned sequence by stopping short, starting late, or by skipping, inserting or repeating notes. We measured acoustic and temporal variables related to the respiratory and vocal physiology of song production and asked how they related to deviations from each bird’s “canonical” sequence. The best predictor of deviations from that sequence was the duration of the silent interval between notes, when inspiration normally occurs. Deviations from the canonical motif occurred less often after higher-pitched notes, perhaps because a high-low sequence forms a prosodic unit. Premature stops often followed louder and longer notes, suggesting that respiratory and muscular physiology influence the location of such stops. Boundaries between the learned chunks of a male’s motif predicted where and how often non-canonical starts occurred. Physiological and cognitive elements also interacted to define the segmentation of zebra finch song sequences. Long silent intervals between notes were associated both with physiology (inspirations) and with the cognitive boundaries of learned chunks – and hence with deviations from the canonical motif. Methods Subjects: The subjects were 50 adult male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) bred and raised in the Williams College colony. Birds were hatched in aviaries that housed at least three breeding pairs, and so could copy songs from their fathers or from other adult males. Young males in their own and other broods could also influence song development (Tchernichovski & Nottebohm, 1998) or be the source of song material, and both young and older females were present and could influence song development (Carouso-Peck & Goldstein, 2019). When birds reached maturity (approximately 90 days) they were removed from their natal aviaries and housed in single-sex cages, grouped by age cohort, in a colony room that also housed females and older males. All procedures were approved by the Williams College Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Williams College IACUC protocol WH-A). Song Recording: Recordings of female-directed song were obtained by placing a caged adult male (> 120 days) in a closed Lucite chamber (75 x 60 x 50 cm) lined on two sides, the top, and the bottom with acoustic foam. A caged adult female was placed outside one of the transparent chamber walls to elicit directed (courtship) song. A Marantz EC-7 dynamic microphone in the chamber was used to record songs onto cassette tape (using a Marantz PMD-201 cassette recorder) or digitally (Marantz PMD-670 digital recorder; 44 kHz, 16 bit). Songs recorded on cassette tape were then digitized using SoundEdit Pro (Macromedia), which was also used to produce sound spectrograms for visual analysis of song sequences. For greater temporal resolution, 128 point FFTs were used. Multiple song bouts and motifs from each male were obtained from at least two recording sessions on different days. The mean number of motifs recorded and scored for each male was 119 (range = 59-188). The large number of motifs was required because deviations from the stereotyped order, although they occurred in 72% of motifs scored, were relatively infrequent at each transition between notes (mean = 7.4%). Scoring Motif Sequences: Multiple bouts and motifs sung by each bird were examined and annotated in order to find that male’s “canonical motif”, defined as the longest stereotyped sequence of notes within his songs. Figure 1a shows sound spectrograms of a song bout that includes two canonical motifs (the sequence of 12 notes labeled A through N) as well as five truncated or altered motifs (notes O-G, OE, AD-N, A-K, H-K). The sound file from which this bout is drawn is included in the Supplemental Materials. Calls that occurred in other contexts and were only rarely appended to the song were not considered to be part of in the canonical motif. Zebra finch song units separated by silent intervals have traditionally been called “syllables”, and these syllables are often the units used in analyzing motifs. However, some syllables consist of two or more “notes”, which we define as sounds that are bounded by abrupt transitions in frequency or frequency modulation. Notes are not necessarily separated by silent intervals. We used notes rather than syllables as the unit of sound analysis because deviations from the canonical motif sometimes occurred between notes rather than between syllables, and so. Each bird’s canonical motif was represented as a string of letters corresponding to the order of its constituent notes (see Figure 1a). The first note in each bird’s motif was designated with the letter A, the second note with the letter B, and so on; hence the letters designate the order within a bird’s song rather than the note type. When introductory notes or calls were appended immediately after the last song note in a motif, but were not then immediately (with 200 ms) followed by another motif, they were not included in the string of labeled notes and transitions or in the analysis. Using the resulting annotated strings, each transition between notes within each bird’s song (where a deviation from the canonical sequence might fall) was designated by the notes that flanked a silent interval (e.g., start -> A, A -> B, … , M -> N). We then tabulated deviations from the canonical motif (see Figure 1a for six examples of such deviations). The most common types of deviations were a) stops before the canonical sequence was completed (1722 instances at 199 different locations within 50 birds’ motifs) and b) starts at points other than the first syllable of the canonical motif (981 instances at 50 locations within 28 birds’ motifs). Less common deviations included i) repeated notes or short sequences of notes, ii) skipped notes, and iii) insertions of notes into the canonical sequence. As each of these three types of deviations was relatively rare, we combined them into a single category for analysis: c) “other” deviations (675 instances at 84 locations within 42 birds’ motifs). Different types of deviations sometimes occurred at the same location within a single bird’s motif (80 locations in 44 birds’ motifs). Each individual deviation (and each type of deviation) from the canonical motif occurred at a specific transition between notes within a bird’s motif. We calculated the number of times each type of deviation occurred at each transition point as well as the number of opportunities within the bird’s song for such a deviation to occur (the number of motifs that included at least one of the flanking notes). We could then determine the frequency of each type of deviation at every possible transition between syllables within a bird’s canonical motif. Figure 1b shows sound spectrograms of each of four birds’ canonical motifs. In addition, Figure 1b shows the frequencies of the three types of non-canonical transition as both 1) bars within the spectrogram and 2) arrows within a network diagram of notes and transitions. A subset of 904 motifs (including 7,638 notes) sung by 22 of the subjects were scored by two individuals to check the reliability of our scoring method. A total of 2,010 transitions within these motifs were scored as stops, starts, skips, repeats, or insertions (most of the stops and starts fell at the beginning or end of canonical motifs and were not deviations). We found 27 discrepancies in the scoring of these 2,010 transitions, which represents 98.7% agreement in how different individuals scored the notes and transitions. Learned Chunks and Breaks Between Them: To investigate the role of cognitive or perceptual factors in defining deviation points, we needed to define the boundaries of the learned “chunks” of notes that were copied as a unit during song development. To do so, we used a subset of 21 males. These birds sang songs with related canonical motifs, sharing parts of a “core sequence” but differing in some details of that sequence. By comparing sound spectrograms of these birds’ canonical motifs, we were able match notes and sequences (see the four related songs in Figure 1c). We determined the “core motif sequence” to be nine consecutive notes in the song of the male who sang the maximum number of notes common to the 21 songs (male DB 10; see Figure 2). To find copied chunks of notes, we compared the canonical motifs of the other 20 males’ songs to the core motif sequence and noted points where the order of the core sequence was not followed, because of omissions, additions, or changes in the order of notes. The points within each male’s canonical motif where breaks in core sequence began and ended were defined as “chunk boundaries” (depicted by downward arrows in Figure 2). Some males’ canonical motifs included notes prior to before the beginning of the core motif, and one chunk boundary occurred prior to the first note of the core motif (W39 in Figure 2; a note was inserted immediately prior to the first note of the core sequence). Similarly, some songs did not include the final note(s) of the core motif, and so ended at a chunk boundary (e.g. Pk42 in Figure 2) . Notes from the core motif sequence were omitted in some songs (resulting in a chunk boundary where the omission occurred), and notes were inserted into the core motif in other songs (resulting in two chunk boundaries, one on either side of the insertion). Based on the

The FST-heterozygosity outlier approach has been a popular method for identifying loci under balancing and positive selection since Beaumont and Nichols first proposed it in 1996 and recommended its use for studies sampling a large number of independent populations (at least 10). Since then, their program FDIST2 and a user-friendly program optimized for large datasets, LOSITAN, have been used widely in the population genetics literature, often without the requisite number of samples. We observed empirical datasets whose distributions could not be reconciled with the confidence intervals generated by the null coalescent island model. Here, we use forward-in-time simulations to investigate circumstances under which the FST-heterozygosity outlier approach performs poorly for next-generation single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) datasets. Our results show that samples involving few independent populations, particularly when migration rates are low, result in distributions of the FST-heterozygosity relationship that are not described by the null model implemented in LOSITAN. In addition, even under favorable conditions LOSITAN rarely provides confidence intervals that precisely fit SNP data, making the associated p-values only roughly valid at best. We present an alternative method, implemented in a new R package named fsthet, which uses the raw empirical data to generate smoothed outlier plots for the FST-heterozygosity relationship.

The STEREO experiment is a very short baseline reactor antineutrino experiment. It is designed to test the hypothesis of light sterile neutrinos being the cause of a deficit of the observed antineutrino interaction rate at short baselines with respect to the predicted rate, known as the Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly. The STEREO experiment measures the antineutrino energy spectrum in six identical detector cells covering baselines between 9 and 11 m from the compact core of the ILL research reactor. In this article, results from 179 days of reactor turned on and 235 days of reactor turned off are reported at a high degree of detail. The current results include improvements in the modelling of detector optical properties and the gamma-cascade after neutron captures by gadolinium, the treatment of backgrounds, and the statistical method of the oscillation analysis. Using a direct comparison between antineutrino spectra of all cells, largely independent of any flux prediction, we find the data compatible with the null oscillation hypothesis. The best-fit point of the Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly is rejected at more than 99.9% C.L. To allow inclusion of this work into global oscillation analyses and further works, we provide various results of our analysis in digitised form.

1) Determining the factors governing investment in immunity is critical for understanding host-pathogen ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Studies often consider disease resistance in the context of life-history theory, with the expectation that investment in immunity will be optimized in anticipation of disease risk. Immunity, however, is constrained by context-dependent fitness costs. How the costs of immunity vary across life-history strategies has yet to be considered. 2) Pea aphids are typically unwinged but produce winged offspring in response to high population densities and deteriorating conditions. This is an example of polyphenism, a strategy used by many organisms to adjust to environmental cues. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between the fitness costs of immunity, pathogen resistance, and the strength of an immune response across aphid morphs that differ in life-history strategy but are genetically identical. 3) We measured fecundity of winged and unwinged aphids challenged with a heat-inactivated fungal pathogen, and found that immune costs are limited to winged aphids. We hypothesized that these costs reflect stronger investment in immunity in anticipation of higher disease risk, and that winged aphids would be more resistant due to a stronger immune response. However, producing wings is energetically expensive. This guided an alternative hypothesis—that investing resources into wings could lead to a reduced capacity to resist infection. 4) We measured survival and pathogen load after live fungal infection, and we characterized the aphid immune response to fungi by measuring immune cell concentration and gene expression. We found that winged aphids are less resistant and mount a weaker immune response than unwinged aphids, demonstrating that winged aphids pay higher costs for a less effective immune response. 5) Our results show that polyphenism is an understudied factor influencing the expression of immune costs. More generally, our work shows that in addition to disease resistance, the costs of immunity vary between individuals with different life-history strategies. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding how organisms invest optimally in immunity in light of context-dependent constraints.

Microthermometric results of type-6 fluid inclusions from the Patterson Lake corridor.

Body size of life on Earth spans many orders of magnitude, and with it scales the energetic requirements of organisms. Thus, changes in environmental energy should impact community body-size distributions in predictable ways by reshaping ecological and niche dynamics. We examine how carbon, oxygen, and temperature, three energetic drivers, impact community size-based assembly in deep-sea bivalves. We demonstrate that body-size distributions are influenced by multiple energetic constraints. Relaxation in these constraints leads to an expansion of body-size niche space through the addition of novel large size classes, increasing the standard deviation and mean of the body-size distribution. With continued Anthropogenic increases in temperature and reductions in carbon availability and oxygen in most ocean basins, our results point to possible radical shifts in invertebrate body size with the potential to impact ecosystem function.

Mitochondrial protein translation requires interactions between transfer RNAs encoded by the mitochondrial genome (mt-tRNAs) and mitochondrial aminoacyl tRNA synthetase proteins (mt-aaRS) encoded by the nuclear genome. It has been argued that animal mt-tRNAs have higher deleterious substitution rates relative to their nuclear-encoded counterparts, the cytoplasmic tRNAs (cyt-tRNAs). This dynamic predicts elevated rates of compensatory evolution of mt-aaRS that interact with mt-tRNAs, relative to aaRS that interact with cyt-tRNAs (cyt-aaRS). We find that mt-aaRS do evolve at significantly higher rates (exemplified by higher dN and dN/dS) relative to cyt-aaRS, across mammals, birds, and Drosophila. While this pattern supports a model of compensatory evolution, the level at which a gene is expressed is a more general predictor of protein evolutionary rate. We find that gene expression level explains 10-56% of the variance in aaRS dN/dS, and that cyt-aaRS are more highly expressed in addition to having have lower dN/dS values relative to mt-aaRS, consistent with more highly expressed genes being more evolutionarily constrained. Furthermore, we find no evidence of positive selection acting on either class of aaRS protein, as would be expected under a model of compensatory evolution. Nevertheless, the signature of faster mt-aaRS evolution persists in mammalian, but not bird or Drosophila, lineages after controlling for gene expression, suggesting some additional effect of compensatory evolution for mammalian mt-aaRS. We conclude that gene expression is the strongest factor governing differential amino acid substitution rates in proteins interacting with mitochondrial versus cytoplasmic factors, with important differences in mt-aaRS molecular evolution among taxonomic groups.

YAML-formatted and timestamped description of Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) service characteristics and constraints such as maximum execution time and pricing. This dataset allows for adaptive software and workflow generation in dynamically evolving Serverless Computing environments. We envision the inclusion of the dataset into code generators, code transformers, workflow schedulers and compatibility modes of open source FaaS runtimes.

Furthermore, due to evidences of evolving values being given by hyperlinks, the dataset will serve as single source of truth about the technological development in the FaaS space.