Income limits used to determine the income eligibility of applicants for assistance under three programs authorized by the National Housing Act. These programs are the Section 221(d)(3) Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) rental program, the Section 235 program, and the Section 236 program. These income limits are listed by dollar amount and family size, and they are effective on the date issued. Due to the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (Public Law 110-289), Income Limits used to determine qualification levels as well as set maximum rental rates for projects funded with tax credits authorized under section 42 of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code) and projects financed with tax exempt housing bonds issued to provide qualified residential rental development under section 142 of the Code (hereafter referred to as Multifamily Tax Subsidy Projects (MTSPs)) are now calculated and presented separately from the Section 8 income limits.

This is a map to assist Department of Housing & Community Development staff determine if properties qualify for ARPA and repair funds.Targeted Rehab Boundaries Boundaries for the West Dallas Targeted Rehab Program (Census Tracts 106.01, 160.02, 105, 205, 101.01, 101.02, 43) and Tenth Street Rehab Program (Historic Tenth Street). Home repair programs available in these areas: Housing & Neighborhood Revitalization Targeted Rehabilitation Program (TRP) (dallascityhall.com) Unserved Areas Dallas Water Utilities (DWU) 's Unserved Areas Report identified geographical areas that need water and/or wastewater services throughout the City. DWU is in the process of building out service in these areas. (2020 update) Home repair programs available in these areas: Housing & Neighborhood Revitalization ARPA Septic Tank (dallascityhall.com) QCTs This service contains a list of census tracts that qualify for the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA).  The list was provided to EGIS by BMS.  The data used to produce this service can be found at Qualified Census Tracts and Difficult Development Areas | HUD USER. Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Qualified Census Tracts must have 50 percent of households with incomes below 60 percent of the Area Median Gross Income (AMGI) or have a poverty rate of 25 percent or more. Difficult Development Areas (DDA) are areas with high land, construction and utility costs relative to the area median income and are based on Fair Market Rents, income limits, the 2010 census counts, and 5-year American Community Survey (ACS) data. Maps of Qualified Census Tracts and Difficult Development Areas are available at: 2022 and 2023 Small DDAs and QCTs | HUD USER. Qualified Census Tracts - Generate QCT Tables for Individual Areas (Also Includes DDA Information) This data was created by the Department of Housing and Urban Development in 2023.  This data is updated on a yearly basis.  Updated ARPA boundaries ARPA Home Repair Program boundaries for qualified neighborhoods. Home repair programs available in these areas: American Rescue Plan Act Neighborhood Revitalization Program (dallascityhall.com) (Limited availability, applications accepted based on funding available) Equity Strategy Target AreasThe Department of Housing & Neighborhood Revitalization (Housing) with the assistance of TDA Consultants selected three Equity Strategy Target Areas (ESTAs) for the implementation of the Dallas Housing Policy 2033 (DHP33). This layer contains boundaries as of January 2024. Housing will be collaborating with other City of Dallas departments and development and preservation partners to target housing and neighborhood revitalization projects in these areas. The Equity Strategy Target Areas (ESTAs) were selected using an Equity Index created by TDA consultants and the Housing Department. The Equity Index is based upon the 2023 Market Value Analysis, the City of Dallas OEI Equity Impact Assessment Tool (EIA), and the potential investment from the Dallas Water Utility Unserved Areas Program.Housing Opportunity Fund TIF District AreasThis is the Housing Opportunity Fund TIF District map for Housing & Community Development and Economic Development in the City of Dallas. The three TIF districts in this map are areas within the City of Dallas with select TIF funds for homeowner stabilization programs that may include Home Improvement and Preservation Programs (HIPP) and the Dallas Homebuyer Assistance Program (DHAP). The three Housing Opportunity Fund TIF districts are: the Oak Cliff Housing TIF, the Fort Worth Avenue Housing TIF, and the Deep Ellum Housing TIF. Housing & Community Development is starting to implement these areas in 2025.

This dataset and map service provides information on the U.S. Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) low to moderate income areas. The term Low to Moderate Income, often referred to as low-mod, has a specific programmatic context within the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program. Over a 1, 2, or 3-year period, as selected by the grantee, not less than 70 percent of CDBG funds must be used for activities that benefit low- and moderate-income persons. HUD uses special tabulations of Census data to determine areas where at least 51% of households have incomes at or below 80% of the area median income (AMI). This dataset and map service contains the following layer.

The Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program requires that each CDBG funded activity must either principally benefit low- and moderate-income persons, aid in the prevention or elimination of slums or blight, or meet a community development need having a particular urgency because existing conditions pose a serious and immediate threat to the health or welfare of the community and other financial resources are not available to meet that need. With respect to activities that principally benefit low- and moderate-income persons, at least 51 percent of the activity's beneficiaries must be low and moderate income. For CDBG, a person is considered to be of low income only if he or she is a member of a household whose income would qualify as "very low income" under the Section 8 Housing Assistance Payments program. Generally, these Section 8 limits are based on 50% of area median. Similarly, CDBG moderate income relies on Section 8 "lower income" limits, which are generally tied to 80% of area median. These data are from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey (ACS). To learn more about the Low to Moderate Income Populations visit: https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/acs-low-mod-summary-data/, for questions about the spatial attribution of this dataset, please reach out to us at GISHelpdesk@hud.gov. Data Dictionary: DD_Low to Moderate Income Populations by Block GroupDate of Coverage: ACS 2020-2016

Since passage of the U.S. Housing Act of 1937, the federal government has provided housing assistance to low-income renters. Most of these housing subsidies were provided under programs administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) or predecessor agencies. All programs covered in this report provide subsidies that reduce rents for low-income tenants who meet program eligibility requirements. Generally, households pay rent equal to 30 percent of their incomes, after deductions, while the federal government pays the remainder of rent or rental costs. To qualify for a subsidy, an applicant’s income must initially fall below a certain income limit. These income limits are HUD-determined, location specific, and vary by household size. Applicants for housing assistance are usually placed on a waiting list until a subsidized unit becomes available.Assistance provided under HUD programs falls into three categories: public housing, tenant-based, and privately owned, project-based.In public housing, local housing agencies receive allocations of HUD funding to build, operate or make improvements to housing. The housing is owned by the local agencies. Public housing is a form of project-based subsidy because households may receive assistance only if they agree to live at a particular public housing project.Currently, tenant based assistance is the most prevalent form of housing assistance provided. Historically, tenant based assistance began with the Section 8 certificate and voucher programs, which were created in 1974 and 1983, respectively. These programs were replaced by the Housing Choice Voucher program, under legislation enacted in 1998. Tenant based programs allow participants to find and lease housing in the private market. Local public housing agencies (PHAs) and some state agencies serving as PHAs enter into contracts with HUD to administer the programs. The PHAs then enter into contracts with private landlords. The housing must meet housing quality standards and other program requirements. The subsidies are used to supplement the rent paid by low-income households. Under tenant-based programs, assisted households may move and take their subsidy with them. The primary difference between certificates and vouchers is that under certificates, there was a maximum rent which the unit may not exceed. By contrast, vouchers have no specific maximum rent; the low-income household must pay any excess over the payment standard, an amount that is determined locally and that is based on the Fair Market Rent. HUD calculates the Fair Market Rent based on the 40th percentile of the gross rents paid by recent movers for non-luxury units meeting certain quality standards.The third major type of HUD rental assistance is a collection of programs generally referred to as multifamily assisted, or, privately-owned, project-based housing. These types of housing assistance fall under a collection of programs created during the last four decades. What these programs have in common is that they provide rental housing that is owned by private landlords who enter into contracts with HUD in order to receive housing subsidies. The subsidies pay the difference between tenant rent and total rental costs. The subsidy arrangement is termed project-based because the assisted household may not take the subsidy and move to another location. The single largest project-based program was the Section 8 program, which was created in 1974. This program allowed for new construction and substantial rehabilitation that was delivered through a wide variety of financing mechanisms. An important variant of project-based Section 8 was the Loan Management Set Aside (LMSA) program, which was provided in projects financed under Federal Housing Administration (FHA) programs that were not originally intended to provide deep subsidy rental assistance. Projects receiving these LMSA “piggyback” subsidies were developed under the Section 236 program, the Section 221(d)(3) Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) program, and others that were unassisted when originally developed.Picture of Subsidized Households does not cover other housing

The Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program requires that each CDBG funded activity must either principally benefit low- and moderate-income persons, aid in the prevention or elimination of slums or blight or meet a community development need having a particular urgency because existing conditions pose a serious and immediate threat to the health or welfare of the community and other financial resources are not available to meet that need. With respect to activities that principally benefit low- and moderate-income persons, at least 51 percent of the activity's beneficiaries must be low and moderate income. For CDBG, a person is considered to be of low income only if he or she is a member of a household whose income would qualify as "very low income" under the Section 8 Housing Assistance Payments program. Generally, these Section 8 limits are based on 50% of area median. Similarly, CDBG moderate income relies on Section 8 "lower income" limits, which are generally tied to 80% of area median. These data are from the 2016-2020 American Community Survey (ACS).To learn more about the Low to Moderate Income Populations visit: https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/acs-low-mod-summary-data/ Data Dictionary: DD_Low to Moderate Income Populations by Block Group Date of Coverage: ACS 2016-2020 Data Updated: Every Five Years

Measures the ability of housing voucher holders to find housing in the private rental market. The Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program is the federal government's largest low-income housing assistance program where people can seek housing in the private market. The maximum housing assistance is generally the lesser of the payment standard minus 30% of the family's monthly adjusted income or the gross rent for the unit minus 30% of monthly adjusted income. Source: Picture of Subsidized Housing, HUD Years Available: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023

The Affordable Housing Appeals Procedure List is published annually on or about February 1. The data for the Affordable Housing Appeals Procedure List comes from different sources including federal, state and local programs. This makes it difficult to ensure complete accuracy, so DOH asks municipalities to provide a local administrative review of and input on the street addresses of units and projects as well as information on deed-restricted units. The responses received by DOH vary widely from each municipality. In developing the Affordable Housing Appeals Procedure List, DOH counts: -Assisted housing units or housing receiving financial assistance under any governmental program for the construction or substantial rehabilitation of low and moderate income housing that was occupied or under construction by the end date of the report period for compilation of a given year’s list; -Rental housing occupied by persons receiving rental assistance under C.G.S. Chapter 138a (State Rental Assistance/RAP) or Section 142f of Title 42 of the U.S. Code (Section 8); -Ownership housing or housing currently financed by the Connecticut Housing Finance Authority and/or the U.S. Department of Agriculture; and -Deed-restricted properties or properties with deeds containing covenants or restrictions that require such dwelling unit(s) be sold or rented at or below prices that will preserve the unit(s) as affordable housing as defined in C.G.S. Section 8-39a for persons or families whose incomes are less than or equal to 80% of the area median income.

This data, maintained by the Mayor’s Office of Housing (MOH), is an inventory of all income-restricted units in the city. This data includes public housing owned by the Boston Housing Authority (BHA), privately- owned housing built with funding from DND and/or on land that was formerly City-owned, and privately-owned housing built without any City subsidy, e.g., created using Low-Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTC) or as part of the Inclusionary Development Policy (IDP). Information is gathered from a variety of sources, including the City's IDP list, permitting and completion data from the Inspectional Services Department (ISD), newspaper advertisements for affordable units, Community Economic Development Assistance Corporation’s (CEDAC) Expiring Use list, and project lists from the BHA, the Massachusetts Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD), MassHousing, and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), among others. The data is meant to be as exhaustive and up-to-date as possible, but since many units are not required to report data to the City of Boston, MOH is constantly working to verify and update it. See the data dictionary for more information on the structure of the data and important notes. The database only includes units that have a deed-restriction. It does not include tenant-based (also known as mobile) vouchers, which subsidize rent, but move with the tenant and are not attached to a particular unit. There are over 22,000 tenant-based vouchers in the city of Boston which provide additional affordability to low- and moderate-income households not accounted for here. The Income-Restricted Housing report can be directly accessed here:
https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/file/2023/04/Income%20Restricted%20Housing%202022_0.pdf

Learn more about income-restricted housing (as well as other types of affordable housing) here: https://www.boston.gov/affordable-housing-boston#income-restricted

The study on people with low incomes was conducted by Veian on behalf of the Press and Information Office of the Federal Government. In the survey period from 4 July 2024 to 15 July 2024, 1,019 German-speaking people aged 18 and over with a needs-weighted monthly net income of up to EUR 1,500 in Germany (low-income earners) were surveyed in online interviews (CAWI) on the following topics: Burden of inflation and future prospects, ideas of justice, insecurities, financial situation, awareness of reforms of social benefits, assessment of relief measures, use of social benefits and assessment of the new regulations on the Citizen´s Income. The respondents were selected using a quota sample from an online access panel.
Concerns about inflation: extent of the impact of general price increases. Block A - Future prospects: Confidence vs. worries with regard to personal future in the following areas: financial situation, housing situation, health, old-age provision and career prospects; assessment of own children´s future prospects.

Block B - Ideas of justice: Importance of different aspects of justice (intergenerational justice; performance justice, opportunity justice, family justice, distributive justice and needs justice); most important aspects of justice (order).

Block C - (In)certainties: Agreement with statements on own lifeworld (changes in society frighten me, I feel left alone by the state, I have good friends who support me, I am flexible enough to be able to adapt to difficult situations, I can largely determine my own life, in financial emergencies I can rely on the financial support of my parents/siblings or other relatives, I perceive life as a constant struggle, I feel marginalized in society, within the scope of my possibilities I support my friends and family when necessary).

Block D - Financial situation: Change in financial situation in recent years; perceived burden of current price increases in various areas (fuel, purchase of food, costs for craftsmen, heating, electricity, costs for public transport, restaurant visits, visits to events, leisure activities, clothing purchases, costs for hobbies, costs for vacations, travel, hotels, purchase of household items such as furniture, household appliances, rental costs); changes in everyday behavior due to higher prices (I drive less, I heat my home more conservatively, I set the temperature at home lower than usual, I pay more attention to the price when shopping, I only buy food and everyday products that I really need, I buy more expensive products in installments, I make sure I use less hot water, I do without certain leisure activities, I make sure I save electricity, I now use public transport more often, I have postponed larger purchases for the time being, I do without vacation trips, I have canceled memberships and subscriptions, I meet fewer people than before, as joint activities are often associated with additional costs); characterization of the household´s financial situation (my household can usually put some money aside at the end of the month, my household cannot put any money aside at the end of the month, but the money is enough to cover running costs, my household currently has to draw on savings to cover running costs, my household uses credit (consumer credit, instalment credit, overdraft/overdraft facility); use of state benefits by persons in my own household (parental allowance, child benefit, advance maintenance payments, reductions via a social or family pass, unemployment benefit, citizen´s allowance, housing benefit/ Housing Benefit Plus, certificate of eligibility for social housing, education grant/ BAföG); reasons for not claiming the above-mentioned state benefits (because I am not entitled to the benefit, because I do not know whether I am entitled or not, because I do not know who to contact, because I do not feel comfortable applying for such benefits, because I do not want to be dependent on the state).

Block E - Expectations of politics and the welfare state: strength of state support for the household; need for further state support measures; information about state social benefits (I actively inform myself about state social benefits, i.e. I specifically look for information about them, I tend to get information about state social benefits by chance, e.g. via my normal media consumption, neither, both); level of information about state social benefits; awareness of various reforms of social benefits that have already been decided or are planned (introduction of the citizen´s income (abolition of Hartz IV), increase in unemployment benefit, introduction of a basic child benefit, increase in the minimum wage, guarantee of a minimum pension level, increase in child benefit, increase in care allowance for people in need of care, increase in housing benefit and expansion of the group of people entitled to it, increase in contributions to be paid into the pension insurance scheme); evaluation of these...

This map is made using content created and owned by the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development (Esri user HUD.Official.Content). The map uses their Low to Moderate Income Population by Tract layer, filtered for only census tracts in Monroe County, NY where at least 51% of households earn less than 80 percent of the Area Median Income (AMI). The map is centered on Rochester, NY, with the City of Rochester, NY border added for context. Users can zoom out to see the Revitalization Areas for the broader county region.The Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program requires that each CDBG funded activity must either principally benefit low- and moderate-income persons, aid in the prevention or elimination of slums or blight, or meet a community development need having a particular urgency because existing conditions pose a serious and immediate threat to the health or welfare of the community and other financial resources are not available to meet that need. With respect to activities that principally benefit low- and moderate-income persons, at least 51 percent of the activity's beneficiaries must be low and moderate income. For CDBG, a person is considered to be of low income only if he or she is a member of a household whose income would qualify as "very low income" under the Section 8 Housing Assistance Payments program. Generally, these Section 8 limits are based on 50% of area median. Similarly, CDBG moderate income relies on Section 8 "lower income" limits, which are generally tied to 80% of area median. These data are derived from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey (ACS) and based on Census 2010 geography.Please refer to the Feature Layer for date of last update.Data Dictionary: DD_Low to Moderate Income Populations by Tract

If you’re a senior with low income, you may qualify for monthly Guaranteed Annual Income System payments.

Maximum payment and allowable private income amounts for the period from July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2025 are:

• $87 monthly for single seniors (maximum monthly payment amount), your annual private income must be less than $4,176
• $174 monthly for senior couples (maximum monthly payment amount), your annual private income must be less than $8,352

The data is organized by private income levels. GAINS payments are provided on top of the Old Age Security (OAS) pension and the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS) payments you may receive from the federal government.

Learn more about the Ontario Guaranteed Annual Income System

This data is related to The Retirement Income System in Canada

The study on people with low incomes was conducted by Kantar Public on behalf of the Press and Information Office of the Federal Government. During the survey period 01.03.2023 to 10.03.2023, 1,030 low-income people aged 18 and over (with a needs-weighted net income of up to 1,500 euros) were surveyed in online interviews (CAWI) on the following topics: dealing with inflation and evaluating the relief measures, claiming social benefits and assessing the new regulations on the citizen´s income. The respondents were selected by a quota sample from an online access panel.
Concerns about inflation: Strength of the burden of general price increases.

Block A - Social environment, values, uncertainties: Values (central contents of life: to be as free and independent as possible, to be politically or socially active, to be financially secure, to have good relationships with other people, to enjoy life, to live in an environmentally conscious way, to have children, to be there for others, to help others, to have a nice and cosy home, to have a fulfilling job or occupation, to live healthily); agreement with statements on the topic of work and working life (one´s own work often brings one to the limits of one´s physical or mental resilience, confidence with regard to professional advancement in the foreseeable future, work gives the feeling of being needed, fear of losing one´s job, lack of labour in Germany opens up new career opportunities); membership in a political party, trade union, citizens´ initiative or non-governmental organisation; type of voluntary activities (in an aid organisation (e.g. food banks, refugee aid), in the church or a religious community, in a club, in social or youth work, in rescue or medical services (e.g. volunteer fire brigade, DLRG); agreement with statements about own living environment (Changes in society frighten me, I feel left alone by the state, I have good friends who support me, I am flexible enough to be able to adjust to difficult situations, I can largely determine my own life, in financial emergencies I can rely on the financial support of my parents/siblings or other relatives, I feel that life is a constant struggle, I feel marginalised, within my means I support my friends and family when necessary).

Block B - Future perspectives: Confidence vs. worries with regard to the personal future in the following areas: financial situation, housing situation, health, old-age provision and career prospects; assessment of the future prospects of own children.

Block C - Financial situation: Change in financial situation in recent years; perceived burden of current price increases in various areas (petrol, buying food, costs for craftsmen, heating, electricity, costs for public transport, going to restaurants, going to events, leisure activities, buying clothes, costs for hobbies, costs for holidays, travel, hotels, rental costs); changes in everyday behaviour due to increased prices (I drive less, I heat more cautiously, I set the temperature at home lower than usual, I pay more attention to the price when shopping, I only buy food and everyday products that I really need, I buy more expensive products more on instalments, I make sure to use less hot water, I do without certain leisure activities, I make sure to save electricity, I now use public transport more often, I have postponed larger purchases for the time being, I do without holiday trips, I have cancelled memberships and subscriptions, I meet fewer people than before because joint activities are often associated with additional costs); characterisation of the household´s financial situation (my household can usually still put some money aside at the end of the month, my household cannot put any money aside at the end of the month but the money is enough to cover running costs, my household currently has to fall back on savings to cover running costs, my household is helping itself with credit in the current crisis (consumer credit, instalment credit, overdraft facility/overdraft); claiming state benefits by persons in their own household (parental allowance, child benefit, advance maintenance payments, reductions via a social or family pass, unemployment benefit, citizen´s allowance, housing benefit/ housing benefit plus, certificate of entitlement to social housing, training assistance/ BAföG); reasons for not claiming the above-mentioned state benefits (because there is no entitlement to the benefit, because I do not know whether there is an entitlement or not, because I do not know who to turn to, because it is inconvenient for me to apply for such benefits); forms of personal financial old-age provision (entitlements from statutory pension insurance/civil servant pension, entitlements from a company pension scheme, entitlements from a private pension scheme, individual provision, home ownership or building society savings contract, none of the above); changes to pension provision due to the high cost of...

Analysis of ‘Affordable Housing by Town 2011-2020’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/12fb0759-dd5d-4701-a95d-3a7365723c24 on 27 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

The Affordable Housing Appeals Procedure List is published annually on or about February 1. The data for the Affordable Housing Appeals Procedure List comes from different sources including federal, state and local programs. This makes it difficult to ensure complete accuracy, so DOH asks municipalities to provide a local administrative review of and input on the street addresses of units and projects as well as information on deed-restricted units. The responses received by DOH vary widely from each municipality.

In developing the Affordable Housing Appeals Procedure List, DOH counts:

-Assisted housing units or housing receiving financial assistance under any governmental program for the construction or substantial rehabilitation of low and moderate income housing that was occupied or under construction by the end date of the report period for compilation of a given year’s list; -Rental housing occupied by persons receiving rental assistance under C.G.S. Chapter 138a (State Rental Assistance/RAP) or Section 142f of Title 42 of the U.S. Code (Section 8); -Ownership housing or housing currently financed by the Connecticut Housing Finance Authority and/or the U.S. Department of Agriculture; and -Deed-restricted properties or properties with deeds containing covenants or restrictions that require such dwelling unit(s) be sold or rented at or below prices that will preserve the unit(s) as affordable housing as defined in C.G.S. Section 8-39a for persons or families whose incomes are less than or equal to 80% of the area median income.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Individual Assistance (IA) is provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to individuals and families who have sustained losses due to disasters.rnHomeowners, renters, and business owners in designated counties who sustained damage to their homes, vehicles, personal property, businesses, or inventory as a result of a federally declared disaster may apply for disaster assistance.rnDisaster assistance may include grants to help pay for temporary housing, emergency home repairs, uninsured and underinsured personal property losses, medical, dental, and funeral expenses caused by the disaster, along with other serious disaster-related expenses.rnDisaster assistance grants are not taxable income and will not affect eligibility for Social Security, Medicaid, medical waiver programs, welfare assistance, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, food stamps, Supplemental Security Income, or Social Security Disability Insurance.rnThis dataset contains detailed non-PII data on the Individuals and Households Program (IHP). FEMA provides assistance to individuals and households through the IA program, comprised of two categories of assistance: Housing Assistance (HA) and Other Needs Assistance (ONA). For more information read FEMA's IHP unified guidance: https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/IHP_Unified_Guidance_FINAL_09272016_0.pdfrnThis dataset is scheduled to be superceded by Valid Registrations V2 by early CY 2024.

Between 2018 and 2022, people in households in the ‘other’, Asian and black ethnic groups were the most likely to be in persistent low income, both before and after housing costs, out of all ethnic groups.

This data collection is part of a longitudinal survey designed to provide detailed information on the economic situation of households and persons in the United States. These data examine the distribution of income, wealth, and poverty in American society and gauge the effects of federal and state programs on the well-being of families and individuals. There are three basic elements contained in the survey. The first is a control card that records basic social and demographic characteristics for each person in a household, as well as changes in such characteristics over the course of the interviewing period. The second element is the core portion of the questionnaire, with questions repeated at each interview on labor force activity, types and amounts of income, participation in various cash and noncash benefit programs, attendance in post-secondary schools, private health insurance coverage, public or subsidized rental housing, low-income energy assistance, and school breakfast and lunch participation. The third element consists of topical modules, which are a series of supplemental questions asked during selected household visits. Topical modules include some core data to help link individuals to the core files. A topical module was not created for the first wave of the 1991 Panel. The Wave 2 Topical Module (Part 5) covers employment, work disability, education and training, marital status, migration, fertility history, and receipt of benefits from government programs. The Wave 3 Topical Module (Part 9) includes data concerning work schedule, child care, child support agreements, support for nonhousehold members, functional limitations and disability, and utilization of health care services. Data in the Wave 4 Topical Module (Part 13) include selected financial assets, medical expenses and work disability, real estate, shelter costs, dependent care, and vehicles. The Wave 5 Topical Module (Part 17) covers annual income and retirement accounts, taxes, and school enrollment and financing. The Wave 6 Topical Module (Part 20) includes information on consumer durables, living conditions, and basic needs. The Wave 7 Topical Module (Part 22) focuses on assets and liabilities, retirement expectations and pension plan coverage, and real estate property and vehicles. The Wave 8 Topical Module (Part 24) covers school enrollment and financing. Part 26 of this study is the Wave 5 Topical Module Microdata Research File, an unedited version of Part 17. This research file has not been edited nor imputed but has been topcoded or bottomcoded and recoded if necessary by the Census Bureau to avoid disclosure of individual respondents' identities.

This longitudinal survey was designed to add significantly to the amount of detailed information available on the economic situation of households and persons in the United States. These data examine the level of economic well-being of the population and also provide information on how economic situations relate to the demographic and social characteristics of individuals. There are three basic elements contained in the survey. The first is a control card that records basic social and demographic characteristics for each person in a household, as well as changes in such characteristics over the course of the interviewing period. The second element is the core portion of the questionnaire, with questions repeated at each interview on labor force activity, types and amounts of income, participation in various cash and noncash benefit programs, attendance in postsecondary schools, private health insurance coverage, public or subsidized rental housing, low-income energy assistance, and school breakfast and lunch participation. The third element consists of topical modules which are series of supplemental questions asked during selected household visits. No topical modules were created for the first or second waves. The Wave III Rectangular Core and Topical Module File offers both the core data and additional data on (1) education and work history and (2) health and disability. In the areas of education and work history, data are supplied on the highest level of schooling attained, courses or programs studied in high school and after high school, whether the respondent received job training, and if so, for how long and under what program (e.g., CETA or WIN). Other items pertain to the respondent's general job history and include a description of selected previous jobs, duration of jobs, and reasons for periods spent not working. Health and disability variables present information on the general condition of the respondent's health, functional limitations, work disability, and the need for personal assistance. Data are also provided on hospital stays or periods of illness, health facilities used, and whether health insurance plans (private or Medicare) were available. Respondents whose children had physical, mental, or emotional problems were questioned about the causes of the problems and whether the children attended regular schools. The Wave IV Rectangular Core and Topical Module file contains both the core data and sets of questions exploring the subjects of (1) assets and liabilities, (2) retirement and pension coverage, and (3) housing costs, conditions, and energy usage. Some of the major assets for which data are provided are savings accounts, stocks, mutual funds, bonds, Keogh and IRA accounts, home equity, life insurance, rental property, and motor vehicles. Data on unsecured liabilities such as loans, credit cards, and medical bills also are included. Retirement and pension information covers such items as when respondents expect to stop working, whether they will receive retirement benefits, whether their employers have retirement plans, if so whether they are eligible, and how much they expect to receive per year from these plans. In the category of housing costs, conditions, and energy usage, variables pertain to mortgage payments, real estate taxes, fire insurance, principal owed, when the mortgage was obtained, interest rates, rent, type of fuel used, heating facilities, appliances, and vehicles. The Wave V topical modules explore the subject areas of (1) child care, (2) welfare history and child support, (3) reasons for not working/reservation wage, and (4) support for nonhousehold members/work-related expenses. Data on child care include items on child care arrangements such as who provides the care, the number of hours of care per week, where the care is provided, and the cost. Questions in the areas of welfare history and child support focus on receipt of aid from specific welfare programs and child support agreements and their fulfillment. The reasons for not working/reservation wage module presents data on why persons are not in the labor force and the conditions under which they might join the labor force. Additional variables cover job search activities, pay rate required, and reason for refusal of a job offer. The set of questions dealing with nonhousehold members/work-related expenses contains items on regular support payments for nonhousehold members and expenses associated with a job such as union dues, licenses, permits, special tools, uniforms, or travel expenses. Information is supplied in the Wave VII Topical Module file on (1) assets and liabilities, (2) pension plan coverage, and (3) real estate property and vehicles. Variables pertaining to assets and liabilities are similar to those contained in the topical module for Wave IV. Pension plan coverage items include whether the respondent will receive retirement benefits, whether the employer offers a retirement plan and if the respondent is included in the plan, and contributions by the employer and the employee to the plan. Real estate property and vehicles data include information on mortgages held, amount of principal still owed and current interest rate on mortgages, rental and vacation properties owned, and various items pertaining to vehicles belonging to the household. Wave VIII Topical Module includes questions on support for nonhousehold members, work-related expenses, marital history, migration history, fertility history, and household relationships. Support for nonhousehold members includes data for children and adults not in the household. Weekly and annual work-related expenses are documented. Widowhood, divorce, separation, and marriage dates are part of the marital history. Birth expectations as well as dates of birth for all the householder's children, in the household or elsewhere, are recorded in the fertility history. Migration history data supplies information on birth history of the householder's parents, number of times moved, and moving expenses. Household relationships lists the exact relationships among persons living in the household. Part 49, Wave IX Rectangular Core and Topical Module Research File, includes data on annual income, retirement accounts, taxes, school enrollment, and financing. This topical module research file has not been edited nor imputed, but has been topcoded or bottomcoded and recoded if necessary by the Census Bureau to avoid disclosure of individual respondents' identities. (Source: downloaded from ICPSR 7/13/10)

After the entry into force of major housing policy laws in the first 20 or 30 years of the Federal Republic of Germany (First and Second Housing Act; housing - premium law; Housing Benefit Act; Urban Development Act) the associated support ("subsidies", financial or tax benefits which affect households immediately, indirectly but with importance for their economic live, are accounted as subsidies for housing, this for example includes the promotion of savings capital formation in building societies) contributed significantly until the end of 1980 to the construction of 16,7 million apartments (of which 7.1 million were family homes) and to the modernization of housing stock. Wealth creation was influenced by decisive impulses. Also direct transfer payments (public, housing premiums, etc.) and tax incentives (property tax reduction, accelerated depreciation under § 7b income tax act, depreciation according to § 82a of the income tax etc.) were made. The volume increased also by other not exactly quantifiable loss of tax revenue resulting from the regulation of the general tax law (including fiscal consequences of the build-owner model). Further losses of tax revenue as a consequence of not contemporary basic values need to be taken into account. “Insofar the research question of the author ‘Subsidies without counter performance?’ should deal with a much discussed problem because one can consider losses of tax revenue and allocation of funds as integral parts conscious political action and not as arbitrary distribution of election gifts. But actually this is a terra incognita. The extent of housing shortage after the Second World War did not leave room for such discussions. Therefor a systematic debate about the distributional effects of housing policy began relatively late, it started when in spite of the high volume of funding disparities in the provision of housing, the financial restrictions the public sector became more obvious.” (Kornemann, a. cit., p. 42 f.). It is undisputed that the state aid has contributed significantly to the sustainable improvement of the housing situation in the Federal Republic of Germany. The author summarizes the main results of government incentives for equity capital formation and for rent or load reduction as well as for the development of the volume of housing construction in overviews and concludes with a critique of the services and instruments of official housing policy.

Data tables in HISTAT: A.01 Government support measures for equity capital creation, in Mill. DM (1950-1980) A.02 Government support measures for Rental or load reduction, in Mill. DM (1950-1980) A.03 Volume of housing and construction completions, in billion DM (1950-1980)