The global index-based agricultural insurance market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing climate change volatility, fluctuating crop yields, and a growing need for risk mitigation strategies among farmers. The market, estimated at $15 billion in 2025, is projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $45 billion by 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors: the increasing adoption of precision agriculture technologies that provide data for index-based insurance, government initiatives promoting agricultural insurance to enhance food security, and the rising awareness among farmers about the benefits of risk transfer mechanisms. The market segmentation reveals strong demand across various crops, with corn, soybeans, and wheat accounting for a significant portion of the market share. Weather index insurance remains the dominant type, due to its ease of implementation and relatively low cost compared to yield-based products. However, the adoption of yield index insurance is steadily increasing, driven by improvements in remote sensing technologies that enable more accurate yield assessments. North America and Asia-Pacific are currently the largest regional markets, owing to their significant agricultural output and the increasing implementation of government-backed insurance programs. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of large multinational insurance companies, specialized agricultural insurers, and reinsurance providers. These players are constantly innovating to enhance product offerings, expanding their geographical reach, and strengthening partnerships with agricultural technology companies to improve data accuracy and risk assessment. However, market growth faces certain constraints such as data scarcity in some regions, challenges in accurately assessing crop losses, and a lack of awareness and financial literacy among smallholder farmers. Furthermore, the effectiveness of index-based insurance depends heavily on the quality of index data, and ensuring its reliability and transparency is crucial for market expansion. Overcoming these challenges through strategic partnerships, technological advancements, and government support will be critical for unlocking the full potential of the index-based agricultural insurance market in the coming years. The inclusion of parametric insurance products, tailored to specific local risks, is expected to drive further growth.

This survey was conducted as part of research and development activities under the Index Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) project in the Borena Zone of Ethiopia. The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and in collaboration with Cornell University and implementing partners Oromia Insurance Company (OIC) and Oromia Credits and Saving Share Company (OCSSCO) piloted in August 2012 a market-mediated index-based insurance product, designed to protect pastoralists from drought-related livestock mortality, on the Borena plateau of Southern Ethiopia. The basic product design, household survey, and evaluation strategy mimic and complement that of a previously designed IBLI product in the Marsabit district of Northern Kenya, first rolled out two years earlier (2010). To better understand and monitor the success of IBLI as well as the various encouragement techniques and interventions implemented alongside the IBLI roll-out, there is the need for continuous impact evaluation and assessment, tracking IBLI uptake and the changes in well-being of individual households that can be attributed to the program and product. To that end, the IBLI team carried out a pre-intervention baseline survey (February-March 2012) and followed it with annual rounds in 2013, 2014, and 2015, once IBLI had already been made available to households in Borena. For more general information on the research and development process of the IBLI product, the pilot, or its launch in Borena visit www.ilri.org/ibli and http://livestockinsurance.wordpress.com/ibli-southern-ethiopia/.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Industry: Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Products: Dairy Product Alternatives, Including Plant-Based (PCU311514311514D) from Jun 1992 to Jun 2025 about dairy, PPI, industry, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Processed Foods and Feeds: Prepared Fresh Fish/Seafood, Including Surimi/Surimi-Based Products was 159.44200 Index Dec 2011=100 in June of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Processed Foods and Feeds: Prepared Fresh Fish/Seafood, Including Surimi/Surimi-Based Products reached a record high of 159.44200 in June of 2025 and a record low of 92.60000 in October of 2015. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Processed Foods and Feeds: Prepared Fresh Fish/Seafood, Including Surimi/Surimi-Based Products - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

Weather Index Insurance Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Weather Index Insurance market size reached USD 3.2 billion in 2024, with a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.6% from 2025 to 2033. This dynamic sector is projected to expand significantly, reaching a forecasted market size of USD 17.7 billion by 2033. The primary growth driver in this market is the increasing frequency and severity of climate-related risks, which is compelling stakeholders across various sectors to adopt innovative risk mitigation tools like weather index insurance.

The growth of the Weather Index Insurance market is propelled by heightened climate variability and the increasing unpredictability of weather patterns globally. As agriculture, energy, construction, and transportation sectors become more vulnerable to climate extremes, the demand for reliable risk transfer mechanisms has intensified. Weather index insurance, which offers payouts based on pre-defined weather indices rather than actual loss assessment, provides a transparent and efficient solution for managing weather-related risks. This approach not only reduces administrative costs but also ensures quicker claim settlements, making it an attractive option for both insurers and policyholders. The proliferation of digital technologies and remote sensing has further enabled precise measurement of weather parameters, enhancing the accuracy and reliability of index-based insurance products.

Another significant factor fueling market expansion is the growing involvement of governments and international organizations in promoting weather index insurance, especially in emerging economies. Governments are increasingly recognizing the socio-economic benefits of such insurance, particularly in safeguarding the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and vulnerable communities. Initiatives such as public-private partnerships, subsidies, and regulatory reforms are being implemented to increase awareness and accessibility of weather index insurance products. Moreover, global financial institutions and development agencies are channeling investments and technical support to scale up pilot projects into comprehensive national programs, thereby broadening the market’s reach and impact.

Technological advancements are also playing a pivotal role in shaping the future of the Weather Index Insurance market. The integration of big data analytics, machine learning, and satellite imagery has revolutionized risk modeling and product customization. These innovations enable insurers to design tailored insurance solutions that address specific regional and sectoral needs. Furthermore, mobile platforms and digital payment systems have simplified policy distribution and premium collection, particularly in remote and underserved areas. As a result, the market is witnessing a surge in product innovation and customer-centric offerings, driving greater adoption and penetration across diverse end-user segments.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific and Africa are emerging as high-growth markets, driven by large agrarian populations and heightened climate vulnerability. North America and Europe, while more mature, continue to innovate in product development and regulatory frameworks. Latin America is also gaining traction, supported by regional initiatives and cross-border collaborations. As climate change accelerates, the global landscape for weather index insurance is set to evolve rapidly, with regions adapting strategies to address unique climatic and socio-economic challenges.

Type Analysis

The Type segment of the Weather Index Insurance market is categorized into Rainfall Index Insurance, Temperature Index Insurance, Wind Index Insurance, and Others. Rainfall Index Insurance remains the most widely adopted type, particularly in regions dependent on rain-fed agriculture. This product provides payouts based on deviations from historical rainfall averages, offering critical financial protection against droughts or excessive rainfall. The simplicity and transparency of rainfall indices have made them highly popular among smallholder farmers and agribusinesses in Asia and Africa. Technological integration, such as the use of automated weather stations and satellite data, has further improved the accuracy and credibility of rainfall index-based products, fostering trust and higher uptake among end-users.

The Producer Price Index (PPI) is a family of indexes that measures the average change over time in selling prices received by domestic producers of goods and services. PPIs measure price change from the perspective of the seller. This contrasts with other measures, such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI), that measure price change from the purchaser's perspective. Sellers' and purchasers' prices may differ due to government subsidies, sales and excise taxes, and distribution costs. There are three main PPI classification structures which draw from the same pool of price information provided to the BLS by cooperating company reporters: Industry classification. A Producer Price Index for an industry is a measure of changes in prices received for the industry's output sold outside the industry (that is, its net output). The PPI publishes approximately 535 industry price indexes in combination with over 4,000 specific product line and product category sub-indexes, as well as, roughly 500 indexes for groupings of industries. North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) index codes provide comparability with a wide assortment of industry-based data for other economic programs, including productivity, production, employment, wages, and earnings. Commodity classification. The commodity classification structure of the PPI organizes products and services by similarity or material composition, regardless of the industry classification of the producing establishment. This system is unique to the PPI and does not match any other standard coding structure. In all, PPI publishes more than 3,700 commodity price indexes for goods and about 800 for services (seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted), organized by product, service, and end use. Commodity-based Final Demand-Intermediate Demand (FD-ID) System. Commodity-based FD-ID price indexes regroup commodity indexes for goods, services, and construction at the subproduct class (six-digit) level, according to the type of buyer and the amount of physical processing or assembling the products have undergone. The PPI publishes over 600 FD-ID indexes (seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted) measuring price change for goods, services, and construction sold to final demand and to intermediate demand. The FD-ID system replaced the PPI stage-of-processing (SOP) system as PPI's primary aggregation model with the release of data for January 2014. The FD-ID system expands coverage in its aggregate measures beyond that of the SOP system by incorporating indexes for services, construction, exports, and government purchases. For more information, visit: https://www.bls.gov/ppi

Euro Area - Harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP): Preserved fruit and fruit-based products was 144.54 points in June of 2025, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Euro Area - Harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP): Preserved fruit and fruit-based products - last updated from the EUROSTAT on August of 2025. Historically, Euro Area - Harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP): Preserved fruit and fruit-based products reached a record high of 144.54 points in June of 2025 and a record low of 99.67 points in January of 2017.

This statistic shows the year on year growth rate of the output index of industries producing textiles and leather products in the United Kingdom (UK), from 2019 to 2023. The index measures the gross value added from the output of production industries and is used as an indicator of growth. In 2023 outputs of textiles and leather products in the UK decreased by *** percent on a year earlier.

Purpose and brief description The index of agricultural prices is primarily intended to analyse the evolution of prices and their impact on agricultural income. The indices of prices are intended to provide information on the evolution of the marketing prices of agricultural products and the average purchase prices of agricultural inputs. These indexes make it possible to compare the evolutions in the different Member States with them in the European Union, on the one hand, and of the different products within a given Member State or within the European Union on the other. They should also help to compare the evolution of sales prices with those of the average purchase prices of agricultural products. Population of Belgian farms active during the reference period Frequency Monthly. Timing publication Results available 45 days after the reference period Definitions Index of sales prices in agriculture: This is the market price index for agricultural products based on the sale of agricultural products outside the agricultural sector. Index of the prices of inputs: This is the price index based on the purchase of agricultural inputs excluding the purchase of agricultural products as inputs. Average price of agricultural and horticultural products; This is the average price the farmer receives when selling agricultural products. Metadata Index of agricultural prices and average prices.pdf Periodical inclusions of agricultural prices.pdf

Israel IL: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Local Source Base Year: Clothing and Footwear data was reported at 90.467 2020=100 in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 95.092 2020=100 for 2021. Israel IL: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Local Source Base Year: Clothing and Footwear data is updated yearly, averaging 119.871 2020=100 from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2022, with 38 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 167.358 2020=100 in 1997 and a record low of 53.850 2020=100 in 1985. Israel IL: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Local Source Base Year: Clothing and Footwear data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Israel – Table IL.OECD.MEI: Consumer Price Index: COICOP 1999: OECD Member: Annual. The CPI measures the change in prices which consumer pay for fixed market basket of consumption goods and services. Price coverage: Prices include applicable taxes (VAT) and fees on the products at the time of sale. Cash payments are the basis for the price survey. Monthly installment payment and credit card interest are excluded. Price collection procedure: The data collection methods are adapted according to the specific characteristics of the CPI classes. The main price surveys are: Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI), conducted by the CBS staff at the central office; Computer Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) by field collectors with handheld personal computers (HPC) and Direct Data Entry (DDE) into the database. Also for some special items Internet is used either in parallel with CAPI or as a part of DDE collection. The CPI includes a measure of rented housing Owner Occupied Housing (OOH) is included in the CPI and is calculated using rental equivalent method. The method for imputation of OOH is based on stratified average prices of contracts that are subject to renewal. In order to reduce variance in the monthly series, two month moving averages are compared each month. However, the method for OOH still leaves room for quality differences to play role in month-to-month average price changes. The method relies on successful stratification of apartments to groups whose relative price changes are as similar as possible. While the stratification is based on apartment location and number of rooms, some quality characteristics may experience month-to-month variation. Treatment of own account production is not included Goods and services sold illegally, second hand goods, goods and services partially or totally subsidized by the government and financial transactions are not included. Insurance: Insurance of personal transport and Health insurance (private and provided by the Government) are included. Treatment of missing items: Price changes for missing observations are imputed based on the price movements of other observations of the same item. Selection of replacement items: Products that become permantely unavailable are replaced in the sample and enumerators select a replacement possessing as many of the same quality characteristics as possible. Prices from previous period are sought for the replacement item for linking purpose. Treatment of quality change: There are two types of replacement approach: comparable and non-comparable. If a new product possesses the previously defined important characteristics of the old product, the new product is defined as comparable and a minor quality change is regarded as price change. Otherwise, if a significant quality change is introduced, the new product is defined as not comparable. The breakage in price series is treated by the linking method. Explicit quality adjustments are usually not performed. Hedonic methods are being considered but not yet implemented. In some cases, where the product cycle is short and new versions with improved quality characteristics are frequently introduced, the overlap method may give biased estimates. Introduction of new products: New items are introduced when the market basket is updated. New products are introduced into the sample as they gain significant market share. Business and professional periodicles are closely followed to gain information on new products that are gaining consumer demand. Seasonal items: Missing prices for seasonal products are imputed. Certain procedures are in place to avoid too early reintroduction of seasonal products back to the index. For price changes a bridge method is used when the items are reintroduced to the collection. Index series are also calculated and released in seasonally adjusted form.; Index series starts in November 1985

Commodity Index Funds Market Outlook

The global commodity index funds market size was valued at approximately $200 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach nearly $400 billion by 2032, growing at a robust CAGR of 7.5% during the forecast period. The significant growth in this market can be attributed to the increasing demand for diversification in investment portfolios and the inherent benefits of hedging against inflation that commodity investments provide. Furthermore, the volatility in global stock markets and geopolitical uncertainties have led investors to seek safer, more stable investment avenues, thus driving the growth of commodity index funds.

One of the primary growth factors propelling the commodity index funds market is the rising awareness among investors about the advantages of commodity investments as a hedge against inflation. Commodities, unlike stocks and bonds, often move inversely to the stock market, providing a cushion during market downturns. This characteristic makes commodity index funds an attractive option for risk-averse investors and those looking to balance their portfolios. Additionally, the globalization of trade and the increasing demand for raw materials in emerging markets have further spurred the demand for commodity investments.

Technological advancements in trading platforms have also significantly contributed to the growth of this market. The advent of sophisticated online platforms has made it easier for retail investors to access and invest in commodity index funds. These platforms offer a range of tools and resources that help investors make informed decisions, thereby democratizing access to commodity investments. Moreover, the rise of robo-advisors and algorithm-based trading strategies has further simplified the investment process, attracting a new generation of tech-savvy investors.

The regulatory landscape has also played a crucial role in shaping the commodity index funds market. Governments and financial regulatory bodies across the globe have been working to create a transparent and secure trading environment. Regulatory reforms aimed at reducing market manipulation and increasing transparency have instilled confidence among investors, thereby boosting the market. Additionally, tax incentives and favorable policies for commodity investments in various countries have also contributed to market growth.

In terms of regional outlook, North America holds a significant share of the global commodity index funds market, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The presence of well-established financial markets and a high level of investor awareness in North America are key factors driving the market in this region. Europe, with its strong regulatory framework and increasing adoption of alternative investment strategies, is also witnessing substantial growth. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a lucrative market, driven by the rapid economic growth in countries like China and India, and the increasing interest in commodity investments among institutional and retail investors.

Fund Type Analysis

When analyzing the market by fund type, Broad Commodity Index Funds dominate the landscape. These funds invest in a diversified portfolio of commodities, making them a popular choice for investors seeking broad exposure to the commodity markets. The broad commodity index funds are designed to track the performance of a basket of commodities, ranging from energy products to metals and agricultural goods. This diversification helps mitigate risks associated with the volatility of individual commodities, thereby providing a more stable investment option for risk-averse investors.

Single Commodity Index Funds, on the other hand, focus on specific commodities such as gold, oil, or agricultural products. These funds appeal to investors who have a strong conviction about the performance of a particular commodity. For instance, during periods of economic uncertainty, gold-focused funds often see a surge in demand as investors flock to the safe-haven asset. Similarly, energy-focused funds attract investors when there are disruptions in oil supply or significant geopolitical events affecting oil prices. While these funds offer the potential for high returns, they also come with higher risks due to their lack of diversification.

Sector Commodity Index Funds are another important segment within the commodity index funds market. These funds concentrate on commodities within a specific sector, such as energy, agriculture, or metals, allowing investors to target particular segments of the commo

The size of the Middle East And Africa ETF Market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 9.00">> 9.00% during the forecast period. The ETF (Exchange-Traded Fund) market refers to the financial industry focused on creating, managing, and trading ETFs, which are investment funds that track the performance of a specific index, sector, commodity, or asset class. ETFs combine the diversification of mutual funds with the liquidity and convenience of stocks, allowing investors to buy or sell shares throughout the trading day at market prices. This industry is a key segment of the broader financial markets and has grown rapidly due to its accessibility, cost efficiency, and flexibility for both retail and institutional investors. ETFs are often classified based on the assets they track, such as equities, bonds, commodities, or currencies. The ETF market offers a wide variety of products, including index-based ETFs, which mirror well-known indices like the S&P 500, sector-specific ETFs that focus on industries like technology or healthcare, and thematic ETFs, which center around global trends like clean energy or artificial intelligence. These products are usually managed by large financial institutions like BlackRock, Vanguard, and State Street Global Advisors. Recent developments include: In March 2024, Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange and HSBC Bank have entered into a partnership to expand the availability of digital fixed-income securities in the capital markets of the region. In collaboration with HSBC, ADX will investigate a framework that would allow digital assets, such digital bonds, to be listed on ADX and accessible via HSBC Orion, the bank's digital assets platform., In September 2023, the Ministry of Investment signed agreements with Al-Rajhi Bank, Alinma Bank, and Banque Saudi Fransi to strengthen the position of the digital banking industry and aid these institutions provide investors with better service.. Key drivers for this market are: Decline in Cost of Service Providers, Availiblity of New distribution platform in the region. Potential restraints include: Market Saturation (lack of Availiblity of new asset class), Extreme market events increasing risk associate with ETF, dampening their demand.. Notable trends are: Equity ETFs a Gateway to Diversified Exposure in the Region's Stock Markets.

Statistics Netherlands collects monthly data on imports and exports of goods. This table comprises index figures and changes in terms of percentage of terms of trade, import price and export price of goods. Imports and exports are defined by change in economic ownership of the goods concerned. The indices are based on 2021=100. The changes in terms of percentage are compared with the same period twelve months previously.

Data available from: 1995 January

Status of the figures: Annual data from 1995 up to and including 2023 are final. Monthly and quarterly data on 2023, 2024 and 2025 are provisional.

Correction as of July 23th 2025: During the changes on July 11th 2025, wrong data on the terms of trade and importprices in 2022 have been made final. The final data have now been corrected.

Changes as of July 11th 2025: Data from May 2025 have been added. The data from February, March and April 2025 and the monthly and quarterly data from 2023 and 2024 have been adjusted. The annual data from 2023 have been made final.

Terms of trade figures, import prices and export prices may be adjusted once new or updated source information becomes available in the monthly international trade statistics or producer prices. In addition, monthly price changes are adjusted retrospectively to fit those of imports and exports of goods in the quarterly National Accounts and the annual National Accounts. A complete revision of the National Accounts is done once every five years.

When will new figures be published? Six to seven weeks after the end of the month under review.

Quality of products is always an important factor when it comes to consumption and spending, and many consumers define a certain product’s quality standard by applying specific characteristics - one of those being its origin. Nowadays, Germany is synonymous with high-quality cars, for example, while Switzerland would be known for high-quality clocks or chocolate, and Italy for fine wine.

Quality measured

In order to make these preferences among consumers visible, the global Made-In-Country Index was conducted - to show how positively products "made in..." are perceived in various countries all over the world. The index is calculated based on each country's average weighted share of positive perception. First rank is set as Index 100.

Quality perceived

The “Made in” label was introduced in Great Britain in the 19th century to make distinguishing foreign products easier, since foreign manufacturers had taken to labelling their goods with false marks. Most of the products thusly labelled “made in” came from Germany, which is why the “Made in Germany” label gained publicity and became very well-known. While it was not necessarily a label of quality at the time, this perception has been reversed completely: “Made in Germany” is now one of the highest seals a product could receive.

Thailand (DC)Export Value Index: 2000=100: USD: sa: Resource Based Products data was reported at 234.189 2000=100 in Dec 2007. This records an increase from the previous number of 228.273 2000=100 for Nov 2007. Thailand (DC)Export Value Index: 2000=100: USD: sa: Resource Based Products data is updated monthly, averaging 128.591 2000=100 from Jan 2000 (Median) to Dec 2007, with 96 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 234.189 2000=100 in Dec 2007 and a record low of 75.223 2000=100 in May 2000. Thailand (DC)Export Value Index: 2000=100: USD: sa: Resource Based Products data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Thailand. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Thailand – Table TH.JA011: Trade Index: Export and Import Value Index: Seasonally Adjusted.

Thailand (DC)Export Value Index: 1995=100: THB: Resource Based Products data was reported at 292.300 1995=100 in Dec 2006. This records a decrease from the previous number of 335.600 1995=100 for Nov 2006. Thailand (DC)Export Value Index: 1995=100: THB: Resource Based Products data is updated monthly, averaging 198.700 1995=100 from Jan 1996 (Median) to Dec 2006, with 132 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 346.100 1995=100 in Sep 2006 and a record low of 88.600 1995=100 in Dec 1996. Thailand (DC)Export Value Index: 1995=100: THB: Resource Based Products data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Thailand. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Thailand – Table TH.JA010: Trade Index: Export and Import Value Index.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Processed Foods and Feeds: Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Alternatives, Including Plant-Based (WPU028901621) from Dec 2009 to Jun 2025 about dairy products, processed, food, commodities, PPI, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

France - Harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP): Preserved fruit and fruit-based products was 147.36 points in June of 2025, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for France - Harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP): Preserved fruit and fruit-based products - last updated from the EUROSTAT on July of 2025. Historically, France - Harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP): Preserved fruit and fruit-based products reached a record high of 149.55 points in September of 2023 and a record low of 60.26 points in January of 1996.

Tunisia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Food: Cereal Based Products data was reported at 137.300 2000=100 in 2009. This records an increase from the previous number of 133.500 2000=100 for 2008. Tunisia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Food: Cereal Based Products data is updated yearly, averaging 117.600 2000=100 from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2009, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 137.300 2000=100 in 2009 and a record low of 100.000 2000=100 in 2000. Tunisia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Food: Cereal Based Products data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Statistics Institute. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Tunisia – Table TN.I005: Consumer Price Index: 2000=100: Annual.

From 2014 to 2024, the consumer price index (CPI) of milk products in Finland fluctuated between *** and almost ***. In 2024, the CPI for milk products (cream and cream products, milk-based desserts, sour milk, buttermilk, and milk-based drinks) was measured at ******.