In 2023, there was a total of *** natural disasters events recorded worldwide, down from *** recorded a year earlier. The Europe, Middle East and Africa region experienced the highest number of natural disasters that year. Deaths and costs of natural disasters Natural disasters affect almost every part of the world. In February 2023, Turkey and Syria were hit by earthquakes that resulted in the highest number of deaths due to natural disaster events that year. In terms of economic damage, Hurricane Katrina remains one of the most expensive natural disasters in the world, topped only by the earthquake/tsunami which hit Japan in 2011. Climate change and natural disasters Climate change has influenced the prevalence of natural disasters. Global warming can increase the risk of extreme weather, resulting in higher risk of droughts and stronger storms, such as tropical cyclones. For instance, higher levels of water vapor in the atmosphere give storms the power to emerge. Furthermore, the heat in the atmosphere and high ocean surface temperatures lead to increased wind speeds, which characterize tropical storms. Areas that are usually unaffected by the sea are becoming more vulnerable due to rising sea levels as waves and currents become stronger.

In 2024, there were roughly 18,100 reported fatalities caused by natural disaster events worldwide. This was well below the 21st-century average and significantly lower than the fatalities recorded in 2023, which were driven by the earthquakes that hit Turkey and Syria on February and became the deadliest catastrophes in 2023, with nearly ****** reported deaths. Economic losses due to natural disasters The economic losses due to natural disaster events worldwide amounted to about *** billion U.S. dollars in 2024. Although figures in recent years have remained mostly stable, 2011 remains the costliest year to date. Among the different types of natural disaster events, tropical cyclones caused the largest economic losses across the globe in 2024. What does a natural disaster cost? Hurricane Katrina has been one of the costliest disasters in the world, costing the insurance industry some *** billion U.S. dollars. The resilience of societies against catastrophes have been boosted by insurance industry payouts. Nevertheless, insurance payouts are primarily garnered by industrialized countries. In emerging and developing regions, disaster insurance coverage is still limited, despite the need for improved risk management and resilience as a method to mitigate the impact of disasters and to promote sustainable growth.

In 2024, the United States experienced 29 natural disasters, which made it the most natural catastrophe-prone country in the world that year. Indonesia and China came second on that list, with 20 and 18 natural disasters occurring in the same year, respectively. Storms were the most common type of natural disaster in 2024. Types of natural disasters There are many different types of natural disasters that occur worldwide, including earthquakes, droughts, storms, floods, volcanic activity, extreme temperatures, landslides, and wildfires. Overall, there were 398 natural disasters registered all over the world in 2023. Costs of natural disasters Due to their destructive nature, natural disasters take a severe toll on populations and countries. Tropical cyclones have the biggest economic impact in the countries that they occur. In 2024, tropical cyclones caused damage estimated at more than 145 billion U.S. dollars. Meanwhile, the number of deaths due to natural disasters neared 18,100 that year. The Heat Wave in Saudi Arabia had the highest death toll, with 1,301 fatalities. Scientists predict that some natural disasters such as storms, floods, landslides, and wildfires will be more frequent and more intense in the future, creating both human and financial losses.

In 2024, the economic losses due to natural disasters worldwide amounted to about *** billion U.S. dollars. Natural disasters occur as a result of natural processes on Earth. Many different types of natural disasters can occur, including floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Natural disasters in 2024 Tropical cyclones generated the highest amount of economic losses in 2024 with *** billion U.S. dollars worldwide. Hurricanes Helene and Milton were the most destructive events worldwide that year with over 100 billion U.S. dollars in economic losses. Flooding events ranked second in the costliest events in 2024, with flooding in Valencia, Spain, and South and Central China being the worst examples. Asia hardest hit by natural disasters A highly destructive force, Asia is one of the most susceptible regions to natural disasters. The repercussions of natural disasters are not only physical, but also economic. Costs may be high – depending on the severity – as areas affected by natural disasters might need to be rebuilt. Lower income countries are more likely to be affected by natural disasters for a multitude of reasons, including a lack of developed infrastructure, inadequate housing, and lack of back-resources.

The risk of natural disasters, many of which are amplified by climate change, requires the protection of emergency evacuation routes to permit evacuees safe passage. California has recognized the need through the AB 747 Planning and Zoning Law, which requires each county and city in California to update their - general plans to include safety elements from unreasonable risks associated with various hazards, specifically evacuation routes and their capacity, safety, and viability under a range of emergency scenarios. These routes must be identified in advance and maintained so they can support evacuations. Today, there is a lack of a centralized database of the identified routes or their general assessment. Consequently, this proposal responds to Caltrans’ research priority for “GIS Mapping of Emergency Evacuation Routes.†Specifically, the project objectives are: 1) create a centralized GIS database, by collecting and compiling available evacuation route GIS layers, and the safety eleme..., The project used the following public datasets: • Open Street Map. The team collected the road network arcs and nodes of the selected localities and the team will make public the graph used for each locality. • National Risk Index (NRI): The team used the NRI obtained publicly from FEMA at the census tract level. • American Community Survey (ACS): The team used ACS data to estimate the Social Vulnerability Index at the census block level. Then the author developed a measurement to estimate the road network performance risk at the node level, by estimating the Hansen accessibility index, betweenness centrality and the NRI. Create a set of CSV files with the risk for more than 450 localities in California, on around 18 natural hazards. I also have graphs of the RNP risk at the regional level showing the directionality of the risk., , # Data from: Improving public safety through spatial synthesis, mapping, modeling, and performance analysis of emergency evacuation routes in California localities

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.w9ghx3g0j

Description of the data and file structure

For this project’s analysis, the team obtained data from FEMA's National Risk Index, including the Social Vulnerability Index (SOVI).

To estimate SOVI, the team used data from the American Community Survey (ACS) to calculate SOVI at the census block level.

Using the graphs obtained from OpenStreetMap (OSM), the authors estimated the Hansen Accessibility Index (Ai) and the normalized betweenness centrality (BC) for each node in the graph.

The authors estimated the Road Network Performance (RNP) risk at the node level by combining NRI, Ai, and BC. They then grouped the RNP to determine the RNP risk at the regional level and generated the radial histogram. Finally, the authors calculated each ana...

Insurance Graph Analytics Platforms Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Insurance Graph Analytics Platforms market size in 2024 stands at USD 1.82 billion, reflecting a robust surge in adoption across the insurance sector. The market is advancing at a CAGR of 23.9% from 2025 to 2033, with projections indicating the market will reach USD 14.89 billion by 2033. This impressive growth is primarily driven by the escalating necessity for advanced analytics to combat sophisticated insurance fraud, optimize risk management, and enhance customer experience, all of which are being facilitated by the integration of graph analytics platforms into insurance operations.

One of the most significant growth factors propelling the Insurance Graph Analytics Platforms market is the increasing sophistication and frequency of insurance fraud. As fraudulent schemes grow more complex, traditional analytics tools often fall short in detecting subtle, hidden connections among entities. Graph analytics platforms excel in identifying intricate relationships and patterns within vast datasets, making them indispensable for fraud detection in the insurance sector. Additionally, regulatory bodies worldwide are enforcing stricter compliance standards, which further drives insurers to adopt advanced analytics solutions capable of providing comprehensive audit trails and transparent risk assessments. The ability of graph analytics to deliver real-time insights and actionable intelligence is transforming the way insurers approach fraud prevention, leading to widespread market adoption.

Another key driver of market expansion is the ongoing digital transformation within the insurance industry. Insurers are under immense pressure to modernize their IT infrastructure and leverage new technologies to stay competitive. Graph analytics platforms enable insurance companies to harness the power of big data, uncovering valuable insights from diverse sources such as claims records, customer interactions, and external data feeds. This not only streamlines underwriting and claims management processes but also enhances customer analytics, enabling insurers to deliver personalized products and services. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning with graph analytics further amplifies these benefits, providing predictive capabilities and automating complex decision-making processes. As insurers increasingly recognize the value of data-driven strategies, investments in graph analytics platforms are expected to accelerate.

The market is also benefiting from the growing demand for risk management solutions that can adapt to rapidly evolving threats and uncertainties. Graph analytics platforms offer unparalleled flexibility in modeling and visualizing risk scenarios, enabling insurers to proactively identify emerging risks and optimize their portfolios. This is particularly valuable in the context of property and casualty insurance, where exposure to natural disasters, cyber threats, and other unpredictable events is rising. Moreover, the ability to integrate graph analytics with existing enterprise systems and cloud-based platforms makes it easier for insurers of all sizes to deploy these solutions. The scalability and interoperability of modern graph analytics platforms are key factors driving their adoption across the global insurance sector.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the Insurance Graph Analytics Platforms market, accounting for the largest share due to the presence of leading technology providers, high insurance penetration, and a strong focus on innovation. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, fueled by rapid digitalization, expanding insurance markets, and increasing investments in advanced analytics technologies. Europe is also witnessing significant growth, driven by stringent regulatory requirements and the adoption of cutting-edge analytics solutions by major insurers. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually embracing graph analytics, supported by growing awareness and the need to enhance fraud detection and risk management capabilities. The global outlook for the Insurance Graph Analytics Platforms market remains highly optimistic, with all regions expected to contribute to sustained growth over the forecast period.

Graph Database Platforms for Supply Chain Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Graph Database Platforms for Supply Chain market size reached USD 1.84 billion in 2024, reflecting robust demand across multiple industries. The market is projected to register a compelling CAGR of 19.7% from 2025 to 2033, with the total market value expected to reach USD 9.16 billion by 2033. This impressive growth is primarily driven by the increasing complexity of global supply chains, the need for real-time data analytics, and the rapid adoption of digital transformation initiatives in logistics, manufacturing, and retail sectors. As per our most recent analysis, organizations are increasingly leveraging graph database platforms to enhance visibility, optimize operations, and address supply chain disruptions more effectively.

The primary growth factor fueling the expansion of the Graph Database Platforms for Supply Chain market is the escalating demand for advanced data management solutions capable of handling the intricate relationships and dependencies inherent in modern supply chains. Traditional relational databases often struggle with the dynamic and interconnected nature of supply chain data, which includes suppliers, manufacturers, logistics partners, and end customers. Graph databases, by contrast, are designed to efficiently map and analyze these complex networks, enabling organizations to gain actionable insights, identify bottlenecks, and mitigate risks. The ability to visualize and traverse vast data sets in real time is particularly valuable in scenarios involving multi-tier suppliers, global logistics, and compliance requirements, thus propelling the adoption of graph database platforms across industries.

Another significant driver is the growing emphasis on supply chain resilience and risk management, especially in the wake of global disruptions such as pandemics, geopolitical tensions, and natural disasters. Organizations are increasingly recognizing the importance of end-to-end supply chain visibility to anticipate and respond to potential threats. Graph database platforms facilitate real-time monitoring and predictive analytics, empowering businesses to proactively manage risks and ensure business continuity. Enhanced traceability and compliance capabilities also support industries with stringent regulatory requirements, such as healthcare, automotive, and food & beverage, further accelerating market growth. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning with graph databases amplifies their value, allowing for advanced scenario modeling, anomaly detection, and optimization.

Digital transformation initiatives, particularly the adoption of cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT), are further catalyzing the growth of the Graph Database Platforms for Supply Chain market. Cloud-based deployment models offer scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness, making graph database solutions accessible to organizations of all sizes, including small and medium enterprises. The proliferation of IoT devices throughout supply chains generates massive volumes of interconnected data, which graph databases are uniquely equipped to manage and analyze. This convergence of technologies is fostering innovative applications in inventory management, logistics optimization, and supplier collaboration, thereby expanding the addressable market and driving sustained investment in graph database platforms.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the Graph Database Platforms for Supply Chain market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024. This leadership position can be attributed to the region’s advanced IT infrastructure, high levels of digitalization, and strong presence of major technology providers. However, Asia Pacific is projected to exhibit the highest CAGR over the forecast period, fueled by rapid industrialization, expanding e-commerce, and significant investments in supply chain modernization. Europe is also witnessing robust growth, driven by regulatory requirements for traceability and sustainability, particularly in manufacturing and automotive sectors. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are emerging markets with increasing adoption of graph database technologies, supported by growing awareness and digital transformation initiatives.

Dataset Source:

https://climatedata.imf.org/pages/climatechange-data

Citation

Umeokwobia, R., Owusu-Afriye, J. and Abu, J., 2025. Climate Economics and Finance.

Fornino, M., Kutlukaya, M., Lepore, C. and López, J.U., 2024. A multi-country study of forward-looking economic losses from floods and tropical cyclones. International Monetary Fund.

Annual Surface Temperature Change

This indicator presents the mean surface temperature change during the period 1961-2021, using temperatures between 1951 and 1980 as a baseline. Use the drop-down menus to search for temperature changes by country.

This data is provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) and is based on publicly available GISTEMP data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA GISS).

World Monthly Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

This indicator presents the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, on a monthly and yearly basis, dating back to 1958. Use the drop-down menus to search for a specific time period, and to see the rate of year-on-year growth.

The source data for these visualizations comes from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association Global Monitoring Laboratory.

Change in Mean Sea Levels

This indicator gives estimates of the rise of global sea levels, based on measurements from satellite radar altimeters. These are produced by measuring the time it takes a radar pulse to make a round-trip from the satellite to the sea surface and back again.

The graphs below show the data obtained by four satellite altimeters – TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, Jason-2, and Jason-3 – which have monitored the same surfaces since 1992. On the right, you’ll see mean sea level changes for each of the world’s main seas and oceans.

Forest and Carbon

Forests contain the largest stock of land-based carbon. Changes in forests, both in their extent and condition, can lead to low carbon storage and result in faster global warming. Indices on the extent of forests and carbon stored in forests provide a high-level summary of the state of forests across countries.

Land Cover and Land Cover Altering Indicator

Land cover has important linkages to climate regulation. Land’s ability to sequester carbon or store (retain) carbon impacts that amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. These indicators look at changes in land cover over time, grouping land cover into those types that have climate influencing, climate regulating and climate neutral impacts.

Climate-related Disasters Frequency

The links between climate change and natural disasters are well documented in a wide variety of climate change literature. This graph depicts the trend in these climate-related disasters over time.

Logistics Knowledge Graph-as-a-Service Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Logistics Knowledge Graph-as-a-Service market size reached USD 1.27 billion in 2024, with a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 29.3% expected through the forecast period. By 2033, the market is projected to attain a value of USD 11.45 billion, underscoring the transformative impact of advanced knowledge graph technologies in logistics. This remarkable growth is primarily driven by the escalating need for real-time data integration, intelligent decision-making, and end-to-end visibility across increasingly complex global supply chains.

The rapid digitization of logistics operations has emerged as a key growth driver for the Logistics Knowledge Graph-as-a-Service market. Enterprises are increasingly leveraging knowledge graphs to unify disparate data sources, enabling comprehensive visibility and deeper insights into logistics workflows. The adoption of IoT devices, sensors, and connected platforms has resulted in an explosion of data within the logistics ecosystem. Knowledge graph solutions efficiently aggregate, contextualize, and analyze this data, facilitating predictive analytics, proactive risk management, and agile decision-making. As organizations prioritize operational efficiency and resilience, the demand for scalable and intelligent data solutions continues to surge, fueling market expansion.

Another significant growth factor is the need for enhanced supply chain optimization and risk mitigation. The logistics sector is inherently vulnerable to disruptions, ranging from geopolitical tensions and regulatory changes to natural disasters and pandemics. Knowledge graphs empower businesses to model complex relationships between entities, such as suppliers, carriers, routes, and inventory nodes. This interconnected view enables real-time scenario analysis, rapid identification of bottlenecks, and dynamic re-routing to minimize delays and losses. The ability to anticipate and respond to disruptions with agility is increasingly seen as a competitive differentiator, further propelling the adoption of Logistics Knowledge Graph-as-a-Service offerings.

Furthermore, regulatory compliance and sustainability requirements are shaping the evolution of the logistics industry. Knowledge graph solutions facilitate compliance management by mapping regulatory requirements to specific logistics processes, automating documentation, and tracking adherence across the supply chain. Additionally, these platforms support sustainability initiatives by providing granular insights into carbon footprints, resource utilization, and ethical sourcing. As governments and consumers place greater emphasis on transparency and responsible business practices, logistics providers are turning to knowledge graph technology to meet evolving expectations and regulatory mandates.

Regionally, North America currently dominates the Logistics Knowledge Graph-as-a-Service market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024, followed closely by Europe and the Asia Pacific. The presence of a mature logistics infrastructure, high digital adoption rates, and a strong ecosystem of technology providers has supported rapid market growth in these regions. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific market is witnessing the fastest growth, driven by the expansion of e-commerce, rising investments in smart logistics, and increasing cross-border trade. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also emerging as promising markets, albeit from a smaller base, as regional players accelerate digital transformation initiatives and seek to enhance supply chain resilience.

Component Analysis

The Logistics Knowledge Graph-as-a-Service market can be segmented by component into Platform and Services. The platform segment comprises the core software infrastructure that enables the creation, management, and querying of knowledge graphs tailored to logistics applications. This segment has experienced significant growth due to advancements in graph database technologies, semantic search capabilities, and AI-driven analytics. Logistics platforms are increasingly being offered as cloud-native solutions, providing scalability, ease of integration, and rapid deployment. The ability to seamlessly connect with IoT devices, ERP systems, and other enterprise applications has made these platforms indispensable for mod

Due to the geographical context of the Philippines, the country is vulnerable to numerous natural disasters ranging from earthquakes, tropical cyclones, and flooding. As of June 2025, earthquakes in the country have 9.7 out of 10 risk index points, while tsunamis had 9.4 risk index points. Disasters in the Philippines Besides earthquakes, volcanic eruptions within the “Ring of Fire,” coupled with coastal hazards such as typhoons, flooding, and rising sea levels, constantly threaten the population with over 100 million inhabitants. In 2022, about 25 million Philippine pesos worth of damage was caused by tropical cyclones, regularly. Fatalities The fatalities caused by natural disasters in the Philippines, however, have been on the decline since, having peaked in 2013 due to typhoon Haiyan. The death toll in 2016 was much lower, with 70 deaths due to natural disasters recorded. Meanwhile, the government’s risk reduction expenditure gradually increased since 2015, with the highest spending recorded in 2021.

In 2024, a total of 1,374 earthquakes with magnitude of five or more were recorded worldwide as of December that year. The Ring of Fire Large earthquakes generally result in higher death tolls in developing countries or countries where building codes are less stringent. China has suffered from a number of strong earthquakes that have resulted in extremely high death tolls. While earthquakes occur around the globe along the various tectonic plate boundaries, a significant proportion occur around the basin of the Pacific Ocean, in what is referred to as the Ring of Fire due to the high degree of tectonic activity. Many of the countries in the Ring of Fire, including Japan, Chile, the United States and New Zealand, led the way in earthquake policy and science as a result. The impacts of earthquakes The tragic loss of life is not the only major negative effect of earthquakes, a number of earthquakes have caused billions of dollars worth of damage to infrastructure and private property. The high cost of damage in the 2011 Fukushima and Christchurch earthquakes in Japan and New Zealand respectively demonstrates that even wealthy, developed countries who are experienced in dealing with earthquakes are ill-equipped when the large earthquakes hit.

This dataset is a synthesis of species-specific pre- and post-fire tree stem density estimates, field plot characterization data, and acquired climate moisture deficit data for sites from Alaska, USA eastward to Quebec, Canada in fires that burned between 1989 and 2014. Data are from 1,538 sites across 58 fire perimeters encompassing 4.52 Mha of forest and all major boreal ecozones in North America. To be included in this synthesis, a site had to contain information on species-specific post-fire seedling densities. This included sites where seedlings had been counted 2-13 years post-fire, a timeframe over which there was little change in relative dominance of species based on densities. Plot characterization data includes stand age, site drainage, disturbance history, crown combustion severity, seedbed conditions, and stand structural attributes. Gridded values of Hargreaves Climate Moisture Deficit (CMD) were obtained for each plot where plot coordinates were available. These values included 30-year normals (1981-2010) and CMD in the two years immediately following the fire year. CMD anomalies were calculated as the difference between the 30-year normal and the single year values for each of the first two years after a fire. These synthesis data are provided in comma-separated values (CSV) format.

This dataset provides site moisture, soil organic layer thickness, soil organic carbon, nonvascular plant functional group, stand dominance, ecozone, time-after-fire, jack pine proportion, and deciduous proportion for 511 forested plots spanning ~140,000 km2 across two ecozones of the Northwest Territories, Canada (NWT). The plots were established during 2015-2018 across 41 wildfire scars and unburned areas (no burn history prior to 1965), with 317 plots in the Plains and 194 plots in the Shield regions. At each plot, two adjacent 30-m transects were established 2 m apart, running north from the plot origin. Soil organic layer (SOL) depth (cm) was measured every 3 m and the mean was taken from the 10 measurements to calculate a plot-level SOL thickness. Three soil organic layer profiles were destructively sampled at 0, 12, and 24 m using a corer that was custom designed for NWT soils. Within the transects, all stems taller than 1.37 m were identified to species to calculate tree density (stems / m2). Nonvascular plant percent cover was identified to functional group at five, 1-m2 quadrats spaced 6 m apart along the belt transect. A subset of 2,067 of 5,137 total increments from 1,803 profiles from 421 plots were analyzed for total percent C using a CHN analyzer. Time-after-fire was established using fire history records. For older plots where no known fire history is recorded, tree age was used. Data are for the period 2015-06-11 to 2018-08-24 and are provided in comma-separated values (CSV) format.

In 2022, the cost of damage caused by natural disasters occurring in Japan amounted to around *** billion Japanese yen. Since the country is situated along the Ring of Fire, an area where several tectonic plates meet, it is vulnerable to natural disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. Natural disasters in Japan In recent years, flooded houses accounted for the highest number of damage situations in natural disasters in Japan. Flooding is often caused by typhoons, which regularly hit Japan. Most typhoons approach the archipelago between July and October, during the peak of the typhoon season. The tropical cyclones develop over the Pacific Ocean and are likely to approach Japan's southernmost prefecture Okinawa. Since the number of typhoons has increased in recent years, the amount of damage caused by floods grew as well. The triple disaster in 2011 The highest cost of damage caused by natural disasters, as well as the highest number of people killed by natural disasters in Japan, was recorded in 2011. That year, the Great East Japan Earthquake, also referred to as the Tohoku earthquake, took place. It was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan and led to meltdowns at three reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Fukushima prefecture. The damage caused by surging water from the resulting tsunami was more destructive than the earthquake itself, as it destroyed many Japanese cities and led to the death of around 19.7 thousand people.

From 2012 to 2023, the number of internal displacements of people due to weather-related events in the United Kingdom amounted to approximately ******, from which almost ** percent were related to flooding.

In the past decade, economic losses caused by floods amounting to *** billion U.S. dollars were recorded across the globe. This was the highest decadal figure recorded in the indicated period, and an almost 10-fold increase compared to the 1970's. Floods were among the costliest weather and climate-related disasters worldwide between 1970 and 2019.

This data set contains moisture content measurements for fuel sticks located in the forest understory of the rainfall exclusion experimental site, Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. The mean and standard errors are reported for control and treatment plot measurements. The measurements were taken on various dates and times of day between 1998 and 2000 during the dry season. The rainfall exclusion treatment began in late January 2000 and continued through December 2004. About 60% of throughfall (equivalent to approximately half the rainfall) was diverted from a 1-hectare plot (i.e., dry) using plastic panels installed in the understory. The comparable 1-hectare control plot (i.e., wet) was unaltered. The purpose was to observe the potential effects of severe water stress on a humid Amazonian forest (Nepstad et al., 2002). There is one comma-separated (.csv) data file with this data set.

In 2024, the average air temperature in Japan's capital reached around **** degrees Celsius. Tokyo's annual mean air temperature increased by **** degrees Celsius since 1900, showing the progress of global warming. Weather in Tokyo Tokyo lies in the humid subtropical climate zone. It is affected by the monsoon circulation and has mild, sunny winters and hot, humid, and rainy summers. In most of Japan, the rainy season lasts from early June to mid-July. Furthermore, heavy rainfall is often caused by typhoons, which develop over the Pacific Ocean and regularly approach the archipelago between July and October. In recent years, the Kanto region, including Tokyo Prefecture, was approached by at least two typhoons each year. Since the winters are rather mild in Tokyo, the capital city does not often see snowfall and the snow rarely remains on the ground for more than a few days. Effects of global warming in Japan The increasing air temperature is one of the main consequences of global warming. Other effects are increased flooding frequency and a rise in sea levels due to melting ice caps. Global warming has already influenced Japan's climate in recent years, resulting in more frequent heat waves as well as increased annual rainfall. These weather changes can intensify natural disasters such as typhoons and inhibit the growth of crops. To counter global warming, Japan aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by increasing its renewable and nuclear energy share.

The average temperature in the contiguous United States reached 55.5 degrees Fahrenheit (13 degrees Celsius) in 2024, approximately 3.5 degrees Fahrenheit higher than the 20th-century average. These levels represented a record since measurements started in ****. Monthly average temperatures in the U.S. were also indicative of this trend. Temperatures and emissions are on the rise The rise in temperatures since 1975 is similar to the increase in carbon dioxide emissions in the U.S. Although CO₂ emissions in recent years were lower than when they peaked in 2007, they were still generally higher than levels recorded before 1990. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and is the main driver of climate change. Extreme weather Scientists worldwide have found links between the rise in temperatures and changing weather patterns. Extreme weather in the U.S. has resulted in natural disasters such as hurricanes and extreme heat waves becoming more likely. Economic damage caused by extreme temperatures in the U.S. has amounted to hundreds of billions of U.S. dollars over the past few decades.

As Turkey 's geographical area is located almost entirely on fault lines, thousands of earthquakes of various magnitudes happen each year. In 2024, the Turkish Disaster & Emergency Management Authority documented more than 30,400 earth tremors until December 15. Additionally, the year with the highest earthquakes recorded was 2023, with over 74 thousand tremors registered. An earthquake-prone country   As Turkey sits on top of major seismic fault lines, earthquakes are not uncommon in the country. In the last century, the country has been hit by thousands of powerful temblors and aftershocks,