The benchmark interest rate in the United States was last recorded at 4.25 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Fed Funds Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Graph and download economic data for Net Percentage of Other Domestic Banks Increasing the Use of Interest Rate Floors for Large and Middle-Market Firms (SUBLPDCILTFOTHNQ) from Q2 2011 to Q3 2025 about large, percent, domestic, Net, banks, depository institutions, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

The inflation rate in the United States declined significantly between June 2022 and July 2025, despite rising inflationary pressures towards the end of 2024. The peak inflation rate was recorded in June 2022, at *** percent. In August 2023, the Federal Reserve's interest rate hit its highest level during the observed period, at **** percent, and remained unchanged until September 2024, when the Federal Reserve implemented its first rate cut since September 2021. By January 2025, the rate dropped to **** percent, signalling a shift in monetary policy. What is the Federal Reserve interest rate? The Federal Reserve interest rate, or the federal funds rate, is the rate at which banks and credit unions lend to and borrow from each other. It is one of the Federal Reserve's key tools for maintaining strong employment rates, stable prices, and reasonable interest rates. The rate is determined by the Federal Reserve and adjusted eight times a year, though it can be changed through emergency meetings during times of crisis. The Fed doesn't directly control the interest rate but sets a target rate. It then uses open market operations to influence rates toward this target. Ways of measuring inflation Inflation is typically measured using several methods, with the most common being the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI tracks the price of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, providing a measure of the price changes consumers face. At the end of 2023, the CPI in the United States was ****** percent, up from ****** a year earlier. A more business-focused measure is the producer price index (PPI), which represents the costs of firms.

Graph and download economic data for 10-Year Real Interest Rate (REAINTRATREARAT10Y) from Jan 1982 to Sep 2025 about 10-year, interest rate, interest, real, rate, and USA.

The benchmark interest rate In the Euro Area was last recorded at 2.15 percent. This dataset provides - Euro Area Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

From 2003 to 2025, the central banks of the United States, United Kingdom, and European Union exhibited remarkably similar interest rate patterns, reflecting shared global economic conditions. In the early 2000s, rates were initially low to stimulate growth, then increased as economies showed signs of overheating prior to 2008. The financial crisis that year prompted sharp rate cuts to near-zero levels, which persisted for an extended period to support economic recovery. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to further rate reductions to historic lows, aiming to mitigate economic fallout. However, surging inflation in 2022 triggered a dramatic policy shift, with the Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank significantly raising rates to curb price pressures. As inflation stabilized in late 2023 and early 2024, the ECB and Bank of England initiated rate cuts by mid-2024, and the Federal Reserve also implemented its first cut in three years, with forecasts suggesting a gradual decrease in all major interest rates between 2025 and 2026. Divergent approaches within the European Union While the ECB sets a benchmark rate for the Eurozone, individual EU countries have adopted diverse strategies to address their unique economic circumstances. For instance, Hungary set the highest rate in the EU at 13 percent in September 2023, gradually reducing it to 6.5 percent by October 2024. In contrast, Sweden implemented more aggressive cuts, lowering its rate to two percent by June 2025, the lowest among EU members. These variations highlight the complex economic landscape that European central banks must navigate, balancing inflation control with economic growth support. Global context and future outlook The interest rate changes in major economies have had far-reaching effects on global financial markets. Government bond yields, for example, reflect these policy shifts and investor sentiment. As of December 2024, the United States had the highest 10-year government bond yield among developed economies at 4.59 percent, while Switzerland had the lowest at 0.27 percent. These rates serve as important benchmarks for borrowing costs and economic expectations worldwide.

In July 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In the first half of 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 18 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at 0 percent in July 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 8.8 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

In the United States, interest rates for all mortgage types started to increase in 2021. This was due to the Federal Reserve introducing a series of hikes in the federal funds rate to contain the rising inflation. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the 30-year fixed rate rose slightly, to **** percent. Despite the increase, the rate remained below the peak of **** percent in the same quarter a year ago. Why have U.S. home sales decreased? Cheaper mortgages normally encourage consumers to buy homes, while higher borrowing costs have the opposite effect. As interest rates increased in 2022, the number of existing homes sold plummeted. Soaring house prices over the past 10 years have further affected housing affordability. Between 2013 and 2023, the median price of an existing single-family home risen by about ** percent. On the other hand, the median weekly earnings have risen much slower. Comparing mortgage terms and rates Between 2008 and 2023, the average rate on a 15-year fixed-rate mortgage in the United States stood between **** and **** percent. Over the same period, a 30-year mortgage term averaged a fixed-rate of between **** and **** percent. Rates on 15-year loan terms are lower to encourage a quicker repayment, which helps to improve a homeowner’s equity.

The benchmark interest rate in Brazil was last recorded at 15 percent. This dataset provides - Brazil Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: Long-Term Government Bond Yields: 10-Year: Main (Including Benchmark) for United States (IRLTLT01USM156N) from Apr 1953 to Jul 2025 about long-term, 10-year, bonds, yield, government, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

Certificate of Deposit Market Outlook

The global certificate of deposit (CD) market size was valued at approximately USD 1 trillion in 2023, and it is projected to reach nearly USD 1.5 trillion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 4.5%. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing preference for safe and secure investment options amidst global economic uncertainties. Factors such as technological advancements in banking, fluctuating interest rates, and evolving consumer preferences are expected to further fuel the expansion of the CD market. As investors seek to balance risk and return, the certificate of deposit market is poised for significant growth over the next decade.

A major growth factor in the certificate of deposit market is the heightened demand for low-risk investment products, especially in volatile economic climates. As global markets experience fluctuations due to geopolitical tensions and unpredictable economic policies, investors are increasingly turning to CDs as a stable and predictable source of income. The fixed interest rates and government insurance associated with CDs make them an attractive option for risk-averse investors. Additionally, the increasing financial literacy among the population is leading to greater awareness of CDs as an investment tool, further driving market growth.

The digital transformation of banking services has also had a profound impact on the certificate of deposit market. Online banks and financial institutions are now offering more competitive rates and greater accessibility to CD products, thereby expanding their customer base. This digital shift has not only increased the convenience for consumers but also allowed institutions to reduce operational costs, enabling them to offer more attractive rates. Furthermore, the proliferation of fintech platforms has facilitated easier comparison of CD rates and terms, empowering consumers to make more informed investment decisions, which ultimately supports market growth.

Interest rates, which are a critical determinant of the attractiveness of CDs, have become progressively volatile, largely influencing the dynamics of the CD market. Central banks across the globe are adjusting rates in response to inflationary pressures and economic recovery efforts post-pandemic. While higher interest rates may enhance the appeal of CDs by offering better returns, they also make other investment avenues more attractive. Consequently, financial institutions are developing innovative CD products with features such as bump-up rates or liquidity options to maintain competitiveness. As interest rate environments evolve, so too will the strategies employed by both issuers and investors within the CD market.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the certificate of deposit market, driven by a mature banking sector and a high level of investor awareness. Europe follows closely, with its robust regulatory framework and stable economic environment contributing to sustained interest in CDs. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is expected to exhibit the fastest growth rate, attributed to rapid economic development and increasing individual wealth in countries such as China and India. The Latin America and Middle East & Africa regions are also anticipated to see moderate growth, spurred by improving financial infrastructure and increasing investor education initiatives. Overall, the global CD market is poised for steady expansion, with varying growth trajectories across different regions.

Type Analysis

The certificate of deposit market is diverse, encompassing several types of CDs, each catering to different investor needs and preferences. Traditional CDs remain the most prevalent, offering fixed interest rates over specified terms. Their appeal lies in their simplicity and the assurance of a guaranteed return, which continues to attract conservative investors. The demand for traditional CDs is particularly strong among retirees and individuals seeking stable income sources. Despite the emergence of more flexible CD options, traditional CDs maintain their dominance due to the predictability and security they offer in uncertain financial climates.

Bump-Up CDs have gained traction as investors seek products that allow for interest rate adjustments during the term. This type of CD offers the potential for higher returns if market rates increase, providing a hedge against rising interest environments. The flexibility of bump-up CDs makes them attractive to investors who wish to capitalize on upward trends without abandoning the security of a CD. Howe

Mortgage interest rates worldwide varied greatly in June 2025, from less than ******percent in many European countries to as high as ***percent in Turkey. The average mortgage rate in a country depends on the central bank's base lending rate and macroeconomic indicators such as inflation and forecast economic growth. Since 2022, inflationary pressures have led to rapid increases in mortgage interest rates. Which are the leading mortgage markets? An easy way to estimate the importance of the mortgage sector in each country is by comparing household debt depth, or the ratio of the debt held by households compared to the county's GDP. In 2024, Switzerland, Australia, and Canada had some of the highest household debt to GDP ratios worldwide. While this indicator shows the size of the sector relative to the country’s economy, the value of mortgages outstanding allows to compare the market size in different countries. In Europe, for instance, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France were the largest mortgage markets by outstanding mortgage lending. Mortgage lending trends in the U.S. In the United States, new mortgage lending soared in 2021. This was largely due to the growth of new refinance loans that allow homeowners to renegotiate their mortgage terms and replace their existing loan with a more favorable one. Following the rise in interest rates, the mortgage market cooled, and refinance loans declined.

Interest Rate Options Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global interest rate options market size reached USD 22.6 billion in 2024, reflecting robust growth driven by increasing demand for risk management solutions in volatile financial environments. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 7.8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 44.9 billion by 2033. This dynamic growth is primarily attributed to heightened market volatility, evolving regulatory frameworks, and a surge in the adoption of sophisticated derivative instruments for hedging and speculative purposes.

One of the primary growth factors fueling the interest rate options market is the increasing need for effective risk management tools among financial institutions and corporates. As global interest rates continue to fluctuate due to macroeconomic uncertainties, companies and investors are seeking robust instruments to hedge against potential losses. Interest rate options, including caps, floors, collars, and swaptions, offer tailored solutions that allow market participants to manage exposure to adverse interest rate movements. This growing reliance on derivative products is further supported by advancements in financial technology, which have enhanced the accessibility and efficiency of trading platforms, making it easier for a broader spectrum of users to participate in the market.

Another significant driver is the expansion of financial markets in emerging economies, particularly in Asia Pacific and Latin America. As these regions experience rapid economic development, there is a corresponding increase in the complexity and volume of financial transactions. This has led to a greater demand for sophisticated financial instruments, including interest rate options, to manage the risks associated with lending, borrowing, and investing. The proliferation of over-the-counter (OTC) contracts, along with the growing popularity of exchange-traded derivatives, has further contributed to the market's expansion. Regulatory reforms aimed at increasing transparency and reducing systemic risk have also played a pivotal role in shaping the market landscape, encouraging more participants to adopt interest rate options as part of their risk management strategies.

Technological innovation is playing a transformative role in the interest rate options market. The integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and advanced analytics into trading systems has significantly improved the accuracy and speed of pricing, risk assessment, and execution. These advancements have not only reduced operational costs but have also enabled market participants to respond more swiftly to changing market conditions. Moreover, the digitization of financial services has facilitated greater market accessibility, allowing smaller institutions and corporates to leverage interest rate options for hedging and investment purposes. This democratization of access, combined with ongoing product innovation, is expected to sustain market growth over the forecast period.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the interest rate options market, accounting for the largest share in 2024 due to its mature financial infrastructure and high adoption of derivative products. Europe follows closely, driven by stringent regulatory requirements and an active banking sector. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, supported by rapid economic growth, increasing financial sophistication, and ongoing regulatory reforms. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing steady growth, albeit from a lower base, as market participants in these regions increasingly recognize the benefits of interest rate options for managing financial risk.

Product Type Analysis

The product type segment in the interest rate options market encompasses a range of instruments, including caps, floors, collars, swaptions, and other customized solutions. Caps and floors are particularly popular among borrowers and lenders seeking to establish upper or lower limits on interest rate fluctuations, providing a safety net against adverse rate movements. Collars, which combine the features of caps and floors, offer a balanced approach by simultaneously setting both upper and lower bounds, making them attractive for corporates and financial institutions aiming to stabilize cash flows. Swaptions, or options on interest rate swaps, have gai

Track real-time 10 Year Treasury Rate yields and explore historical trends from year start to today. View interactive yield curve data with YCharts.

View market daily updates and historical trends for Effective Federal Funds Rate. from United States. Source: Federal Reserve. Track economic data with YC…

Banks with declining net interest margins during the 2022–23 tightening cycle were more reliant on capital market funding.

This table contains 39 series, with data for starting from 1991 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada); Financial market statistics (39 items: Government of Canada Treasury Bills, 1-month (composite rates); Government of Canada Treasury Bills, 2-month (composite rates); Government of Canada Treasury Bills, 3-month (composite rates);Government of Canada Treasury Bills, 6-month (composite rates); ...).

Mortgage interest rates in Czechia have experienced significant fluctuations over the past few years, reaching a peak of nearly *** percent in December 2022 before gradually declining. As of March 2025, the interest rate on new mortgages in the country amounted to **** percent, showing a slight decrease from the previous month. This trend in mortgage rates has occurred alongside substantial increases in housing prices. Housing market dynamics The changes in mortgage rates have gone hand in hand with notable shifts in the Czech housing market. Despite the high-interest rates, new mortgage lending reached over 18 million Czech koruna in December 2024, marking a significant increase from the same month in the previous year. This growth in lending has continued despite the steady rise in housing prices, with the house price index reaching ***** in the third quarter of 2024. This marks a significant increase from the 2015 baseline, reflecting the ongoing upward trend. The average purchase price per square meter for family houses increasing across the country. In 2023, Prague recorded the highest average price at ******* Czech koruna per square meter. Construction sector trends The construction sector in Czechia has shown its response to these market conditions. The index of multi-dwelling building construction fluctuated recently, with 2024 showing a slight decrease to **** index points compared to the previous year. However, regarding non-residential buildings, the construction has been continuously growing since 2018 with hotels and industrial buildings accounting for the majority of new non-residential constructions.

Celsius Holdings' stock increased by 5.7% as the Fed maintained interest rates, signaling potential rate cuts amidst economic uncertainty. The company recently expanded by acquiring Alani Nu.

The U.S. federal funds effective rate underwent a dramatic reduction in early 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rate plummeted from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.65 percent in March, and further decreased to 0.05 percent in April. This sharp reduction, accompanied by the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing program, was implemented to stabilize the economy during the global health crisis. After maintaining historically low rates for nearly two years, the Federal Reserve began a series of rate hikes in early 2022, with the rate moving from 0.33 percent in April 2022 to 5.33 percent in August 2023. The rate remained unchanged for over a year, before the Federal Reserve initiated its first rate cut in nearly three years in September 2024, bringing the rate to 5.13 percent. By December 2024, the rate was cut to 4.48 percent, signaling a shift in monetary policy in the second half of 2024. In January 2025, the Federal Reserve implemented another cut, setting the rate at 4.33 percent, which remained unchanged throughout the following months. What is the federal funds effective rate? The U.S. federal funds effective rate determines the interest rate paid by depository institutions, such as banks and credit unions, that lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight. Changing the effective rate in times of crisis is a common way to stimulate the economy, as it has a significant impact on the whole economy, such as economic growth, employment, and inflation. Central bank policy rates The adjustment of interest rates in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was a coordinated global effort. In early 2020, central banks worldwide implemented aggressive monetary easing policies to combat the economic crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's dramatic reduction of its federal funds rate - from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.05 percent by April - mirrored similar actions taken by central banks globally. While these low rates remained in place throughout 2021, mounting inflationary pressures led to a synchronized tightening cycle beginning in 2022, with central banks pushing rates to multi-year highs. By mid-2024, as inflation moderated across major economies, central banks began implementing their first rate cuts in several years, with the U.S. Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank all easing monetary policy.